Further data on the distribution of PGM1 and CAII polymorphisms among the Subsaharan populations (Central African Republic and Benin)

PGM1 and CAII polymorphisms were studied in four population samples of the Central African Republic (Mbugu and Sango) and of Benin (Goun and Nago). The results are compared with those reported on other African populations.     

Biodemoraphy and genetics of the Berba of Benin

Genetic structure of the Berba of Benin was studied on the basis of biodemographic data and ABO, RH, MNS, KEL, JK, FY, ACP1, ADA, AK1, CA2, ESD, GLO1, G6PD, PGD, PGM1 (subtypes and thermostability), PGM2, PGP, SODA, HBα, HBβ, HBδ, BF, C3, and Hp gene frequencies. Comparisons were carried out with other populations of Benin and of sub-Sahara Africa. Correspondence analysis revealed genetic differentiation among the three main groups of populations who inhabit sub-Saharan Africa: Bushmen-Hottentots, Pygmies, and Negroes. The genetic differentiation of the Negroes in relation to their linguistic affiliation and geographic localization was evident. The first group included the populations belonging to the Bantoid subfamily of the Nigritic linguistic stock living in southern Africa; in the second subcluster the populations of central-eastern Africa were localized, and the third subcluster included the populations living in the West. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Anthropometric and genetic distance between Gonds of Central India

A morphological and genetic study was undertaken on five Gondi-speaking populations of Central India (Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra States). There has been no systematic biological study on this large Dravidian-speaking tribal group, 4 million in number, amounting to 13% of the total tribal population of India. Data was collected on 16 anthropometric measurements and seven genetic markers (blood groups, hemoglobin, G6PD and plasma protein polymorphisms) on the Raj Gonds, Kolams, Manne, Koyas and Plains Maria Gonds. Various genetic distance measures such as Mahalanobis's D2 and Nei's and Sanghvi's measures and cluster analysis techniques were used to determine the relationship between these groups based on anthropometrics and genetic variables. The statistical analysis revealed the Gonds to be a heterogenous group in both morphology and genetic characteristics. The morphological and genetic distances between these five groups when projected graphically revealed that the spatial distribution of these Gonds generally corresponds to their present geographical distribution. However, the actual relationships among each of the Gond populations show differences when based on these two biological variables, the possible reasons for this being discussed in the paper. The emphasis of this study is on the importance of geographical proximity in producing morphological and genetic similarity between populations, brought about by a short distance as well as similar geographical factors (such as soil, terrain, flora, etc.) drawing these populations together under a common ecocultural umbrella.     

Population genetics of the peoples of Iran I. Genetic polymorphisms of blood groups,serum proteins and red cell enzymes

Genetic polymorphisms of six blood groups and seven biochemical genetic markers were investigated in six Iranian populations (Turks, Kurds, Lurs, Zabolis, Baluchis and Zoroastrians). Eight of the genetic systems (ABO, MNSs, Kidd, C3, AP, AK, PGM1 and EsD) showed conclusive heterogeneity among these populations. Comparison of gene frequencies with the few available samples of Iranian populations demonstrated an intra-ethnic and extensive overall genetic diversity in the Iranian plateau. A gradient of C3*F gene was also discernible within the geographical region of Iran which may reflect the relics of the historical movements of different racial groups in this region. The present genetic variation may reflect the differences in the structure of these populations, the analysis of which is further attempted in the accompanying paper.     

