土荆芥生物总碱对家蝇的毒杀作用及药剂敏感性的影响

通过室内毒力测定和生化分析方法,测定了土荆芥生物总碱对敌百虫抗性种群,溴氰菊酯抗性种群,敏感种群等3个家蝇(Musca domestica)种群成虫的毒杀效果,土荆芥生物总碱处理前后家蝇种群成虫对溴氰菊酯和敌百虫的药剂敏感性变化,以及对家蝇成虫羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活力的影响。结果表明,土荆芥生物总碱不仅对家蝇有毒杀效果,处理后能提高家蝇对杀虫剂的敏感性,而且能抑制家蝇体内解毒酶系活性。土荆芥生物总碱对不同种群家蝇成虫的LD_(50)没有显著差异;土荆芥生物总碱处理前后,敌百虫对抗性种群和敏感种群的LD_(50)比值分别为1.6277和1.2914,溴氰菊酯对抗性种群和敏感种群的LD_(50)比值分别为2.0768和1.3871;土荆芥生物总碱处理前后,家蝇敌百虫抗性种群、溴氰菊酯抗性种群和敏感种群成虫的羧酸酯酶活性比值分别为1.1692、1.2947和1.2259,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性比值分别为1.2476、1.6519和1.0570。     

阿维菌素对甘蔗绵蚜解毒酶系活性的影响

采用叶片浸渍法测定了阿维菌素对甘蔗绵蚜的毒力,并用分光光度计法检测了不同浓度药剂处理后活虫体内羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化。结果表明,阿维菌素对甘蔗绵蚜的LC50为2.400×10-2mg·mL-1。甘蔗绵蚜体内β-NA羧酸酯酶活性高于α-NA羧酸酯酶,随着阿维菌素处理质量浓度的升高,α-NA羧酸酯酶活性逐渐升高,当质量浓度升高到4.500×10-2mg·mL-1时,活性达到最大,随后开始缓慢下降,而β-NA羧酸酯酶的活性总体呈上升趋势,说明甘蔗绵蚜体内β-NA羧酸酯酶的活性与阿维菌素的质量浓度可能存在一定的相关,β-NA羧酸酯酶活性的升高可能会使甘蔗绵蚜对阿维菌素产生抗性。甘蔗绵蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性在阿维菌素处理质量浓度为2.250×10-2mg·mL-1时最高,而在处理质量浓度为4.500×10-2mg·mL-1时则降至最低,后又随阿维菌素处理质量浓度的加大而缓慢上升,乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性与阿维菌素的质量浓度不存在线性相关。     

苦豆子生物碱对小菜蛾体内部分杀虫剂代谢酶活性的影响

以苦豆子Sophora alopecuroids 7种生物碱和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫为试材,研究了该生物碱对小菜蛾体内降解杀虫剂的羧酸酯酶、磷酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性的影响。结果表明: 野靛碱和苦豆碱对羧酸酯酶活性有显著的抑制,为可逆抑制类型的非竞争性抑制作用;野靛碱等5种生物碱对酸性磷酸酯酶有明显的抑制,野靛碱对碱性磷酸酯酶有弱抑制作用;其中野靛碱等3种生物碱对谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶有明显的抑制作用。     

苦瓜叶萃取物对亚洲玉米螟代谢酶活性的影响

苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对多种害虫有明显的拒食、抑制生长发育和毒杀作用。为了进一步探讨其作用机制,测定了苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)海藻糖酶、碱性磷酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶等代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明：苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶、碱性磷酸酯酶和酸性磷酸酯酶活性均有明显的抑制作用,24 h-72 h,02%萃取物处理的海藻糖酶和碱性磷酸酯酶平均相对活力分别比对照减少了323%和341%;48 h和72 h,酸性磷酸酯酶相对活力分别比对照减少了568 %和380 %;005-02%萃取物处理酸性磷酸酯酶活性也明显被抑制。对羧酸酯酶活性的影响则表现为先抑制后诱导再恢复的趋势。对谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性表现出明显的诱导作用。结果提示苦瓜叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶、碱性磷酸酯酶和酸性磷酸酯酶等代谢酶的抑制作用可能是其抑制昆虫生长发育的主要作用机制之一。     

