秦岭的锈菌(续Ⅰ)

全文分3次连载,共报告了采自秦岭林区的锈菌34属228种。其中有6个新种：槭锈孢锈（Aecidiumaceris）、糙苏鞘锈（Coleosporiumphlomidis）、秦岭栅锈（Melampsoratsinlingensis）、荩草生柄锈（Pncciniaarthraxonicola）、冠毛草柄锈（Pncciniastephanachnes）和头状杜鹃夏孢锈（Uredorhododendri-capiati）;中国新记录锈菌13种：米诺锈孢锈（Aecidiumminoense）北极栅锈（Melampsoraarctica）、紫藤赭痴锈（Ochropsorakraunhiae）、青篱竹柄锈（Pucciniaarundinariae）、高大柄锈（Pucciniaexelsa）、哈氏柄锈（PucciniakawakamiensisKakishima）、大泽柄锈（Pucciniaohsawaensis）、极细柄锈（Pucciniapraegracilis）、美丽柄锈（Pucciniapulchella）、毡毛柄锈（Pucciniavelutina）和帚菊夏孢锈（Uredopertyae）。文中列出了所有这些锈菌的…     

秦岭的锈菌(续Ⅰ)(英文)

全文分3次连载,共报告了采自秦岭林区的锈菌34属228种。其中有6个新种：槭锈孢锈（Aecidiumaceris）、糙苏鞘锈（Coleosporiumphlomidis）、秦岭栅锈（Melampsoratsinlingensis）、荩草生柄锈（Pncciniaarthraxonicola）、冠毛草柄锈（Pncciniastephanachnes）和头状杜鹃夏孢锈（Uredorhododendri-capiati）;中国新记录锈菌13种：米诺锈孢锈（Aecidiumminoense）北极栅锈（Melampsoraarctica）、紫藤赭痴锈（Ochropsorakraunhiae）、青篱竹柄锈（Pucciniaarundinariae）、高大柄锈（Pucciniaexelsa）、哈氏柄锈（PucciniakawakamiensisKakishima）、大泽柄锈（Pucciniaohsawaensis）、极细柄锈（Pucciniapraegracilis）、美丽柄锈（Pucciniapulchella）、毡毛柄锈（Pucciniavelutina）和帚菊夏孢锈（Uredopertyae）。文中列出了所有这些锈菌的寄主植物学名、分布及标本号,对新种作了拉丁文描述和图解,并对这些新种和部分已知种作了讨论。本研究标本系作者及其同事们于1973～1998年采自秦岭林区的太白山、太白黄柏塬、宁陕火地塘及宁西、石泉、佛坪龙草坪、周至楼观台、南五台山、宝鸡天台山、辛家山、凤县等地。所有标本保存于西北林学院真菌标本室（NWFC）。     

秦岭的锈菌(续Ⅱ)

采自秦岭林区的锈菌34属228种。其中有6个新种：槭锈抱孢Aecidiumaceris、糙苏鞘锈Coleosporiumphlomidis、秦岭栅锈Melampsoratsinlingensis、荩草生柄锈Pucciniaarthraxonicola、冠毛草柄锈Pucciniastephanachnes和头状杜鹃夏孢锈Uredorhododendricapiati;中国锈菌新记录13种：米诺锈孢锈Aecidiumminoense、北极栅锈Melampsoraarctica、紫藤赭痂锈Ochropsorakraunhiae、青篱竹柄锈Pucciniaarundinariae、高大柄锈Pucciniaexelsa、哈氏柄锈Pucciniaharioti、比婆山柄锈Pucciniahibayamensis、川上柄锈Pucciniakawakamiensis、大泽柄锈Pucciniaohsawaensis、极细柄锈Pucciniapraegracilis、美明柄锈Pucciniapulchella、毡毛柄锈Pucciniavelutina和帚菊景孢锈Uredopertyae。中文列出了所有这些锈菌的寄主植物学名、分布及标本号,对新种作了拉丁文描述和图解,并对这些新种和部分已知种作了讨论。本研究标本系作者及其同事们于1973～1998年采自秦岭林区的太白山、太白黄柏塬、宁陕火地塘及宁西、石泉、佛坪龙草坪、周至楼观台、南五台山、宝鸡天台山、辛家山、凤县等地。所有标本保存于西北林学院真菌标本室（NWFC）。     

