紫云英根瘤菌的exo与nod基因在宿主结瘤过程中的协同作用

紫云英根瘤菌菌株107经转座子Tn5诱变的胞外多糖合成缺陷型变种(Exo~-),在共生性状方面的改变有四种类型。我们选用了仅在宿主根部形成瘤状突起(Calli)的A类(NA-01,NA-02)、形成无效瘤(Nod~ ,Fix~-)的B类(NA-12)及不结瘤的(Nod~-)D类(NA-14)中的四个突变株分别与消除了共生质粒的Exo~ Nod~-变种(热处理变种及ANU-1116)混合接种紫云英幼苗,观察到与D类变种配合的接种组仍不能结瘤,而与A,B两类变种配合的接种组均诱导宿主产生形态正常的无效根瘤,并且该无效瘤全部被Nod~-变种侵占。说明一个表型仍为Exo~ ,但失去共生质粒的Nod~-变种,可在一个含有该质粒的Exo~-变种的帮助下进入根瘤。这提示共生质粒上的结瘤基因(nod)仅与侵染过程的早期有关,瘤的发育尚需根瘤菌的其他基因,其中包括exo基因的参与。 此外,共生质粒缺失的三个异种根瘤菌突变株分别与紫云英根瘤菌Exo~-变种混合接种时,也都在紫云英根部诱导出无效瘤,并且从瘤中能分离到这三个异种菌。表明在最初的识别作用发生后,植物对共生菌的专一性要求有所降低。     

豇豆根瘤菌NGR234和紫云英根瘤菌109感染紫云英的比较研究

利用光学和电子显微镜对紫云英根瘤菌菌株109和广宿主的快生型根瘤菌菌株NGR234感染温带型豆科植物紫云英进行了研究,结果表明根瘤菌感染紫云英是通过在根毛中形成侵染线的途径。电子显微镜研究揭示了固氮根瘤中细胞内侵染线的存在。接种二天后,首先可观察到根毛的卷曲或分枝。接种四至五天后,在每株植物卷曲的根毛中可看到侵染线。接种八至十天后的植株出现肉眼可见的根瘤。菌株NGR234能够在紫云英上诱导根毛的卷曲,侵染线和根瘤的形成,但所形成的根瘤却未能固氮,根瘤中无明显的类菌体区,但有少数包有细菌的侵染线。NGR234抗抗菌素的衍生菌均未能使紫云英结瘤。将NGR234的共生质粒转移至三叶草、苜蓿、豌豆、快生型大豆根瘤菌和农杆菌,亦未能使这些细菌获得紫云英上结瘤的能力。     

大豆品种资源携带的无效结瘤Rj2基因的研究

通过黑龙江省野生、半野生和栽培大豆与美国大豆根瘤菌VSDA122结瘤反应试验,本文首次报导了无效结瘤R_i2基因广泛存在中国东北大豆中,无效结瘤率为64%;同时导致大豆植株干鲜重及根瘤固氮酶活性下降,以及产生缺绿病.     

一株分离自裸子植物罗汉松根瘤的根瘤菌

根瘤菌与豆科植物共生结瘤固氮被认为是地球上最重要的生物固氮体系. 裸子植物罗汉松与根瘤菌共生结瘤至今未见报道. 采用常规根瘤菌分离技术从罗汉松及其变种小叶罗汉松根瘤中分离获得11株内生细菌, 将它们回接宿主可导致结瘤, 乙炔还原法测出微弱的固氮酶活性. 传统的生理生化鉴定方法和16S rDNA全序列分析证明该内生细菌代表菌株GXLO 02隶属于根瘤菌.     

