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1.
    
ABSTRACT

Designed to provide temporary shelter to the displaced, in protracted refugee situations camps become places of long-term residency and undergo processes of urban change. The complex realities of protracted encampment challenge the dichotomy between the city (as a norm) and the camp (as an exception) that underpins dominant theoretical models of refugee camps. Instead, the theoretical lens of urban margins allows us to circumvent this binary and analyse the camps from the perspective of their relation to the city and the state. Rather than a specific location, this article approaches urban marginality as a condition produced by unequal power relations behind the enforcement of a particular urban order. Based on two years of ethnographic fieldwork, it draws on the case of Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank. Unlike the majority of studies on Palestinian camps that focus either on top-down politics of exclusion or political agency of camp residents, the article examines how different actors, interests and modes of exercising power (both formal and informal) intersect in camp space and produce, as well as resist and subvert, the condition of urban marginality.  相似文献   

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ABSTRACT

This special issue focuses on urban marginality in diverse contexts across the world (Africa, Latin America, Arab States and Europe) and proposes anthropological perspectives on contemporary urbanity that take into account the complexity of the social positions of those city dwellers that are on the margins. Three aspects of urban margins come to the fore. First, urbanites respond to increasing marginalisation through the production of alternative meanings and narratives about the city. While grand, powerful narratives may present cities as ‘divided’, ‘dual’ or ‘conflicted’, urban dwellers may carve out symbolic space through discourses of the non-spectacular and non-political, emerging out of lived space. Second, the cuts and frictions constituting urban margins do not only limit urban dwellers capacities, but can also provide spaces of agentic possibilities. As it is well known, the absence of state control can be turned by versatile urbanites into opportunities of the ‘informal’ economy. Third, urban dwellers engage in manifold practices that connect and entangle their marginalised position with spaces of power and resources. Through their practices urban margins become a relation to, not a disconnection from the ‘centre’. In this special issue we understand ‘urban margins’ not as essence or entities, but as forms of relations between urban dwellers shaped by processes of political, economic, spatial and social marginalisation. Seen in this way, urban margins constitute a perspective on the urban: a lens to entice comparisons of urban agency in the world of cities [Robinson, J. 2011. “Cities in a World of Cities: The Comparative Gesture.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00982.x]].  相似文献   

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ABSTRACT

Drawing from fieldwork conducted in Arica, a northern Chilean city, this paper addresses the process of ‘emplacement from the margins’ as a performative force in which materialities, affective dimensions and claims are tied together. It analyses how migrants become settlers in unauthorised camps on the fringes of Arica. I argue that in this process a ‘politics of presence’ emerges, intimately imbricated in the material constitution of these settlements. I explore the potential of such politics to break the ‘sensible’ order and open the possibility for ignored actors to become present as legitimate urban interlocutors. I discuss aspects of what Kathleen Stewart describes as ‘ordinary things that matter’ because they shimmer precariously, such as the dynamic contingency derived from the building procedures commonly used in unauthorised camps.  相似文献   

4.
随着城市环境问题不断凸显;以健康城市为导向的规划设计成为应对挑战的重要途径之一。本文拓展了“源 流”理论;包括社会和经济因素;并提出了一个适合城市设计的“源 流”模式。这种模式将健康城市中的“人类健康”和“城市健康”两方面突出问题作为“源”;使环境、社会、经济等解决问题的“流”形成一个网络;共同优化城市结构;以缓解城市环境问题和提高居民的生活质量。中国沈阳市的彩塔现代服务产业片区是一个典型的老城市中心;存在一些如风环境不友好、舒适度差和活力不足的问题。本文以此区域为例;从“风源”和“人源”两个方面出发;结合PHOENICS软件对该区域的风环境进行量化和模拟;构建了“风流+水流+绿流”和“人流+交通流+经济流”的优化策略。结果表明;这种优化策略可以实现滨水区生态效益的扩大;提高风环境的质量;激发街区的活力;提高居民的幸福指数;并为城市滨水区的规划和更新提供新的思路。  相似文献   

5.
对马尾松纯林中动物和虫生真菌群落的调查表明,植食性、捕食性、寄生性昆虫和蜘蛛类群物种数分别占51%、12%、7%和26%,益害生物个体数之比约1∶10.2个相似的林分或林间层次中,物种数、科数相等或相近,优势目相同,而且二者的植食性、捕食性、寄生性昆虫和蜘蛛类群的物种数和个体数的波动相对应地趋于一致.主成分分析显示群落1周年内处于“深秋准备越冬→冬眠→早春复苏→春、夏、初秋繁荣”的循环演替之中,其自我调节力和稳定性较强.  相似文献   

6.
    