棉铃虫地理种群的等位酶变异

利用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳检测了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的13种等位酶：α-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(α-GPDH)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACPH)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、醛氧化酶(AO)、酯酶(EST)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)、己糖激酶(HEX)、亮氨酸氨肽酶(LAP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、苹果酸酶(ME)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH),染色采用双染法。对其中9种等位酶的遗传变异进行了分析,包括13个位点,6个位点表现出多态性,7个位点是单态的,其中多态性位点比例为46.15%。AO、GOT、LAP、LDH、ME和XDH计算出棉铃虫的平均杂合度为0.1160,南京、成都、武穴、衡阳和哈密5个种群的平均遗传距离为0.0008～0.0293,平均遗传相似度为0.9707～0.992。棉铃虫种群内存在很高的遗传多态性,而已测定的种群间遗传分化程度较小,种群间没有基因交流的障碍。迁飞阻碍了不同地理种群间的遗传分化。     

Genetic population structure of two African-Ecuadorian communities of Esmeraldas

The genetic structure of two African-Ecuadorian communities, Rio Cayapas and Viche (Esmeraldas province, northwest Ecuador), was studied on the basis of ACP1, ADA, AK1, CA2, ESD, GLO1, G6PD, PGD, and PGM1 subtypes and thermostability, PGM2, HBβ, F13A, F13B, ORM1, AHSG, C6, C7, and APOC2 gene frequency, and migration data on 255 individuals. The fixation index of Wright (F_ST), correspondence, and genetic distance analysis were applied to compare the genetic relationships between these communities and other American populations of African ancestry. F_ST values from the migration data and surname origins suggest that Rio Cayapas is genetically more isolated and shows less mobility and admixture than does Viche. The genetic admixture estimates indicate a large contribution of African genes to the gene pool of both communities (74.3% to 58.4%), whereas the proportion of the Amerindian component differs significantly (14.5% in Rio Cayapas to 27.6% in Viche). Am J Phys Anthropol 109:159–174, 1999.© 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Population genetics of red cell and serum markers in the four Albanian communities of Molise, Italy

In this paper phenotype and gene frequencies of ten genetic markers (AK, AP, EsD, 6-PGD, PGM1, PGM2, Hb, Alb, Cp and Hp) of the four Albanian communities (Campomarino, Montecilfone, Portocannone and Ururi) living in Molise are reported. The gene frequencies show a high variability. The heterogeneity analysis among these villages could demonstrate significant differences between Campomarino and Montecilfone and between Campomarino and Ururi. It is interesting to note that the demographic analysis has shown the highest rate of immigration and the lowest percentages of endogamy, Albanian surnames and Albanian-speaking individuals in Campomarino. Against that Montecilfone and Ururi are showing opposite values for the same parameters. The genetic data are also indicating some differences between these Albanian communities and the Italian population. A comparison with the present population of Albany is not possible because of the lack of data.     

Ecological studies on crater lakes in West Cameroon Lakes Kotto and Mboandong

Lake Kotto is a shallow crater lake, sometimes weakly stratified, and with a dense phytoplankton dominated by blue-green algae. The ecology of Lake Kotto and the similar, smaller lake Mboandong is described in relation to the feeding biology of their fishes. Of the five species of cichlids in Lake Kotto only one is endemic. Two are phytoplankton-feeders, one takes invertebrates as well as phytoplankton, one feeds mainly on chironomid larvae, and one preys on vertebrates as well as on invertebrates. The three phytoplanktivores are the main species eaten by man. One species of Clarias and one of Barbus also occur in Lake Kotto; and in the associated streams are four species of cyprinodont fishes. The fish fauna of Mboandong consists of three species of cichlids and two cyprinodonts, all known from the Kotto system. We contrast Lake Kotto with the oligotrophic lake Barombi Mbo, and conclude that Lake Kotto would probably be less sensitive to human interference than would Barombi Mbo.     

茄子种质遗传多样性及群体结构的SRAP分析

采用SRAP标记法对183份茄子(Solanum melongena)种质资源的遗传关系和群体结构进行分析。结果表明, 33对多态性SRAP引物组合共扩增出215条清晰稳定的多态性条带, 平均每对引物组合产生7条多态性条带。183份茄子种质的遗传相似系数介于0.276-0.813之间, 平均值为0.623, 表明茄子种质资源间遗传背景存在一定的差异。在遗传距离为0.345 6处可将183份茄子种质分为4组。通过群体结构分析可将种质划分为4个群体, 不同群体间的界限十分明显, 且群体间的基因渗透较高。     