2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦上的结瘤作用及其效果

分别在水培和砂培条件下进行了2,4-D诱导固氮螺菌和慢生型大豆根瘤菌在小麦根上的结瘤试验,结果表明2,4-D能诱发它们在小麦根系上形成“类根瘤”,扫描电镜结果证明只有个别细菌进入小麦根瘤细胞内,在细胞间隙有较多的细菌。用乙炔还原法仅检测到接种大豆根瘤菌的小麦根瘤有微量的固氮酶活性,但在盆栽植株的生长方面,看不到2,4-D,2,4-D+固氮螺菌或2,4-D+根瘤菌对小麦生长的促进作用。     

根瘤菌脂壳寡糖结瘤因子研究概况

共生固氮是根瘤菌与豆科植物相互作用的结果,它在农业上有重要意义。结瘤与固氮包括一系列复杂的生物学过程,它涉及微生物与植物间专一性识别、信息交换和基因协同表达等方面。近些年研究已经揭示出根瘤菌与豆科植物相互作用分子基础的基本框架。在根瘤的形成过程中,植物与根瘤菌之间首先进行信息交换,促使根瘤菌产生脂壳寡糖类物质。这类脂壳寡糖类物质能引起植物形成根瘤,因此被称为脂壳寡糖结瘤因子（Ｌｉｐｏｃｈｉｔｉｎｏｌｉｇｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ）或结瘤因子（ｎｏｄｆａｃｔｏｒｓ）［１］。脂壳寡糖结瘤因子的发现、结…     

果胶菌加根瘤菌诱发油菜结瘤固氮的研究

用果胶细菌(pectin—lytic bacterium)处理油菜幼根,使根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium spp.Arachis)侵入油菜并结瘤.试验表明,根瘤菌侵入油菜根细胞,且形成含根瘤菌的根瘤,结瘤率为31.25%。从这些根瘤中分离出的菌株,成功地回接到原寄主之上;血清学方法测定油菜根瘤分离物与原接种的根瘤菌起凝集反应。根瘤石蜡包埋切片观察,结果是根瘤细胞内充满了细菌。乙炔还原法测定出低固氮酶活性(0.17—3.43nmC_2H_4/株/小时);酰脲分析结果其相对酰脲丰度为0.1—3.58%。     

菜豆根瘤菌sym和mel基因在农杆菌中的转移和表达

豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium phaseoli)共生质粒pSYM3622具有诱导宿主植物(phaseolusvulgaris cv."Jamapa")结瘤固氮的有效基因,以及菜豆根瘤菌特征性的产黑素基因(Melanin production gene)。在诱动因子RP4的存在下,共生质粒能够有效地向三叶草根瘤菌和农杆菌转移。种间和属间杂交子都能诱导菜豆植物形成无效根瘤,并且具备在特定培养基上产生黑素的能力。pSYM3622在三叶草根瘤菌菌株RCR226中具有明显的不亲和性,但是在农杆菌杂交子中,这些结癌和产生黑素的特征在植物根瘤分离菌中能够稳定地保持下去。试验同时研究了pSYM3622向假单胞菌和大肠杆菌的诱动转移。     

紫云英根瘤菌抗药性菌株的获得与初步应用

将根瘤菌培养至对数生长初期,加入药物淘汰,再用含药浓度较高的平板选择,能顺利获得抗药性突变体。经室内及田间试验观察,选出了既有稳定抗药性又保持良好共生固氮能力的抗链霉素菌株SmR52;抗卡那霉素菌株KmR34。根瘤回收试验结果说明：用含药平板检查根瘤榨汁,可以鉴定根瘤是否由抗药性菌株所形成,为研究老区接菌效果提供了有用的工具。了解到有效根瘤菌株之间在结瘤习性上存在竞争性关系。还发现一个根瘤内可以同时存在两个紫云英根瘤菌株,在本试验条件下这种双重感染的根瘤的比例可达14—19％。     

质粒exoR′恢复紫云英根瘤菌胞外多糖缺陷型变种有效结瘤能力

以ＰＭＮ２作为载体质粒,应用体内克隆技术,从紫云英根瘤菌胞外多糖缺陷型变种ＮＡ－１１中,分离到ｅｘｏＲ′质粒,该杂合质粒带有Ｔｎ５及其插入位点两侧的根瘤菌ＤＮＡ片段。ｅｘｏＲ′质粒能稳定地存在于紫云英根瘤菌中,不仅可纠正紫云英根瘤菌Ｅｘｏ－变种（Ｎｄｖ－）的胞外多糖合成缺陷,也能恢复该变种使宿生植物根部结瘤的能力。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.