Quantifying a species' climate niche is often the first step to determining potential sensitivity to climate change. This process typically relies on native occurrence records, assuming that these reflect the breadth of a species' climatic requirements. Yet, many species survive in non-native regions with climates beyond their native range. Identifying their characteristics could help to better elucidate responses to climate change. Here, we use an extensive data set of urban street tree and native range records for 566 tree species to assess differences between species native and urban climate niches and whether niche differences are predictable given characteristics of species native ranges.  相似文献   

7.
城市生态系统承载力理论与评价方法   总被引:30,自引:1,他引:30       下载免费PDF全文
徐琳瑜  杨志峰  李巍 《生态学报》2005,25(4):771-777
城市作为一个复杂的人工生态系统,其承载力的意义与生态学中的种群承载力意义有了很大差别。定义了城市生态系统承载力,强调其对维系城市生态系统健康的能动性特征,并在比较生物免疫力与城市生态系统承载力的相似性的基础上,构建了“城市生态系统承载力免疫学模型”作为其理论模型。在理论模型基础上设计其计量模型,分为天然承载力和获得性承载力两部分。并通过承载力与压力的相对变化趋势表达城市生态系统维系其健康水平的能力。以广州市为例,计算了广州市城市生态系统承载力与压力,获得二者的动态关系。结果表明,自1992年以来,广州市基本上处于一种经济发展与城市生态系统支持力同步发展的良性状态,所采取的发展模式具有可持续性  相似文献   

8.
海绵城市研究进展综述:从水文过程到生态恢复   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
在我国快速城市化进程中,不合理的规划建设加剧了城市洪涝、城市缺水、生态功能降低等诸多问题,受国外低影响开发理念启发,国内学者提出了与城市水文过程紧密结合的解决之道——\"海绵城市\"。在梳理海绵城市概念、内涵和发展现状的基础上,讨论了海绵城市建设与城市水文过程之间的作用关系,指出海绵城市研究涵盖水环境、水资源、水安全和水生态等众多领域且不断融合拓展。归纳了海绵城市的发展趋势,强调应更加遵循因地制宜原则,积极响应多尺度气候变化,科学认知城市水文过程并完善城市生态系统构建。提出了海绵城市建设优化框架,在理论上从单纯地关注水文过程转变到全方位倡导生态水文修复,在技术方法上重点融合生态水文途径改善城市水文空间体系,将生态恢复作为重要建设方式来提升城市应对灾害的弹性。  相似文献   

9.
汤娜  王志泰  包玉  陈信同  马星宇  韦光富 《生态学报》2022,42(15):6320-6334
多山地区城市扩展过程中,建成区内遗存有大量自然山体,形成城市人工基质“海”中的遗存山体“岛屿生境”,这些城市遗存山体长期受到来自城市人工环境的各种间接或直接的干扰。为探索城市基质与城市遗存自然山体植物群落多样性之间的关系,以黔中地区典型的喀斯特多山城市——贵阳为研究区域,按不同规模选择15座城市遗存山体,每座样山按坡向+坡位组合方式设置群落调查样地,共设置143个样地;以样山边界为基准,100 m为步长向外设置20个缓冲区,总宽度为2000 m,计算缓冲区总不透水表面积(PTIA)、植被覆盖度(VC)、破碎化指数(FI)、土地利用(LU)4个城市基质特征指标。运用Pearson相关分析和线性回归模型分析了城市基质特征指标与城市遗存山体植物群落物种多样性之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)PTIA对不同规模城市遗存山体整体植物多样性的影响都存在明显空间尺度效应,在2000 m时相关性最高,呈显著正相关;不同规模城市遗存山体整体植物多样性与单个或多个LU类型存在显著相关性,但影响效应存在显著差异;VC、FI与城市遗存山体整体植物多样性无显著相关关系;(2)不同规模城市遗存山体各层次植物多样性与...  相似文献   

10.
城市可持续发展能力的能值评价新指标   总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20       下载免费PDF全文
陆宏芳  叶正  赵新锋  彭少麟 《生态学报》2003,23(7):1363-1368
能值理论、方法克服了传统能量与经济分析方法的诸多缺憾,为城市可持续发展的研究提供了全新的视角。但作为一种新兴的理论,其评价指标,尤其是针对城市可持续发展能力的综合评价指标尚不完善。从生态经济效益及环境影响的全面表达角度,剖析了国际现行可持续发展能值指标(ESI)的不足之处,并在此基础上拓展构建了新的可持续发展能值指标(EISD)。以珠江三角洲中山市1996~2000年的发展动态为例进行了案例研究。结果表明,新拓展的可持续发展能值指标.在系统效益评价中考虑了系统能值产出的实际经济效果,在环境影响评价中同时考虑了系统的消耗影响和排放影响,可以更全面明晰的评价城市系统的可持续发展能力、状态及其成因,为系统的优化指明方向。  相似文献   

