中国石蕊属地衣新记录种及其与近缘谱系的分化（英文）

在中国石蕊属种类的研究中,依据形态特征及nrD NA ITS序列数据,鉴定出采自海南的一新记录种——粗糙石蕊(Cladonia rudis)。提供了描述及图片,依据序列数据估计了其与近缘谱系的分化时间。     

Differentiation of Venoms of Predatory Marine Gastropods: Divergence of Orthologous Toxin Genes of Closely Related Conus Species with Different Dietary Specializations

Venoms of Conus are remarkably diverse among species and the genes that encode conotoxins show high rates of evolution. Yet no prior studies have specifically explored how conotoxin gene evolution contributes to the differentiation of venoms of closely related Conus species. Previous investigations of four-loop conotoxin expression patterns of six closely related Conus species identified 12 sets of putative orthologous loci from these species, including eight pairs of loci that are coexpressed by two of these six species, C. abbreviatus and C. miliaris. Here I analyze the molecular evolution of orthologous conotoxin loci of these species and specifically examine the divergence of the eight orthologous counterparts of C. abbreviatus and C. miliaris. Tree and maximum likelihood-based analyses of these sequences reveal that positive selection promotes the divergence of orthologous genes among species and that the evolution of orthologues of C. abbreviatus and C. miliaris is asymmetric among species. The asymmetric evolution of conotoxin loci among species may result from lineage-specific dietary shifts or interspecific differences in the impact of selection from predator-prey interactions on conotoxin loci.