鲢、鲤、团头鲂和草鱼精液冷冻保存的研究

本文对鲢、鲤、团头鲂和草鱼四种鱼精液的低温生物学特性及冷冻保存技术进行了研究。筛选出适合这些鱼类精液冷冻保存的理想稀释液配方。查明了冷冻处理导致精子膜破损、使精子谷草转氨酶及其它蛋白质大量逸出进入精浆的原因,而二甲亚砜通过升高精子渗透压和降低冰点可以明显减轻这种冷冻损伤效应。确定了有效的二甲亚砜浓度为8—12％。比较了玻璃安瓿法和塑料管法对精子冷冻保存效果的影响。筛选出了能提高冻精活力和延长运动时间的激活—授精溶液。探讨了精卵授精量比与冻精受精率之间的关系,确定了获得高受精率(80％)所需的最低冻精密度为0.5×10~6精子/卵。获得了短期(几天)和长期(1年)冷冻保存的草鱼和鲢冻精活力稳定在60—75％,受精率稳定在80—90％,鲤和团头鲂冻精活力稳定在55—65％、受精率稳定在70—80％,冻精授精鱼苗的孵化率稳定在75—95％的结果。     

亲本死亡时间对近太湖新银鱼人工授精受精率的影响

银鱼捕起后易死,较难用活的亲本进行人工繁殖,在实际生产中,多采用死的亲本进行人工受精,亲本死亡的时间对卵的受精率影响较大。本文对徐家河水库近太湖新银鱼亲本死亡时间与卵受精率的关系进行了系列研究,亲本死亡后240分钟内,每隔15分钟进行一次人工受精,结果表明,卵的受精率随着亲本死亡时间的延长,其受精率越来越低,240分钟后,受精率趋于0。水温在15℃以下,亲本死亡105分钟后进行人工受精,平均受精率为43%,因此建议水温在15℃以下近太湖新银鱼的人工受精应在亲本死亡后105分钟之内进行。       

猪卵母细胞体外成熟与冷冻附睾精子的体外受精

由屠宰母猪卵巢分离得到505枚卵母细胞,经成熟培养,其中468枚卵丘细胞扩张,成熟率为92.7％。采用冷冻的附睾精子授精,受精率为41.9％(57/136),其中单精受精率36.8％(50/136),多精受精率5.1％(7/136)。授精卵体外培养24和48小时后的卵裂率分别为5.3％(15/258)和12.9％(30/232)。把35枚早卵裂期胚胎和250枚未见卵裂的1-细胞期受精卵移入4头受体母猪的输卵管内,其中2头妊娠,分别于1990年4月10日和29日正常分娩,共生产仔猪21头。     

虫草蝠蛾羽化、交配和产卵的观察

通过野外和室内的观察,虫草蝠蛾成虫主要集中在月均气温6.2—8.3℃、空气相对湿度90%左右时羽化;羽化后即进行交配,交配过程中雄蛾倒悬于雌蛾体下,交配时间10—150分钟,95%以上约25分钟;雌蛾产卵2—6次,产2—3次后可产出全部卵的80%以上;雌蛾每只产卵18—890余粒;雌蛾平均寿命118小时,雄蛾平均寿命75小时;成虫交配时间的早迟随海拔高度的不同而有差异,雌雄性比率接近1:1,成虫个体生存期2—8天,群体生存期28天左右。     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0.小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时间的延长而增高.就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱.不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大.小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少.     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时问的延长而增高就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少。     