马拉硫磷和敌百虫混用和轮用的研究:淡色库蚊的酯酶同功酶与抗性的关系

用马拉硫磷和敌百虫单独处理30代和31代的淡色库蚊,见到对马拉硫磷和敌百虫的抗性分别为敏感品系的286和303倍,而以马拉硫磷和敌百虫轮用(32代)和混用(31代)处理的品系对马拉硫磷和敌百虫的抗性均在70倍以下。 离体酶的活性测定和酯酶同功酶的酶谱分析均表明,抗性品系体内羧酸酯酶活力高于敏感品系;酸性磷酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活力两者差异不显著,可见马拉硫磷和敌百虫的抗性主要和羧酸酯酶活力的增长有关。     

脱氧鬼臼毒素对粘虫几种代谢酶系的影响

脱氧鬼臼毒素是砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.中的主要杀虫活性成分之一。为探讨其作用机理,以叶碟饲喂法处理粘虫Mythimna separata Walker 4龄幼虫,测定了饲喂处理12h、24 h、36 h、48 h和72 h后试虫的羧酸酯酶（CarE）、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）和多功能氧化酶(MFO)的活性。结果表明：脱氧鬼臼毒素对粘虫羧酸酯酶的活性无明显影响;对酸性磷酸酯酶具有明显的抑制作用,且随着处理时间的延长,抑制作用增强;对碱性磷酸酯酶的影响较为复杂,表现为先抑制,后有所恢复,再被抑制的变化过程;对谷胱甘肽S-转移酶处理12 h后活性变化不明显,24 h后被抑制,36 h后逐渐激活,与对照差异极显著;对细胞色素P450酶系的O-脱甲基酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。     

温度胁迫对点蜂缘蝽成虫呼吸代谢关键酶活性的影响

【目的】为明确温度对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris成虫呼吸代谢关键酶活性的影响。【方法】本研究利用生化方法测定了黑暗条件下经16,20,24,28,32和36℃处理4 h的点蜂缘蝽成虫呼吸代谢关键酶3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HOAD)、柠檬酸合成酶(CS)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性。【结果】点蜂缘蝽成虫体内5种呼吸代谢关键酶的活性均随温度升高呈现先增后减的趋势。其中点蜂缘蝽成虫雌、雄个体之间的CS活性在16和28℃时存在显著差异,16℃时雌虫CS活性较高,28℃时雄虫CS活性较高;雄虫LDH活性在36℃时显著高于雌虫,提示雌、雄个体间在低温下体内三羧酸循环代谢存在显著差异,在高温下体内糖无氧酵解水平存在显著差异。不同温度处理下雌、雄成虫的GAPDH与HOAD活性比值均远大于1. 0,说明在试验温度下点蜂缘蝽呼吸代谢消耗以糖类为主。【结论】在16℃~36℃范围内,随着温度的升高点蜂缘蝽雌、雄成虫体内呼吸代谢关键酶活性呈现先增后减的趋势,点蜂缘蝽可通过调节呼吸代谢强度适应温度变化。     

斑蝥素对粘虫几种代谢酶及多酚氧化酶的影响

为进一步探讨斑蝥素的杀虫作用机理, 本研究采用叶碟饲喂法处理粘虫Mythimna separata（Walker）5龄幼虫, 测定了饲喂处理后6, 12, 24, 36和48 h试虫体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶(GST)和细胞色素P450 Ο-脱甲基酶及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性。结果表明: 斑蝥素可显著激活羧酸酯酶, 处理后48 h酶比活力最大, 为同期对照的1.68倍; 酸性磷酸酯酶在处理后6和12 h活性变化不明显, 处理24 h后逐渐被激活, 且与对照差异显著(P＜0.05); 明显抑制碱性磷酸酯酶, 且随着处理时间的延长, 抑制作用增强; 对Ο-脱甲基酶表现为先抑制后激活的趋势; 谷胱甘肽S-转移酶表现出先激活后抑制的影响; 离体活体条件下均可显著抑制PPO活性。可见, 斑蝥素可明显影响昆虫的代谢酶系, 且其对碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的抑制作用可能与其毒杀作用有关。     

苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟的生物活性及对其幼虫体内代谢酶活性的影响

【目的】为研究苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinina furnacalis (Güenée)的生物活性和体内相关酶活性的影响。【方法】采用饲料混药法测定了苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响,并以生命表的方法评价了苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟实验种群增长的控制作用;采用酶标仪测定了苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶和磷酸酯酶活性的影响。【结果】用含0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0和4.0 mg/g浓度苦瓜素Ⅰ的人工饲料饲喂亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫3 d,幼虫的存活率明显降低, LC₅₀为3.2 mg/g;对幼虫体重增长的抑制作用显著,在4.0 mg/g浓度下,第1, 2和3 天体重增长的抑制率分别为76.87%, 78.24%和79.94%,且发育历期明显延长;苦瓜素Ⅰ各浓度处理组中亚洲玉米螟蛹的历期和成虫寿命与对照相比差异不显著,但苦瓜素Ⅰ明显降低了亚洲玉米螟雌成虫的产卵量,4.0 mg/g浓度下,产卵抑制率高达73.55%。苦瓜素Ⅰ对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶、酸性磷酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶活性均有明显的抑制作用,处理24, 48和72 h后,对亚洲玉米螟幼虫海藻糖酶活性的IC₅₀分别为3.8, 2.9和4.9 mg/g;对酸性磷酸酯酶活性的IC₅₀分别为3.1, 2.6和1.5 mg/g,对碱性磷酸酯酶活性的IC₅₀分别为3.3 ,1.9和3.6 mg/g。【结论】苦瓜素Ⅰ能显著抑制亚洲玉米螟幼虫的生长发育及成虫的生殖力,使其实验种群的增长受到明显控制。苦瓜素Ⅰ抑制亚洲玉米螟幼虫体内海藻糖酶和磷酸酯酶活性是其作用机制之一。     

淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性的研究——水解酶同敌百虫抗性关系

本文利用离体水解酶测定和聚丙烯酰胺圆盘电泳技术研究了淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallensCop.)对敌百虫抗性和水解酶的关系。实验结果表明:(1)抗性品系的羧酸酯酶活力远比敏感的大,并随着对敌百虫抗性水平的升降而增减。(2)酯酶同功酶谱表明,抗性品系有一染色强度很深的特征性羧酸酯酶带E₅,该带在抗性和敏感品系的杂交子代F₁中也发现,但强度不如抗性品系,这同F₁代的抗性水平下降相平行。(3)无论胆碱酯酶或是磷酸酯酶活力,在二品系中未见到明显差异。抗性和敏感品系的胆碱酯酶对敌百虫和敌敌畏的敏感度相似。     

The role of acid phosphatases in plant phosphorus metabolism

Hydrolysis of phosphate esters is a critical process in the energy metabolism and metabolic regulation of plant cells. This review summarizes the characteristics and putative roles of plant acid phosphatase (APase). Although immunologically closely related, plant APases display remarkable heterogeneity with regards to their kinetic and molecular properties, and subcellular location. The secreted APases of roots and cell cultures are relatively non-specific enzymes that appear to be important in the hydrolysis and mobilization of P_i from extracellular phosphomonoesters for plant nutrition. Intracellular APases are undoubtedly involved in the routine utilization of P_i reserves or other P_i-containing compounds. A special class of intracellular APase exists that demonstrate a clear-cut (but generally nonabsolute) substrate selectivity. These APases are hypothesized to have distinct metabolic functions and include: phytase, phosphoglycolate phosphatase, 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase, and phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase. APase expression is regulated by a variety of developmental and environmental factors. P_i starvation induces de novo synthesis of extra- and intracellular APases in cell cultures as well as in whole plants. Recommendations are made to achieve uniformity in the analyses of the different APase isoforms normally encountered within and between different plant tissues.     

