Dominant genera of cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu and their relationships with environmental factors

Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters have become one of the most widespread of environmental problems and threaten water resources worldwide. Previous studies on cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu often collected samples from one site (like Meiliang Bay or Zhushan Bay) and focused on the variation in patterns or abundance of Microcystis during the blooming season. However, the distribution of cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu shows differing pattern in various seasons. In this study, water samples were collected monthly for one year at five sites in Lake Taihu with different trophic status and a physicochemical analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were conducted. DGGE fingerprint analysis showed that Microcystis (7/35 bands) and Synechococcus (12/35 bands) were the two most dominant genera present during the study period at all five sites. Cyanobium (3/35 bands) was the third most common genus which has seldom been previously reported in Lake Taihu. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the cyanobacterial community structure was significantly correlated with NO₃^--N, COD_Mn, and NH₄⁺-N in the winter and spring, whereas it was correlated with water temperature in the summer and autumn. Limiting the nutrient input (especially of N and C loading) in Lake Taihu would be a key factor in controlling the growth of different genera of cyanobacteria.     

太湖水华程度及其生态环境因子的时空分布特征

湖泊水华是全世界面临的严重生态环境问题之一,对人类和生态系统健康都有重大影响。由于湖泊水华受流域面源、点源污染、气候、水文因子以及湖泊生态系统自身特征等众多因素影响,水华是否爆发、其严重程度及时空分布特征呈现明显的复杂性。以我国太湖为研究区域,基于近年的水华及水环境的监测数据,用自组织特征映射神经网络对太湖不同监测点的水华程度进行了自动聚类分析。结果表明,太湖水华程度呈现为明显的无水华、轻度、中度和重度水华4类。不同程度水华的叶绿素a、水温、COD_(Mn)、营养盐、浮游植物生物量以及藻种(蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻)结构的时空差异显著,不同变量间的关系复杂,有助于深入认识太湖近年水华发生的时空变异特性。     

Response of bacterial communities to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are prevalent around the world, influencing aquatic organisms and altering the physico-chemical properties in freshwater systems. However, the response of bacterial communities to toxic cyanobacterial blooms and associated microcystins (MC) remain poorly understood even though global concentrations of MC have increased dramatically in the past few decades. To address this issue, the dynamics of bacterial community composition (BCC) in the water column and how BCC is influenced by both harmful cyanobacterial blooms and environmental factors were investigated on a monthly basis from August 2013 to July 2014 in Lake Taihu, China. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that seasonal variation in BCC was significant, and that the succession of BCC greatly depends on changes in environmental conditions. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that the overall variation of BCC was explained mainly by dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), and Microcystis. The alpha biodiversity of the bacterial community was different among months with the highest diversity in February and the lowest diversity in October. Furthermore, significant negative relationships were found between alpha biodiversity indices and Microcystis abundance as well as with intracellular MC concentrations, indicating that Microcystis and associated MC may influence the bacterial community structure by reducing its biodiversity. This study shows that potential associations exist between toxic cyanobacterial blooms and bacterial communities but more investigations are needed to obtain a mechanistic understanding of their complex relationships.     

Relationships between cyanobacterial production and the physical and chemical properties of a Midwestern Reservoir,USA

Drinking water reservoirs in agricultural dominated watersheds are particularly vulnerable to cyanobacterial blooms. A major byproduct of cyanobacteria is the production of objectionable taste and odor compounds such as geosmin. During May 1997 to September 1998, we studied spatial and temporal patterns of cyanobacterial abundance and composition with respect to a series of physical and chemical properties in Clinton Lake, located in east central Kansas, USA. Our results suggest that nutrients (in particular TN, NO₃–N concentrations), turbidity, and hydrologic regime all played potentially important roles in regulating cyanobacterial production. Specifically, low levels of nitrogen coupled with the internal release of phosphorus from the lake sediment under brief periods of anoxia may have helped promote cyanobacterial blooms. There was also a strong association between cyanobacterial blooms, geosmin production, and most taste and odor events in Clinton Lake. Anabaena circinalis appeared to be the source for geosmin production as a result of senescing algal cells just after the primary die-off of cyanobacteria.     