Genetic relationships between Amerindian populations of Argentina

A total of 495 individuals from five different Argentinian tribes was examined for variation in 23 blood group and protein genetic systems, and the results were integrated with previous data on some of these systems. These tribes generally present RH * R1, PGM1 * 1, and ACP * A frequencies lower and RH * R2, ESD * 1, and GLO * 1 prevalences higher than those observed in other South American Indian groups. Earlier studies with mitochondrial DNA showed that haplogroup A was present in low frequencies in these tribes, but haplogroup B showed a high prevalence among the Mataco. Average heterozygosities are very similar in the five tribes, while estimates of non-Indian ancestry are generally low. Both the blood group and protein, as well as the mtDNA data sets, divide the five tribes into two groups, and the relationships obtained with the blood group and protein systems are exactly those expected on the basis of geography and language. However, the topology obtained with the mtDNA results was different, possibly due to sampling effects or diverse patterns of exchange between the groups related to sex.     

Some blood genetic markers of the Nuba and Hawazma tribes of western Sudan

Two hundred eighty subjects comprising 112 Nuba and 168 Hawazma of the Sudan were tested for the distribution of hemoglobins, eight red cell enzymes, and four serum proteins. The Nuba, the indigenous negroid tribe, had no HbS, HbO-Arab, or GdB(Khartoum) compared to the Hawazma tribe of Negro-Arab descent. The gene frequencies of the above polymorphic systems in the latter were as follows: HbS, 0.13; HbO-Arab, 0.01; GdB(Khartoum), 0.03. The frequency of GdA was higher in the Hawazma than in the Nuba. A high frequency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and HpO was present in both the tribes. Essentially similar gene frequencies of Hp1, TfD, PGDC, pC, and PGM1 were observed in both Nuba and Hawazma. The average heterozygosity at five polymorphic loci was the same (0.23) in both the tribes. The above results agree with the social practice whereby people of mixed Hawazma and Nuba descent are considered members of the Hawazma tribe and confirm that racial admixture between the two groups can be seen as a process of gene flow from the Nuba to the Hawazma, even though the Nuba are the indigenous group, while the Hawazma are the new settlers.     

中国圈养林麝微卫星DNA多样性研究

本文利用13对微卫星标记,对我国3个核心种源地（巴山、秦岭、川西高原）圈养林麝种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。在167份样品中共检测到142个等位基因（Na）,每个位点等位基因数介于7~16,均值为10.92,平均有效等位基因数（Ne）为6.3730,期望杂合度（He）和观测杂合度（Ho）均值分别为0.8302和0.3897。这些圈养林麝种群遗传多样性水平较高,但较低的观测杂合度表明圈养群体存在近交现象。两两群体间的Fst 值和AMOVA分析结果均表明种群之间分化程度不明显。群体遗传结构分析显示,全部样本聚为3个遗传簇（最佳K值=3）,其主体与3个地理来源相符,但种群间存在基因渗透现象。本研究中的秦岭种群遗传变异最为丰富,可以作为种质改良的基因池。     

Microsatellite diversity among the primitive tribes of India

The present study was undertaken to determine the extent of diversity at 12 microsatellite short tandem repeat (STR) loci in seven primitive tribal populations of India with diverse linguistic and geographic backgrounds. DNA samples of 160 unrelated individuals were analyzed for 12 STR loci by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gene diversity analysis suggested that the average heterozygosity was uniformly high ( >0.7) in these groups and varied from 0.705 to 0.794. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis revealed that these populations were in genetic equilibrium at almost all the loci. The overall G(ST) value was high (G(ST) = 0.051; range between 0.026 and 0.098 among the loci), reflecting the degree of differentiation/heterogeneity of seven populations studied for these loci. The cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling of genetic distances reveal two broad clusters of populations, besides Moolu Kurumba maintaining their distinct genetic identity vis-à-vis other populations. The genetic affinity for the three tribes of the Indo-European family could be explained based on geography and Language but not for the four Dravidian tribes as reflected by the NJT and MDS plots. For the overall data, the insignificant MANTEL correlations between genetic, linguistic and geographic distances suggest that the genetic variation among these tribes is not patterned along geographic and/or linguistic lines.     