低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响

为了探讨温度和光周期对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür越冬卵滞育解除和发育历期的影响, 系统调查了绿盲蝽越冬卵在不同温度和不同光照组合下的孵化率和孵化时间, 结果显示：绿盲蝽的越冬卵均为滞育卵,低温和光周期对绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育解除均有影响。2℃的低温处理能够显著促进其滞育解除,在0~65 d范围内,随着低温处理时间增长,其滞育解除时间缩短,未经低温处理的越冬卵T₅₀为68.5 d,低温处理65 d的T₅₀为12.25 d,绿盲蝽越冬卵在2℃低温处理65 d后完全解除滞育;在0~40 d范围内,低温处理时间越长,绿盲蝽越冬卵的孵化率越高,在25℃、全光照的条件下不经低温处理的孵化率为68.65%,低温处理40 d后在25℃的条件下的孵化率达到99.46%。在20~26℃范围内,绿盲蝽越冬卵的滞育后发育历期随着温度的上升而缩短, 随着光周期的延长而缩短。结果说明低温处理能够提高绿盲蝽越冬卵滞育解除率,但不是其滞育解除的必要条件,低温处理与自然变温对绿盲蝽滞育解除的作用相似;高温和长光照能够促进绿盲蝽的滞育解除,缩短发育历期。     

羊精子体外获能

本文发展了一种羊精子体外获能培养基——mTs或RSCM。羊精子在该培养基中(39℃.pH7.8和5％ CO_2,95％空气)预先培养7小时,可使大部分精子获能。获能精子呈现超激活运动,并可穿透去透明带仓鼠卵,穿透率分别为78.5±14.3％和96.7±2.3％,这种作用可被同种精浆逆转。获能精子与同种卵的受精率为83.3％。16个受精卵等量移入2只假孕兔输卵管壶腹部中。72小时后回收到12个胚胎。其中6个胚胎已发育为4—8细胞阶段,将这些细胞等量移入2只受体母羊输卵管壶腹部。其中1只妊娠,并维持到2个月之久。     

乙醇及6-DMAP对小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活的研究

实验研究了乙醇、6-DMAP以及二者联合使用时对注射hCG后18小时采集的小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活的效果。结果证明:(1)用5％的乙醇分别作用5和10分钟及10％的乙醇分别作用5和10分钟,小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活率分别为41.3％、63.7％、57.9％和85.6％。说明在一定范围内,随着乙醇浓度和作用时间的增加,小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活率有上升的趋势。(2)用2mM 6-DMAP作用2、4和6小时,小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活率分别为 12.0％、25.0％和40.0％。说明随着6-DMAP作用时间的增加,小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活率有所升高。(3)用5％乙醇作用5分钟,再用含有2mmol/L 6-DMAP的培养液培养6小时,小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活率可达65.5％,明显高于单独使用5％乙醇作用5分钟或单独使用2mmol/L 6-DMAP作用6小时卵母细胞的孤雌激活率。(4)用10％的乙醇作用5分钟,再用含有2mmol/L 6-DMAP的培养液培养6小时,小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活率达到100％,远远高于单独使用10％乙醇作用5分钟或单独使用2mmol/L 6-DMAP作用6小时卵母细胞的孤雌激活率。(5)在单独使用乙醇刺激时,激活卵母细胞中直接卵裂(2-细胞)的比率随乙醇作用强度的增加而增加,最高达62.5％;但6-DMAP则抑制激活卵母细胞的直接卵裂,增加二原核卵的比例。     

中华绒螯蟹多倍体的诱导研究 : Ⅱ.热休克诱导中华绒螯蟹三倍体胚胎和四倍体 状幼体

采用热休克方法对中华绒螯蟹进行了三倍体、四倍体的人工诱导研究。结果表明,在卵子受精后（发育水温２０±１℃）１０～２５分钟,用３８～４１℃的高温处理１～２分钟,三倍体的平均诱导率为１０％～５０％,而对受精后３０分钟的卵子进行诱导,或在４０℃下处理超过２５分钟和处理温度高于４２℃诱导１５分钟的各试验组,均未检测到有三倍体胚胎。依据诱导三倍体的适宜诱导温度和处理时间,将受精后８１／２～９５／６小时的卵子用４０℃热休克处理１５分钟,均获得了一定比例的四倍体胚胎,其中四倍体最高诱导率为５２９６％。检查卵受精后８５／６小时经热休克处理所孵得的氵蚤状幼体,其四倍体的出现频率约为１９７％。讨论了热休克处理促使第一极体保留生产三倍体和抑制第一次卵裂诱导四倍体的条件和技术关键,以及诱导参数与胚胎发育、胚胎存活的相互关系等问题。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.