秦岭的锈菌（续Ⅱ）

采自秦岭林区的锈菌３４属２２８种,其中有６个新种：槭锈孢锈Ａｅｃｉｄｉｕｍ ａｃｅｒｉｓ、糙苏鞘锈Ｃｏｌｅｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ｐｈｌｏｍｉｄｉｓ、秦岭栅锈Ｍｅｌａｍｐｓｏｒａ ｔｓｉｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ、荩草生柄锈Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｉａ ａｒｔｈｒａｘｏｎｉｃｏｌａ、冠毛草柄锈Ｐｕｃｃｉａｎｉａ ｓｔｅｐｈａｎａｃｈｎｅｓ和头状杜鹃夏孢锈Ｕｒｅｄｏ ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｉ－ｃａｐｉａｔｉ;中国锈菌新记录１     

秦岭的锈菌（续Ⅰ）

全文分３次连载,共报告了采自秦岭林区的力３４属２２８种。其中有６个新种：槭锈孢锈（Ａｅｉｄｉｕｍ ａｃｅｒｉｓ）、糙苏鞘锈（Ｃｏｌｅｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ ｐｈｏｌｍｉｄｉｓ）、泰岭栅锈（Ｍｅｌａｍｐｓｏｒａ ｔｓｉｎｌｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）、荩草生柄锈（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｉａ ａｒｔｈｒａｘｏｎｉｃｏｌａ）、冠毛草柄锈（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｉａ ｓｔｅｐｈａｎａｃｈｎｅｓ）和头状杜嘣夏孢锈（Ｕｒｅｄｏ ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎ     

中国禾本科植物上的柄锈菌属一新种和一新记录(英文)

报道了中国禾本科植物上柄锈菌属1新种和1新记录变种。圆柱披碱草Elymus cylindricus和披碱草E.dahuricus上的阿拉善柄锈菌Puccinia alxaensis为新种;野青茅Deyeuxia pyramidalis上的矮柄锈菌砂禾变种Puccinia pygmaea var.ammophilina为中国新记录。提供了详细的形态描述和线条图。研究标本保存在赤峰学院菌物标本室(CFSZ)和中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

中国菊科植物上的柄锈菌属一新种和一新记录(英文)

报道了中国菊科植物上柄锈菌属1新种和1新记录变种。拐轴鸦葱Scorzonera divaricata上的苏尼特柄锈菌Puccinia sonidensis为新种;猫儿菊Hypochaeris ciliata上的山柳菊柄锈菌猫儿菊变种Puccinia hieracii var.hypochaeridis为中国新记录。提供了详细的形态描述和线条图。研究标本保存在赤峰学院菌物标本室(CFSZ)和中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

秦岭森林锈菌区系

从１９８３～１９９５年,作者在秦岭地区采集了树木锈菌为主的森林植保物锈菌３０属９０余种。对这些锈菌的生态和生物地理分析证明,秦岭锈菌以温带型占明显优势（６５％）,且多分布于海拔１３００～２８００ｍ的中山针阔叶林带中,该地区锈菌区系的地理成分以东亚成分为主,尤以中国－日本成分为主,欧亚－北美成分和旧世界温带成分在秦岭占有相当比例（约３０％）古热带成分等其它地理分布的锈菌也汇集于此,秦岭地区在锈菌区系     

苔草属植物柄锈菌国产种的补充记载(英文)

苔草属植物柄锈菌3个新种和2个中国新记录种,它们是：寄生在点叶苔草CarexhancockianaMaxim.上的点叶苔草柄锈菌（新种）Pucciniacaricis－hancockianaeJ．Y．Zhang＆S.X.Weisp.nov.,寄生在十字苔草CarexcrucoataWahlenb.上的海南柄锈菌（新种）PucciniahainanensisJ.Y．Zhuang＆S．X．Wei．sp.nov.,寄生在苔草属Carexsp.上的兔耳苔草柄锈菌Pucciniajaceae－leporinaeTranzschel,寄生在披针苔草CarexlanceolataBoott上的卡累利阿柄锈菌PucciniakarelicaTranzschel以及寄生在蕨叶苔草CarexfilicinaNees上的白头柄锈菌（新种）PuccinialeucocephalaJ.Y.Zhuang＆S.X.Weisp.nov.。标本均保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌物标本室（HMAS）。     