Enzyme variation among clones of Trypanosoma cruzi

The genetic relationships within and between stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi were studied by the in vitro isolation of clones and sub-clones and by the comparison of their isoenzyme patterns in thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis. Altogether 13 clones and 36 sub-clones were isolated from stocks CL89 and Y207 of T. cruzi. Employing the enzymes L-alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), L-aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), malic enzyme (ME), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), two zymodemes, B and C, emerged among the clones with distinct banding patterns. These zymodemes were consistently distinguished by ALAT, ASAT, GPI, G6PD, 6PGD, and PGM and the differences in enzyme profiles were simultaneously reflected in all six enzyme systems. That the enzymic characters as genetic determinants are stable was demonstrated after recloning and successive replica-platings, i.e., the distinct enzyme patterns remained consistent and homogeneous, the siblings retained the enzyme profiles of their parental clones, and no segregation of the enzyme patterns was observed. Our data from clone and sub-clone examinations show that the isoenzymes act as labels to characterize T. cruzi stocks. Furthermore, enzyme variation was demonstrated among clones isolated from stock CL89.     

利用微卫星技术分析不同类群鸡的遗传多样性

利用8个微卫星标记分析了6个生产类群鸡的遗传多样性。计算了各群体在各位点上的等位基因频率,并据此计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ne)。结果表明:6个鸡群在8个微卫星座位上的基因频率存在明显的差异,其平均基因杂合度为0.7317,平均多态信息含量为0.6815。其中,群体平均杂合度最高的是安卡红鸡,为0.7716;平均杂合度最低的是新罗曼鸡,为0.7073。所选的8个微卫星座位均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸡群体遗传多样性的分析。     

Genetic diversity of Sinojackia dolichocarpa (Styracaceae), a species endangered and endemic to China,detected by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)

Sinojackia dolichocarpa, a species endangered and endemic to China, is distributed only in the regional area of Shimen and Sangzhi in Hunan Province. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity within and among the four natural populations of S. dolichocarpa. Leaf samples were collected from 84 individuals. Thirteen ISSR primers selected from 80 primers gave rise to 137 discernible DNA bands of which 100 (72.99%) were polymorphic. On average each primer gave rise to 10.5 bands including 7.7 bands with polymorphic profile. At the species level, high genetic diversity was detected (PPB: 72.99%; H_E: 0.2255; Ho: 0.3453). However, relatively low genetic diversity existed within populations. Population in Maozhuhe (MZH) exhibits the greatest level of variability (PPB: 40.38%, H_E: 0.1566, Ho: 0.2330), whereas the population in Jingguanmen (JGM) finds its own variability at the lowest level (PPB: 30.66%; H_E: 0.1078; Ho: 0.1601). A high level of genetic differentiation among populations was revealed by Nei's gene diversity statistics (45.30%), Shannon's information measure (45.24%) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (52.88%). The main factors responsible for the high level of differentiation among populations are probably related to the selfing reproductive system and the isolation of populations. The strong genetic differentiation among populations indicates that the management for the conservation of genetic variability in S. dolichocarpa should aim to preserve every population.     