Porcine liver low Mr phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase: The amino acid sequence

Porcine low M_r phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase has been purified and the complete amino acid sequence has been determined. Both enzymic and chemical cleavages are used to obtain protein fragments. FAB mass spectrometry and enzymic subdigestion followed by Edman degradation have been used to determine the structure of the NH₂-terminal acylated tryptic peptide. The enzyme consists of 157 amino acid residues, is acetylated at the NH₂-terminus, and has arginine as COOH-terminal residue. It shows kinetic parameters very similar to other known low Mr PTPases. This PTPase is strongly inhibited by pyridoxal 5-phosphate (K=21M) like the low Mr PTPases from bovine liver, rat liver (AcP2 isoenzyme), and human erythrocyte (Bslow isoenzyme). The comparison of the 40–73 sequence with the corresponding sequence of other low Mr PTPases from different sources demonstrates that this isoform is highly homologous to the isoforms mentioned above, and shows a lower homology degree with respect to rat AcP1 and human Bfast isoforms. A classification of low M_r PTPase isoforms based on the type-specific sequence and on the sensitivity to pyridoxal 5-phosphate inhibition has been proposed.Abbreviations used PTPase phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase - TFA trifluoroacetic acid - SDS sodium dodecylsulfate - T tryptic peptides - SP endoproteinase Glu-C peptides - FAB fast atom bombardment - Ac acetyl - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - OPA o-phtaldialdehyde - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride - CD45 leukocyte common-antigen PTPase - LAR leukocyte-antigen-related PTPase - PTP IB human placental PTPase     

Catalytic properties and stability of three common variants of placental alkaline phosphatase

Three placental alkaline phosphatases purified to homogeneity, i.e., the F, I, and S variants, were investigated for catalytic and stability properties. All three forms of the enzyme were found to have almost identical pH optima (10.7–10.8), similar sensitivity to the uncompetitive inhibitors L-phenylalanine (70%) and L-leucine (30%), and identical K_m values against p-nitrophenylphosphate, -glycerophosphate, and -naphthylphosphate. Significant differences among the three types were observed in thermal stability. The F variant was found to be most stable and the I variant most labile at 79 C. At 70 C all three forms were stable.This investigation was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (Projects No. 4217 and 03X-2725), from the Medical Faculty, University of Umeå, and Jubileumsklinikens i Umeå forskningsfond.     

Identification of the Pseudornonas aeruginosa acid phosphatase as a phosphorylcholine phosphatase activity

Summary Choline, betaine and N,N-dimethylglycine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source induced a periplasmic acid phosphatase activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This enzyme produced the highest rates of hydrolysis in phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine among the various phosphoric esters tested. At saturating concentrations of Mg²⁺, the K_m values were 0.2 and 0.7 mM for phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine respectively. At high concentrations both compounds were inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The K _inf1 ^sups values for phosphorylcholine and phosphorylethanolamine were 1.0 and 3.0 mM respectively. The higher catalytic efficiency was that of phosphorylcholine. Considering these results it is possible to suggest that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa acid phosphatase is a phosphorylcholine phosphatase. The existence of this activity which is induced jointly with phospholipase C by different choline metabolites, in a high phosphate medium, suggests that the attack of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the cell host may also be produced under conditions of high phosphate concentrations, when the alkaline phosphatase is absent.     

Rhizobiales-like Phosphatase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Novel Phospho-tyrosine-specific Phospho-protein Phosphatase (PPP) Family Protein Phosphatase

Cellular signaling through protein tyrosine phosphorylation is well established in mammalian cells. Although lacking the classic tyrosine kinases present in humans, plants have a tyrosine phospho-proteome that rivals human cells. Here we report a novel plant tyrosine phosphatase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtRLPH2) that, surprisingly, has the sequence hallmarks of a phospho-serine/threonine phosphatase belonging to the PPP family. Rhizobiales/Rhodobacterales/Rhodospirillaceae-like phosphatases (RLPHs) are conserved in plants and several other eukaryotes, but not in animals. We demonstrate that AtRLPH2 is localized to the plant cell cytosol, is resistant to the classic serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and microcystin, but is inhibited by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor orthovanadate and is particularly sensitive to inhibition by the adenylates, ATP and ADP. AtRLPH2 displays remarkable selectivity toward tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides versus serine/threonine phospho-peptides and readily dephosphorylates a classic tyrosine phosphatase protein substrate, suggesting that in vivo it is a tyrosine phosphatase. To date, only one other tyrosine phosphatase is known in plants; thus AtRLPH2 represents one of the missing pieces in the plant tyrosine phosphatase repertoire and supports the concept of protein tyrosine phosphorylation as a key regulatory event in plants.     