Ecological impacts of water transfers on Lake Taihu from the Yangtze River,China

As an ecosystem responds to external environmental changes slowly due to its reorganization compared with the water quality and it has great influence on lake ecosystems, it is indispensable to evaluate ecological impacts from water transfers for the security of the water source in Lake Taihu. Evaluations were conducted by comparing the indicators exergy (Ex), structural exergy (Ex_st) and phytoplankton buffer capacity (β_((TP)/(Phy))) changes after water transfers from 2002 to 2007 with those reference statuses where the water transfers were not implemented from 1998 to 2001. Besides those three ecological indicators, affiliated indicators such as ratio of zooplankton biomass to phytoplankton biomass, diversity index and trophic state index were also involved in the evaluation. The results showed the water transfers altered the ecosystem status and had positive effects on Lake Taihu and most of its sub-zones, such as Gonghu Bay, Northwest Zone, Southwest Zone and Centre Zone in the post-transfer period. The seasonable trends indicated that the ecosystem health with environmental influences excluded in November and February was better than that in May and August during the water transfers from 2002 to 2007 and there were significant differences in the ecosystem health of the first and second stages during water transfers. The ecosystem health in May and August was better than in November and February during the first stage of the water transfers (from 2002 to 2004), while the opposite obtained during the second stage from 2005 to 2007 in Dongtaihu Bay and East Epigeal Zone. On the whole, water transfers serve to deter algal congregation in Lake Taihu.     

Water quality and plankton periodicity in two contrasting mine lakes in Jos,Nigeria

Water quality and plankton periodicity was studied in two mine lakes near Jos in the younger granite area of Plateau State, Nigeria. The investigation was carried out for 8 months. Transparency, pH and NO₃-N were significantly higher in Lake II while DOM, alkalinity, PO ₄ ^3– -P, BOD and chloride were significantly higher in Lake I. The order of dominance in Lake I was Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Dinophyceae while for Lake II; Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae. In Lake I the zooplankton in order of dominance were Cladocera, Rotifera, Copepoda, and nauplii and in Lake II Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera and nauplii. Although both lakes would seem unproductive based on the PO ₄ ^3– -P and NO ₃ ^– -N levels, Lake I appears more productive than Lake II.     

滇池流域退耕区植物群落构建对地表径流污染物的削减效应

为探索不同群落的构建在滇池流域的实际应用,以确定削减污染物最优植物群落的配置方式,该研究选取地表径流悬浮物(SS)、COD含量、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)六个指标作为主要的分析对象,在滇池流域退耕区开展了不同植物群落配置对地表径流污染物削减效应的试验研究。结果表明:三个植物群落对SS、COD、TN、TP、NO_3~--N在2014年和2015年间均表现出显著性的削减趋势,且三个植物群落对SS、TP和NO_3~--N的削减率均在45%以上,但并未对NH_4~+-N表现出削减效果。不同植物群落对污染物的削减效应存在一定的差异性,但是三个不同群落与年度的交互作用对SS、COD、TN、TP、NO_3~--N五个养分指标的削减并没有表现出显著的差异性。从整体上来看,三种植物群落类型中,以乔-灌-草构建的立体式植物群落对地表径流污染物的削减效果最佳。     

Growth and Nitrogen Uptake Kinetics in Cultured Prorocentrum donghaiense

We compared growth kinetics of Prorocentrum donghaiense cultures on different nitrogen (N) compounds including nitrate (NO₃ ⁻), ammonium (NH₄ ⁺), urea, glutamic acid (glu), dialanine (diala) and cyanate. P. donghaiense exhibited standard Monod-type growth kinetics over a range of N concentraions (0.5–500 μmol N L⁻¹ for NO₃ ⁻ and NH₄ ⁺, 0.5–50 μmol N L⁻¹ for urea, 0.5–100 μmol N L⁻¹ for glu and cyanate, and 0.5–200 μmol N L⁻¹ for diala) for all of the N compounds tested. Cultures grown on glu and urea had the highest maximum growth rates (μ_m, 1.51±0.06 d⁻¹ and 1.50±0.05 d⁻¹, respectively). However, cultures grown on cyanate, NO₃ ⁻, and NH₄ ⁺ had lower half saturation constants (K_μ, 0.28–0.51 μmol N L⁻¹). N uptake kinetics were measured in NO₃ ⁻-deplete and -replete batch cultures of P. donghaiense. In NO₃ ⁻-deplete batch cultures, P. donghaiense exhibited Michaelis-Menten type uptake kinetics for NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺, urea and algal amino acids; uptake was saturated at or below 50 μmol N L⁻¹. In NO₃ ⁻-replete batch cultures, NH₄ ⁺, urea, and algal amino acid uptake kinetics were similar to those measured in NO₃ ⁻-deplete batch cultures. Together, our results demonstrate that P. donghaiense can grow well on a variety of N sources, and exhibits similar uptake kinetics under both nutrient replete and deplete conditions. This may be an important factor facilitating their growth during bloom initiation and development in N-enriched estuaries where many algae compete for bioavailable N and the nutrient environment changes as a result of algal growth.     