广西区西南桦天然居群遗传多样性的研究

 以采自广西区11个西南桦(Betula alnoides)天然居群的种子培育出的幼苗为材料,取其嫩叶开展21种酶系统的水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳实验,运用作者改进的Tris-马来酸提取缓冲液 (含30%PVP 40 000和1%2-巯基乙醇),筛选出AMP(氨基肽酶Aminopeptidase)、FBA(果糖二磷酸酶Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)、GDH(谷氨酸脱氢酶Glutamate dehydrogenase)、G6PD(6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)、IDH(异柠檬酸脱氢酶Isocitrate dehydrogenase)、MDH(苹果酸脱氢酶Malate dehydrogenase)、PGD(6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase)、PGI(磷酸葡萄糖异构酶Phosphoglucoisomerase)、PGM(磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Phosphoglucomutase)和SKD(莽草酸脱氢酶Shikimate dehydrogenase)等10种酶,获得了清晰且可重复的酶谱。通过谱带遗传分析确定了15个位点,其中有6个单态位点,9个多态位点 (0.95标准),具40个等位基因。在居群水平上,西南桦的多态位点百分数 (P) 为55.2%,平均每个位点的等位基因数 (A) 为2.00,平均预期杂合度 (He) 为0.204。均超过Hamrick (1992)等提出的远交风媒木本植物的平均值(53.0%,184%和0154),表明西南桦的遗传变异水平高。在11个西南桦居群内,实际杂合度 (Ho)均高于预期杂合度,出现杂合子过量,可能存在利于杂合子的自然选择。西南桦遗传多样性与地理位置相关不显著。居群2 (靖西地州)、5 (平果海城)、9 (田林者苗) 包含绝大部分的等位基因,而且具较高的遗传多样性,应加以保护和管理,作为其基因资源就地保存的基地。本研究解决了以西南桦嫩叶为材料进行等位酶分析的关键技术,为进一步开展西南桦乃至桦木属树种的遗传结构和遗传多样性等提供了技术基础;同时掌握了西南桦天然居群的遗传多样性现状,为其有效保护和合理经营以及西南桦的遗传改良提供了理论依据。     

Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Friuli Venezia Giulia (northeast Italy)

Seven erythrocyte enzyme polymorphisms (ACP1, ADA, ESD, GLO1, PGD, PGM1 and PGM2) were investigated in a sample of 673 unrelated adult individuals from Friuli Venezia Giulia (or Friuli) and Istria. The gene frequencies found in the four provincial samples of Friuli and Istria fall within the range previously reported for Italy, showing a genetic homogeneity among the considered samples. However, comparisons with data from ex-Yugoslavian samples--using the chi 2 test--showed rather marked differences, probably due to a real different genetic structure of the compared samples. A significant association was found assuming a linear relation between the ADA*2 allele frequencies and longitude (r = +0.5503) and between the PGD*C frequencies and latitude (r = -0.6483), suggesting the existence of a clinal trend for these allele frequencies in Italy. These results seem to disagree with foregoing conclusions stated by other authors, probably because these studies were carried out in an area either rather narrow from the geographical point of view or affected by small size migration movements.     

Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship among a collection of US sweet sorghum germplasm by SSR markers

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a type of cultivated sorghums and has been recognized widely as potential alternative source of bio-fuel because of its high fermentable sugar content in the stalk. A substantial variation of sugar content and related traits is known to exist in US sweet sorghum. The objectives of the study were to assess the genetic diversity and relationship among the US sweet sorghum cultivars and lines using SSR markers and to examine the genetic variability within sweet sorghum accessions for sugar content. Sixty-eight sweet sorghum and four grain sorghum cultivars and lines were genotyped with 41 SSR markers that generated 132 alleles with an average of 3.22 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value, a measure of gene diversity, was 0.40 with a range of 0.03–0.87. The genetic similarity co-efficient was estimated based on the segregation of the 132 SSR alleles. Clustering analysis based on the genetic similarity (GS) grouped the 72 sorghum accessions into 10 distinct clusters. Grouping based on clustering analysis was in good agreement with available pedigree and genetic background information. The study has revealed the genetic relationship of cultivars with unknown parentage to those with known parentage. A number of diverse pairs of sweet sorghum accessions were identified which were polymorphic at many SSR loci and significantly different for sugar content as well. Information generated from this study can be used to select parents for hybrid development to maximize the sugar content and total biomass, and development of segregating populations to map genes controlling sugar content in sweet sorghum.