The first structure of a bacterial class B Acid phosphatase reveals further structural heterogeneity among phosphatases of the haloacid dehalogenase fold

AphA is a periplasmic acid phosphatase of Escherichia coli belonging to class B bacterial phosphatases, which is part of the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases. The crystal structure of AphA has been determined at 2.2A and its resolution extended to 1.7A on an AuCl(3) derivative. This represents the first crystal structure of a class B bacterial phosphatase. Despite the lack of sequence homology, the AphA structure reveals a haloacid dehalogenase-like fold. This finding suggests that this fold could be conserved among members of the DDDD superfamily of phosphohydrolases. The active enzyme is a homotetramer built by using an extended N-terminal arm intertwining the four monomers. The active site of the native enzyme, as prepared, hosts a magnesium ion, which can be replaced by other metal ions. The structure explains the non-specific behaviour of AphA towards substrates, while a structure-based alignment with other phosphatases provides clues about the catalytic mechanism.     

Synthesis and Stereochemical Characterization of Hydroxy- and Epoxy-derivatives of Rotenone

One to four routes of synthesis are described for 8′-hydroxyrotenone, 5′-hydroxyrotenone, two epimers of 6′,7′-dihydro-6′,7′-dihydroxyrotenone, two epimers of 6′,7′-epoxyrotenone and the four rotenolones derived from each of these compounds. The stereochemical relationships are determined, in each case, by chemical interconversion, ORD and monochromatic rotation to assess the absolute configuration of the B/C ring juncture and by IR, MS and NMR for the cis- or trans-nature of this juncture. The new compounds described are useful standards for studies on the metabolites and photodecomposition products of rotenone insecticide chemical.     

Integration of alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal brush border membrane

Alkaline phosphatase has been solubilized from porcine intestinal mucosa by two different methods: treatment of the mucosa by Emulphogen BC 720 and papain hydrolysis of enterocyte brush border membrane vesicles. Two different enzyme forms have been obtained by these methods.The two enzyme forms (‘detergent form’ and ‘papain form’) have been purified to homogeneity by similar techniques and exhibit closely related molecular characteristics. However, the detergent form displays a hydrophobic behaviour and aggregates in media free of detergent. The two forms can be differentiated by their electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gel in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulphate.By electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, it has been shown that the detergent and papain forms of alkaline phophatase are dimers consisting of two apparently identical subunits whose molecular weights are 64 000 and 61 000, respectively. The difference between these molecular weights has been attributed to the existence of a hydrophobic region in the detergent form which is present on each subunit.     

An 18 kDa Acid Phosphatase from Chicken Heart Possesses Phosphotransferase Activity

A low molecular weight acid phosphatase was purified to homogeneity from chicken heart with a specific activity of 42 U/mg and a recovery of about 1%. Nearly 800 fold purification was achieved. The molecular weight was estimated to be 18 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Para-nitrophenyl phosphate, phenyl phosphate and flavin mononucleotide were efficiently hydrolysed by the enzyme and found to be good substrates. Fluoride and tartrate had no inhibitory effect while phosphate, vanadate and molybdate strongly inhibited the enzyme. The acid phosphatase was stimulated in the presence of glycerol, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol and acetone, which reflected the phosphotransferase activity. When phosphate acceptors such as ethylene glycol concentrations were increased, the ratio of phosphate transfer to hydrolysis was also increased, demonstrating the presence of a transphosphorylation reaction where an acceptor can compete with water in the rate limiting step involving hydrolysis of a covalent phospho enzyme intermediate. Partition experiments carried out with two substrates, para-nitrophenyl phosphate and phenyl phosphate, revealed a constant product ratio of 1.7 for phosphotransfer to ethylene glycol versus hydrolysis, strongly supporting the existence of common covalent phospho enzyme intermediate. A constant ratio of K _cat/K _m, 4.3×10⁴, found at different ethylene glycol concentrations, also supported the idea that the rate limiting step was the hydrolysis of the phospho enzyme intermediate.