Growth response of Microcystis spp. to iron enrichment in different regions of Lake Taihu, China

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for algal growth and can be a potential limiting nutrient in aquatic system, especially regions that exhibits nitrogen (N) limitation. Using short-term nutrient addition bioassays, we evaluated the potential role that iron might play in modifying the response of Microcystis spp. to the anthropogenic phosphorus (P) and N enrichment in hypereutrophic Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake in China. Three nutrient enrichment experiments involving additions of N (as NO₃ ^?) and P (as PO₄ ^3?) with and without Fe were conducted during 2009?C2010 in Meiliang Bay, a region characterized by summer cyanobacterial (Microcystis spp.) blooms, and East Taihu, a region largely free of cyanobacterial blooms and dominated by macrophytes. In Meiliang Bay, Fe addition alone did not significantly increase Microcystis spp. biomass. However, Fe addition occasionally increased the stimulatory effect of N and P additions on Microcystis spp., indicating that Fe was not a primary limiting nutrient for Microcystis spp. growth. Occasionally Fe was co-limiting with N and P in this region. In East Taihu, the addition of Fe alone significantly stimulated Microcystis spp. growth, while addition of N and/or P had no effects on growth, indicating that Fe was a primary limiting nutrient in East Taihu. The combined addition of Fe and N resulted in a growth response similar to Fe alone, while combined addition of Fe and P yielded greater biomass increases than the addition of Fe alone. This indicated that in East Taihu, N was not limiting and Fe and P supplies facilitated Microcystis spp. growth. These results reflect differential availabilities and limitations of N, P, and Fe in distinct regions of Taihu. The potential role of Fe in eutrophication dynamics of large, regionally complex lakes like Taihu requires further attention.     

The effect of low water levels on the water quality of Lake Biwa

Because of a lack of precipitation, water levels in Lake Biwa, Japan, were extremely low between the beginning of September 1984 and the end of February 1985. Approximately 13 million people depend upon the lake as a source of drinking water and for industrial use, and the severe water shortage became a serious concern for downstream communities. Also, there was concern that deterioration of water quality caused by rotting macrophytes and the release of nutrients from vegetation and nearshore sediments might create additional problems.In this paper, the release of nutrients from vegetation and sediments is examined under conditions which simulate both calm and turbulent water motions in the nearshore, and the magnitude of nutrient loadings are estimated in relation to the specific effects of low lake level.Sample stations were established around the south shore of Lake Biwa. Sampling was undertaken at the time of low water and during the rising water levels. Sediment samples were particle sized into 7 groups (<2000 µm). Other measured values ranged as follows: BOD (0.5–1.3), COD (1.2–3.5), TP (0.019–0.037), SRP (0.013–0.030), SOP (0.005–0.007), TN (0.45–0.90), NO₂-N (0.004–0.007), NO₃-N (0.04–0.08) and NH₄-N (0.026–0.053), all as mgL^-1. The sample data suggest that, overall, there was little impact on lake water quality as a result of low water levels. However, remedial actions may have had an important and beneficial impact on nearshore water quality in the southern basin of Lake Biwa.     

Colimitation and the coupling of N and P uptake kinetics in oligotrophic mountain streams

Ecosystem element cycles can be tightly linked by both abiotic and biotic processes. Evidence for multi-element limitation (i.e., colimitation) of a variety of ecosystem processes is growing rapidly, yet our ability to quantify patterns of coupled nutrient dynamics at the ecosystem level has been hindered by logistical and methodological constraints. Here we quantify coupled nitrogen and phosphorus uptake kinetics in three oligotrophic mountain streams by using novel experimental techniques that quantify colimitation dynamics across a range of nutrient concentrations and stoichiometries. We show that relative demand for NO₃-N and PO₄-P varied across streams, but that short term availability of one nutrient consistently resulted in elevated, but variable, uptake of the other nutrient at all sites. We used temporally offset, pulsed nutrient additions to parameterize dual-nutrient Michaelis–Menten uptake surface models that represent NO₃-N and PO₄-P uptake at any given concentration or dissolved NO₃-N:PO₄-P stoichiometry. Our results indicated that the uptake of N and P were strongly enhanced in the presence of the other nutrient. Surface models quantitatively reflect patterns of colimitation and multi-element demand in streams, and should allow for parameterization of more realistic stream network models that explicitly account for interactions among element cycles.     