11.
城市典型水域景观的热环境效应   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
岳文泽  徐丽华 《生态学报》2013,33(6):1852-1859
城市热岛效应是当前快速城市化进程中最具代表性的生态环境问题之一.热岛效应进一步影响着城市气候变化与城市可持续发展.现存大量研究证明了土地覆被改变导致的热辐射变化及人为热释放共同作用产生了城市热岛.然而,当前对缓解城市热岛效应要素的研究并不多见.以上海市中心城区为例,首先基于SPOT5影像的分类,提取了城市水域景观,再利用Landsat7的ETM+的热红外波段,定量反演了城市地表热环境温度,然后利用GIS的空间分析功能,探讨了城市水域景观对热环境的影响.研究揭示水域景观在城市热环境中表现出明显的低温效应,而面状水域景观的热环境效应要强于线状河流景观.面状水域景观对热环境影响随着与热岛中心距离的增加而明显降低,此外还受到周围土地覆被的影响.线状河流景观的宽度与流经区域共同决定了其对城市热环境的影响能力.因此,在城市规划设计中,从缓解城市热岛效应出发,水域生态功能区的形态与空间设置可作为考虑因素之一.  相似文献   

12.
赵丹  李锋  王如松 《生态学报》2011,31(20):6242-6250
基于生态绿当量的概念,探讨了城市生态用地合理性的生态标准,构建了土地利用结构优化模型。并在此基础上,以安徽省宁国市为例对该研究区不同空间范围下生态用地的结构及其优化方法进行实例分析。分析结果表明:宁国市域和城乡结合部均达到最佳绿地覆盖率的要求,而城区综合绿当量仅为0.66,需要进行用地调整。市域、城乡结合部和城区3个空间范围下的绿容率(GPR)分别为:4.89、4.22和2.77,可见城区绿化结构简单,树种单一,乔木和水体景观缺乏。同时,城区人口密集,但绿地生态系统服务功能较低,人均绿地率(ELP)仅为41.7 hm2/人。由此提出宁国市城区土地利用结构的优化调整方案,通过整个城市中心增绿、外围拓展;路林结合,蓝、绿交融,城乡一体,构筑内外环抱的多功能、多效益、完整的城市发展生态网架,保障城市长远的生态安全,促进良好的城市生态环境的形成。  相似文献   

13.
城市绿地与城市热岛效应关系探讨   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
本文对城市化过程中城市热岛的变化及城市绿地对城市热岛效应的影响进行了分析,并对缓解城市热岛效应的途径和措施进行了讨论。  相似文献   

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贾玉秋  唐立娜  桂柳鸣 《生态学报》2018,38(20):7269-7275
中国土地资源有限,需要可持续的、紧凑的城市空间形态与布局,因此,全面度量城市空间形态的紧凑性具有重要意义。通过6个情境分析了离散度指数DIS的优缺点,识别出DIS值在反映城市形态紧凑程度方面的不足,进而提出了一种新的城市空间形态紧凑度指数,即标准化离散度指数NDIS。NDIS不受城市面积规模的影响,且具有唯一性,利于城市紧凑度的横向和纵向比较,能更好地指示城市空间形态。NDIS值越大,城市越离散。进一步将NDIS与成熟使用的标准化紧凑度指数NCI结合,用于分析中国35座城市的空间形态紧凑性,研究结果表明:(1) NDIS最大值是兰州市的1.64,最小值是石家庄市的1.14,均值1.29±0.12(SE); NCI最大值是郑州市0.39,最小值是宁波市的0.1,均值0.24±0.07(SE);(2) NDIS与NCI虽然具有中等程度的相关性(r=-0.44,P0.01),但是NDIS把城市斑块间的距离关系表达得更为准确;(3)将NDIS与NCI结合,能够更加全面地指示城市空间形态的紧凑程度。准确、全面的衡量中国城市的空间形态,则需要与更多的景观格局指数结合使用。  相似文献   

16.
城市复合生态及生态空间管理   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
城市是一类基于区域水-土-气-生-矿五类生态因子,生产-流通-消费-还原-调控五类生态过程,以及经济-政治-文化-社会-环境五类生态功能,在时间-空间-数量-结构-功序范畴耦合的复合生态系统。阐述了城市复合生态的整合机制、体制、结构、功能的内涵,提出以净化、绿化、活化、美化、进化型安全生态保障目标,生物链-矿物链-服务链-静脉链-智慧链五链合一的循环经济耦合构架,以及污染防治、清洁生产、产业生态、生态社区和生态文明五位一体的和谐社会建设模式为城市生态管理的3个支柱。城市生态管理是对城市涵养、调节、流通、供给和支持五类生态服务功能的调节、修复和建设而不只是保护城市生物。城市生态空间是指城市生态系统结构所占据的物理空间、其代谢所依赖的区域腹地空间,以及其功能所涉及的多维关系空间。通过天津、扬州、淮北、合肥等市复合生态规划与建设的案例,阐述了区域、市域、城域和社区/园区4尺度城市生态空间的管理方略。最后以延庆和北京主城关系的演变探讨了复合生态位势在城市生态管理中的应用。  相似文献   

17.
    