节丛孢属rDNA ITS区RFLPs分析

利用PCR朢FLP方法对捕食线虫真菌节丛孢属进行了系统发育研究。以ITS1和ITS4为引物对该属10种12个菌株的核糖体DNA转录间区（ITS）进行了PCR扩增,4种内切酶（AluI、HaeIII、HpaII、TaqI）酶切。结果表明该属的ITS区长度没有明显差异,其长度范围在658～705之间,酶切图谱能体现不同种间的多态性,根据4种内切酶酶切结果,利用UPGMA法构建的节丛孢属分子系统树,基本体现了属内不同种间的亲缘关系,从分子水平证明了节丛孢属形态分类上的合理性,同时对该属属征的扩大提出疑议。     

DNA SEQUENCE VARIATION IN THE RIBOSOMAL INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER REGION OF FRESHWATER CLADOPHORA SPECIES (CHLOROPHYTA)1

Freshwater species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) are globally distributed and occupy an unusually wide range of ecological habitats. Delineating species is difficult because most easily observed morphological traits are highly variable and because sexual reproduction has not been clearly documented. Synthesizing ecological data on freshwater Cladophora species is problematic because it is unclear whether freshwater Cladophora species comprise many genetically distinct species or a few ecologically and morphologically variable and/or plastic species. We determined nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal cistron of freshwater Cladophora species from a wide range of habitats and geographic locations. We compared these sequences to those derived from culture collections of C. fracta and C. glomerata, the two most commonly reported freshwater Cladophora species. Cladophora fracta and C. glomerata had very similar ITS sequences (95.3%). All other sequences were identical to those from the C. fracta or C. glomerata culture collections with the exception of one California sample that was similar to both C. fracta (95.6%) and C. glomerata (92.4%). ITS genotypes did not correlate with morphology or geography. This analysis shows that common freshwater Cladophora species comprise very few (possibly one) ecologically and morphologically variable species.     

香菇栽培种线粒体DNA和核糖体DNA多态性研究初探

本文应用RFLP技术研究了10个香菇主栽品种的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）和核糖体DNA（rDNA）的部分小区段,利用PCR技术扩增了rDNA5．8＋ITS区段及mtDNA的小区段,分析这些片段的限制性酸切图谱,并进行菌株间的遗传相似系数的估算。结果显示：菌株间的rDNA在5．8＋ITS区段差异很小,表明同一种内菌株间的rDNA具有相对的遗传稳定性;不同菌株间未检出mtDNA的差异,表明菌株间在所研究的区段具有很高的遗传相似性。     

NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA PHYLOGENY OF HALIMEDALES REVEALS SEVERAL POLYPHYLETIC GENERA

Halimedales (Chlorophyta) are widely distributed in reefs and lagoons throughout the tropics and subtropics. One genus, Chlorodesmis, consists of simple, branching siphons that persist into the mature sexual phase. In most other genera, only the juvenile stages exhibit such simple anatomy. Their mature, often‐calcified thalli possess complex siphonal anatomy and differentiation depending on the location in the thallus. We obtained a nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogeny encompassing many genera in order to unravel the evolution of this complexity. Results pinpoint Caulerpa as outgroup to a clade with all other genera included in this study. The first dichotomy separates Halimeda from the remaining genera. Distinct gametangial anatomy defines these two principal clades. Within the remainder, Tydemania and its sister Flabellia are nearest neighbors to a clade containing Rhipocephalus, Udotea, Penicillus and Chlorodesmis. The latter three genera are polyphyletic. Therefore, character states of thallus superstructure defining these genera appear to be homoplasies. Chlorodesmis represents a case of neoteny where the juvenile stage persists into reproductive maturity. We will evaluate which morphological characters do change state in agreement with the molecular phylogeny and can, therefore, serve as diagnostic characters for a more natural classification.     