Disentangling the roles of spatial and environmental variables in shaping benthic algal assemblages in rivers of central and northern China

Benthic algae were collected from central and northern Chinese rivers to test the hypothesis that geographic location has significant contributions in shaping algal assemblages. We used Moran’s eigenvector maps (MEM) to model spatial components and variation partitioning to quantify the influences of spatial and environmental variables on regional patterns of algal richness and community composition, respectively. We found that variation in algal richness was attributed to MEM component 2, 8, and 9 and the quadratic term of N–NO₃. Regarding abundance data, latitude, longitude, and MEM component 1, 2, and 7 were important spatial variables. Although P–PO₄, pH, and annual mean temperature were significant environmental variables influencing algal community composition, they were all spatially structured. Among the total explained variance in both algal metrics, spatial proportions were higher than that of environmental variables. We also found that abundant species of Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis placentula, Cymbella delicatula, Cymbella affinis, Cymbella turgidula, and Synedra ulna displayed clear spatially related patterns. In conclusion, the contributions of spatial and environmental variables to regional variation of algal assemblages are scale-dependent. As for our study scale (~1,000 km), spatial control may be more important. Since spatial effects could obscure local environmental impacts on algal communities, appropriate study scale and statistical methods should be taken into account in algal bioassessment. We recommend inclusion of both algal richness and community composition in study of algal biogeography, due to their different relationships with spatial and environmental variables.     

Land use disturbance indicators and water quality variability in the Biscayne Bay Watershed,Florida

Rapid land use transformations due to extensive agricultural and urban development in south Florida (USA) threaten water resources such as Biscayne Bay, an oligotrophic estuary draining the Miami metropolitan complex and South Dade Agricultural Area. Biscayne Bay is sensitive to nutrient inputs and this study evaluated watershed land use-water quality relationships from 1995 to 2004. Using eight monitoring sites, three spatial extents were considered: sub-basins, canal buffers, and site buffers. Selected sites represented agricultural, urban, and mixed land use classes. Disturbance indicators (landscape metrics; Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) index; percent imperviousness), nutrient loads (nitrate/nitrite-nitrogen (NO_X-N); total ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N); total phosphorus (TP)), and multivariate regression models were used to determine land use factors influencing water quality variability. The sub-basin regression model was the best predictor of annual NO_X-N loads in the watershed. Both LDI and largest patch index variables were included in this model, indicating that the relative distribution of dominant land use classes influences NO_X-N loads. There were no significant regression models for total inorganic nitrogen (NO_X-N plus NH₃-N) loads. Total phosphorus loads were more closely related to disturbance indicators at a smaller spatial extent (1000 m canal buffer), which is a function of watershed nutrient transport processes. The relative proportion of directly connected impervious areas (DCIA) was not identified as a significant land use variable for regression models. Positive correlations between LDI and DCIA values suggested both indicators provided similar information regarding the intensity of human disturbance. However, the LDI index incorporates anthropogenic intensity associated with a broad range of land uses while DCIA primarily reflects the impact of watershed urbanization. Watershed managers can use the LDI index with landscape metrics that evaluate spatial patterns to link land use development to water quality parameters.     

Sub-Parts-Per-Billion Nitrate Method: Use of an N2O-Producing Denitrifier to Convert NO3− or 15NO3− to N2O