While numerous studies have reported negative effects of urbanisation on birds, few have examined the role of urban scale in influencing breeding success. Furthermore, many studies have relied on qualitative rather than quantitative assessments of urbanisation. This study sought to address these issues by testing the effects of urbanisation, measured at two spatial scales, on the breeding success of great tits Parus major. A nested study design, incorporating over 400 nestboxes, was used in study sites across northern Belgium with a priori quantified degrees of urbanisation at both local and regional scales. All measured breeding parameters were found to vary at one or both spatial scales of urbanisation; in more urbanised areas great tits displayed advanced laying dates but lower breeding success compared to rural areas, with smaller clutch sizes, lower nestling masses and fewer fledglings per egg. Importantly, urbanisation effects were not limited to big cities as birds breeding in gardens or parks in small towns also had comparatively low success. We found that both regional‐ and local‐scale urbanisation had consistent significant effects on laying date, clutch size and nestling mass, while the number of fledglings per egg was negatively influenced by local‐scale urbanisation only. Results of this study therefore highlight the importance of utilising multiple spatial scales in analysing urbanisation effects, as well as the potential negative impact of local urbanisation on breeding success. This calls for further investigation into mechanisms driving urbanisation effects and how these may vary at different scales.  相似文献   

18.
黄硕  郭青海  唐立娜 《生态学报》2014,34(12):3158-3168
土地资源缺乏决定了空间形态受限型城市急需转变现有城市发展模式。城市中心区内建设用地集中分布、城市功能混合配置的紧凑发展模式符合空间形态受限型城市需求。近似圆形的城市形态和海陆隔离的特征让厦门岛成为典型的空间形态受限型城市,为城市紧凑发展理论在空间形态受限型城市扩张中的适用性研究提供了天然场地。选取厦门岛南北向的厦禾路—嘉禾路和东西向的湖滨北路—吕岭路两条城市发展轴作为样带,从南到北、从西到东分别划分10个样方,采用class水平的CA和PLAND指数分析旧城区及城市扩张方向上的景观格局特征,以空间饱和度和功能单一度表征城市发展紧凑程度。结果显示65%的样方空间饱和度较高,但城市功能主要单一化,大部分样方以居住功能为主,公共服务功能和商业服务功能比例较小甚至缺失;在城市向北、向东的扩张过程中,厦门岛建成区的城市用地利用强度降低,空间饱和度下降,城市功能虽有所增加和转变的趋势,但综合配置水平较低,厦门岛还未形成紧凑发展。最后提出厦门岛向紧凑城市发展的6条建议。  相似文献   

19.
Annika Lems 《Ethnos》2016,81(2):315-337
Over the last two decades, there has been a radical shift in anthropology from stable, rooted and mappable identities to fluid, transitory and migratory forms of belonging. Displacement has become the new trope through which anthropologists have come to look at the world. As a result, place has received an ambiguous position. Focusing on the life experiences of one Somali refugee woman living in Melbourne and her engagement with place, this article questions the current emphasis on space and boundlessness in anthropological discourses on displacement. It argues that rather than developing theoretical concepts that bypass people's experiences, the zooming in on individuals' lifeworlds allows for a close look at the particularity and everydayness of being-in-place. It shows the need for a more complex and nuanced view of displacement – one that values people's lived experiences and one that takes the placement in displacement more seriously.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Segmental genomes (i.e., genomes in which the genetic information is dispersed between two or more discrete molecules) are abundant in RNA viruses, but virtually absent in DNA viruses. It has been suggested that the division of information in RNA viruses expands the pool of variation available to natural selection by providing for the reassortment of modular RNAs from different genetic sources. This explanation is based on the apparent inability of related RNA molecules to undergo the kinds of physical recombination that generate variation among related DNA molecules. In this paper we propose a radically different hypothesis. Self-replicating RNA genomes have an error rate of about 10–3–10–4 substitutions per base per generation, whereas for DNA genomes the corresponding figure is 10–9–10–11. Thus the level of noise in the RNA copier process is five to eight orders of magnitude higher than that in the DNA process. Since a small module of information has a higher chance of passing undamaged through a noisy channel than does a large one, the division of RNA viral information among separate small units increases its overall chances of survival. The selective advantage of genome segmentation is most easily modelled for modular RNAs wrapped up in separate viral coats. If modular RNAs are brought together in a common viral coat, segmentation is advantageous only when interactions among the modular RNAs are selective enought to provide some degree of discrimination against miscopied sequences. This requirement is most clearly met by the reoviruses.  相似文献   

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