POLYPHYLY OF TETRASPORALEAN GREEN ALGAE INFERRED FROM NUCLEAR SMALL-SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL DNA

Ultrastructural studies of tetrasporalean green algae have suggested the order is polyphyletic. These features, including the absolute orientation of the flagellar apparatus and the bi- versus quadriflagellated motile cell morphology, suggest that Chaetopeltis as well as a number of others, may be ancestral to a group that includes Tetraspora. In this study, we examine the phylogenetic relationships of selected tetrasporalean taxa based on analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Results show that the tetrasporalean taxa are polyphyletic. Biflagellated genera group with biflagellated volvocalean taxa, whereas the quadriflagellated species compose a distinct monophyletic clade not closely related to the biflagellated taxa. In addition, tetrasporalean taxa group with other chlorophycean algal species with similar flagellar apparatus absolute orientation, but the quadriflagellated Tetrasporales do not appear to be ancestral to the entire Chlorophyceae. These results are concordant with previous conclusions drawn from ultrastructural data and further confirm the utility of (small-subunit) ribosomal RNA gene sequences to discern green algal evolutionary relationships.     

木耳属真菌rDNA特异性扩增片段的RFLP研究*

对木耳属8个种25个菌株的ITS和28SrDNA5’端两个区域分别进行了PCR扩增和限制酶切片段长度多态性（RFLP）研究。ITS－RFMP研究结果表明,HaeⅢ可将黑木耳与其它种区分开,MspⅠ可将盾形木耳、角质木耳、琥珀木耳和黑木耳4个种区分开,而供试的HaeⅢ、TaqⅠ、HinfⅠ和MaPⅠ这四种限制酶均不能将皱木耳、大木耳、网脉木耳及毛木耳4个种区分开,表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近;结果还表明,ITS—rDNA拷贝在毛木耳和琥珀木耳种内是异质性的,而在黑木耳种内是同质性的。285rDNA-RFLP研究结果表明,供试的4种限制酶中,仅MspⅠ可将盾形木耳和角质木耳区分开,而不能将其它种区分开,这显示了28SrDNA序列在木耳属不同种间的保守性。     

木耳属真菌rDNA特异性扩增片段的RFLP研究

对木耳属8个种25个菌株的ITS和28SrDNA5’端两个区域分别进行了PCR扩增和限制酶切片段长度多态性（RFLP）研究。ITS－RFMP研究结果表明,HaeⅢ可将黑木耳与其它种区分开,MspⅠ可将盾形木耳、角质木耳、琥珀木耳和黑木耳4个种区分开,而供试的HaeⅢ、TaqⅠ、HinfⅠ和MaPⅠ这四种限制酶均不能将皱木耳、大木耳、网脉木耳及毛木耳4个种区分开,表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近;结果还表明,ITS—rDNA拷贝在毛木耳和琥珀木耳种内是异质性的,而在黑木耳种内是同质性的。285rDNA-RFLP研究结果表明,供试的4种限制酶中,仅MspⅠ可将盾形木耳和角质木耳区分开,而不能将其它种区分开,这显示了28SrDNA序列在木耳属不同种间的保守性。     

18S RIBOSOMAL DNA SEQUENCES INDICATE A MONOPHYLETIC ORIGIN OF CHAROPHYCEAE1

Nuclear-encoded small-subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA genes of Chara australis R. Brown (C. corallina var. nobilis f. nobilis R.D.W.) and Nitella flexilis (L.) Ag. were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned, and completely sequenced. Using structural criteria, the sequences were aligned with 18S ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) from 11 other chlorophyll b-containing algae and six higher plants (embryophytes). Phylogenetic trees were inferred by distance, neighbor-joining, parsimony, and maximum-likelihood approaches; confidence intervals were estimated by bootstrapping, and nonrandomness of tree structure was confirmed by permutation tests. 18S rDNAs of C. australis and two Nitella species were found to be specifically related and, together with 18S rDNAs of Chlorokybus atmophyticus Geitler, Klebsormidium flaccidum (A. Br.) Silva, Mattox, et Blackwell, and two Coleochaete species, support a robust monophyletic group (Charophyceae). Although most trees favored a specific sister-group relationship between Charophyceae and embryophytes, statistical tests revealed that a sister-group relationship between Charophyceae and Chlorophyceae could not be ruled out. Additional complete sequences from 18S rDNAs of lower land plants may be required to resolve phylogenetic relationships among these organisms.