A more sensitive analytical method for NO₃⁻ was developed based on the conversion of NO₃⁻ to N₂O by a denitrifier that could not reduce N₂O further. The improved detectability resulted from the high sensitivity of the ⁶³Ni electron capture gas chromatographic detector for N₂O and the purification of the nitrogen afforded by the transformation of the N to a gaseous product with a low atmospheric background. The selected denitrifier quantitatively converted NO₃⁻ to N₂O within 10 min. The optimum measurement range was from 0.5 to 50 ppb (50 μg/liter) of NO₃⁻ N, and the detection limit was 0.2 ppb of N. The values measured by the denitrifier method compared well with those measured by the high-pressure liquid chromatographic UV method above 2 ppb of N, which is the detection limit of the latter method. It should be possible to analyze all types of samples for nitrate, except those with inhibiting substances, by this method. To illustrate the use of the denitrifier method, NO₃⁻ concentrations of <2 ppb of NO₃⁻ N were measured in distilled and deionized purified water samples and in anaerobic lake water samples, but were not detected at the surface of the sediment. The denitrifier method was also used to measure the atom% of ¹⁵N in NO₃⁻. This method avoids the incomplete reduction and contamination of the NO₃⁻ -N by the NH₄⁺ and N₂ pools which can occur by the conventional method of ¹⁵NO₃⁻ analysis. N₂O-producing denitrifier strains were also used to measure the apparent K_m values for NO₃⁻ use by these organisms. Analysis of N₂O production by use of a progress curve yielded K_m values of 1.7 and 1.8 μM NO₃⁻ for the two denitrifier strains studied.     

Bioindication of chemical and hydromorphological habitat characteristics with benthic macro-invertebrates based on Artificial Neural Networks

This study aims to enhance the discussion about the usefulness of Artificial Neural Networks and specific input relevance detection for water quality assessment. The focus is on the development of neural modelling techniques initiating further research on predictor selection for bioindication. We tested the predictability of abiotic variables and quality indices BOD₅, conductivity, NH₃-N, NH₄-N, NO₂-N, NO₃-N, N_total, oxygen, pH-value, P_total, water temperature, chemical and morphological water quality class and saprobic index by means of benthic macro-invertebrates on 51 sampling sites of nine small streams in Central Germany. The results show that General Regression Neural Networks and modified Multi-Layer-Perceptrons can successfully be applied for modelling and predicting ecological and environmental data because of their ability to solve non-linear and multidimensional problems. Nevertheless, Linear Neural Networks have been proved suitable in some cases. Particularly, stepwise method, genetic algorithms and sensitivity analysis can be used to reduce the complexity of data sets in a reasonable way by detecting important predictors. In many cases the prediction accuracy even increases. In addition, using only the presence of species instead of their abundance provides mostly better results, simpler models and an easier collection of data. Thus, complex systems can be illustrated in easily surveyed models with low measuring and computing effort. We claim that the identification of indicator species and the assessment of complex anthropogenic impacts can be improved substantially and managed more efficiently using the neural-based approach. It is predestinated for bioindication, particularly with regard to aquatic ecosystems.     

Chemical and Biological Interactions during Nitrate and Goethite Reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens 200

Although previous research has demonstrated that NO₃⁻ inhibits microbial Fe(III) reduction in laboratory cultures and natural sediments, the mechanisms of this inhibition have not been fully studied in an environmentally relevant medium that utilizes solid-phase, iron oxide minerals as a Fe(III) source. To study the dynamics of Fe and NO₃⁻ biogeochemistry when ferric (hydr)oxides are used as the Fe(III) source, Shewanella putrefaciens 200 was incubated under anoxic conditions in a low-ionic-strength, artificial groundwater medium with various amounts of NO₃⁻ and synthetic, high-surface-area goethite. Results showed that the presence of NO₃⁻ inhibited microbial goethite reduction more severely than it inhibited microbial reduction of the aqueous or microcrystalline sources of Fe(III) used in other studies. More interestingly, the presence of goethite also resulted in a twofold decrease in the rate of NO₃⁻ reduction, a 10-fold decrease in the rate of NO₂⁻ reduction, and a 20-fold increase in the amounts of N₂O produced. Nitrogen stable isotope experiments that utilized δ¹⁵N values of N₂O to distinguish between chemical and biological reduction of NO₂⁻ revealed that the N₂O produced during NO₂⁻ or NO₃⁻ reduction in the presence of goethite was primarily of abiotic origin. These results indicate that concomitant microbial Fe(III) and NO₃⁻ reduction produces NO₂⁻ and Fe(II), which then abiotically react to reduce NO₂⁻ to N₂O with the subsequent oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III).     

Two different methods of evaluating nutrient limitations of periphyton bioassays,using water from the River Rhine and eight of its tributaries

An investigation was untertaken to evaluate the nutrient status of the River Rhine (two stations) and eight of its tributaries (total of ten samplings). Determinations of the following inorganic substances were made: PO₄ ^?3-P; NO₃ ^?-N; NO₂ ^?-N; NH₄ ⁺ -N and Cl^?. In addition, pH and carbonate alkalinity were measured. Bioassays to obtain the algal growth potential (AGP) were carried out using periphyton from the River Rhine. A linear relationship could be established between NO₃ ^?-N and the AGP, while the AGP showed a non-linear dependence on the PO₄ ^3?-P concentration. The critical N/P ratio for N or P limitation of the algal growth in bioassays was evaluated graphically and by calculation. The results of the two methods are in good agreement: N is the limiting factor at NO₃ ^?N/PO₄ ^3?-P ratios less than 10, while P is limiting at ratios greater than 20. At values between 10 and 20 neither N nor P can be supposed with certainty to be limiting.     

Rapid immobilization of applied nitrogen in saline–alkaline soils

The dynamics of inorganic N are important in soil, and this applies particularly to the saline–alkaline soils of the former lake Texcoco in Mexico with high pH and salinity where a forestation program was started in the 1970s. In soils of lake Texcoco, in Mexico, more than 50% of applied N could not be accounted for one day after application of 200 mg kg^–1 soil along with glucose amendment. It was not clear whether this was due to abiotic or biotic processes, the form of inorganic N applied or the result of applying an easily decomposable substrate. We investigated this by adding glucose and 200 mg kg^–1 soil as (NH₄)₂SO₄-N or KNO₃-N to sterilized and unsterilized soil. The changes in inorganic and ninhydrin N, microbial biomass C and production of CO₂ were then monitored. Between the time of applying N and extraction with 0.5 M K₂SO₄, i.e., after ca 2 h, approximately 110 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^–1 dry soil could not be accounted for in the unsterilized and sterilized soil and that remained so for the entire incubation in the sterilized soil. After 1 day this increased to 140 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^–1 dry soil in the unsterilized control and 170 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^–1 dry soil in C amended soil. Volatilization of NH₃ accounted for 56 mg NH₄ ⁺-N kg^–1 so the rest appeared to be adsorbed on the soil matrix. The NH₃ volatilization and NH₄ ⁺ fixed in the soil matrix remained constant over time and no oxidation to NO₂ ^– or NO₃ ^– had occurred, so unaccounted N in unsterilized soil was probably incorporated into the microbial biomass in excess of what was required for metabolic activity. The unaccounted N was ca 70 mg NO₃ ^––N in nitrate amended soil after 3 days and 138 NO₃ ^––N when glucose was additionally added. Losses through abiotic processes were absent as inferred from changes in sterilized soil and the aerobic incubation inhibited possible losses through denitrification. It was inferred that NO₃ ^– that could not be accounted for was taken up by micro-organisms in excess of what was required for metabolic activity.     

Simulated Nitrogen Deposition Reduces CH4 Uptake and Increases N2O Emission from a Subtropical Plantation Forest Soil in Southern China

To date, few studies are conducted to quantify the effects of reduced ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and oxidized nitrate (NO₃ ⁻) on soil CH₄ uptake and N₂O emission in the subtropical forests. In this study, NH₄Cl and NaNO₃ fertilizers were applied at three rates: 0, 40 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Soil CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were determined twice a week using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography. Soil temperature and moisture were simultaneously measured. Soil dissolved N concentration in 0–20 cm depth was measured weekly to examine the regulation to soil CH₄ and N₂O fluxes. Our results showed that one year of N addition did not affect soil temperature, soil moisture, soil total dissolved N (TDN) and NH₄ ⁺-N concentrations, but high levels of applied NH₄Cl and NaNO₃ fertilizers significantly increased soil NO₃ ⁻-N concentration by 124% and 157%, respectively. Nitrogen addition tended to inhibit soil CH₄ uptake, but significantly promoted soil N₂O emission by 403% to 762%. Furthermore, NH₄ ⁺-N fertilizer application had a stronger inhibition to soil CH₄ uptake and a stronger promotion to soil N₂O emission than NO₃ ⁻-N application. Also, both soil CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were driven by soil temperature and moisture, but soil inorganic N availability was a key integrator of soil CH₄ uptake and N₂O emission. These results suggest that the subtropical plantation soil sensitively responses to atmospheric N deposition, and inorganic N rather than organic N is the regulator to soil CH₄ uptake and N₂O emission.