栎属7种植物种子的发芽抑制物质研究

运用系统溶剂法和生物测定法,以栎属7种植物种子为材料,研究了其种皮、胚(胚及周围部分子叶)和子叶(远离胚端2/3子叶)1.0 g/mL和0.5 g/mL浓度甲醇等浸提液以及各有机相对白菜种子萌发的影响。结果表明:栓皮栎、锐齿栎、蒙古栎、沼生栎和麻栎甲醇浸提液均能显著降低白菜种子发芽率、根长和苗高,且对发芽率的抑制作用逐渐降低;夏栎和房山栎甲醇浸提液对白菜种子发芽率没有显著影响,但对根长和苗高有一定的抑制作用;种子不同部位甲醇浸提液的抑制作用表现为胚>子叶>种皮,且甲醇高浓度浸提液的抑制作用大于低浓度的抑制作用;甲醇相对白菜种子发芽率、苗高或根长的抑制作用最强,其次是乙酸乙酯相,其它溶剂相萃取液的抑制作用不明显。栎属种子甲醇浸提液及各有机相对白菜种子苗高和根长的抑制作用强于对发芽率的影响,说明栎属种子中所含抑制物质主要是限制自身根和芽的生长,可能是造成延迟萌发和出苗不整齐的原因。     

毛竹各器官和根际土浸提液对杉木种子萌发的化感作用

随着毛竹杉木混交林面积的不断扩大,它们之间既会产生促进作用,又会产生抑制作用。本研究对比分析了不同浓度毛竹各器官(鲜叶、干叶、枝条、竹杆、竹鞭和鞭根)的浸提液及枯落物、根际土浸提液对杉木种子发芽率的影响,探讨了毛竹各器官浸提液及枯落物、根际土浸提液对杉木种子萌发的化感作用。结果表明:(1)处理前期,毛竹各器官浸提液对杉木种子萌发具有抑制作用,且当浸提液浓度为1∶25和1∶50的高浓度时,相对于低浓度浸提液对杉木种子萌发的抑制作用更为持久;(2)处理后期,低浓度的毛竹各器官浸提液对杉木种子萌发促进作用较快,而高浓度的浸提液仍呈现抑制作用,促进作用出现较为缓慢;(3)枯落叶浸提液总体上对杉木种子萌发具有抑制作用,在整个实验过程中低于对照组的发芽率,仅在1∶50浓度时略高对照组实验;而根际土浸提液对杉木种子萌发自始至终都具有促进作用,其中低浓度的促进作用十分显著。故在实际的毛竹杉木混交林生产营林过程中可选用毛竹根际土制备浸提液,促进杉木种子萌发,为毛竹杉木混交林的生产经营提供参考。     

黄土丘陵区草本群落演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用

为探索自然演替中植被群落结构与化感作用之间的关系,以黄土丘陵区自然演替中先锋种群茵陈蒿为研究对象,通过种子萌发试验,分析演替初期优势种群茵陈蒿浸提液(甲醇浸提液和水浸提液)对自身以及伴生种种子萌发以及幼苗生长的影响,从化学生态学角度解释演替初期群落结构形成的原因。结果表明,茵陈蒿浸提液对3种伴生种(铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子)的种子萌发均有显著化感作用,低浓度(0.002g/m L)时表现为促进或轻微的抑制作用,高浓度(0.2g/m L)时为较强的抑制作用;不同部位茵陈蒿浸提液的化感作用不同,相比之下,地上部的抑制作用更为强烈,其浸提液均抑制铁杆蒿、白羊草和达乌里胡枝子的种子萌发,尤其在浓度为0.2 g/m L时,达到完全抑制;根系甲醇浸提液对铁杆蒿种子萌发的抑制作用要强于同浓度下的水浸提液,而地上部水浸提液对受体植物根芽的作用大于甲醇浸提液。茵陈蒿对于自身具有一定的抑制作用,表现为高浓度(0.2和0.02 g/m L)的水和甲醇浸提液抑制自身种子萌发和幼苗生长。研究结果说明化感作用可能是该地区在演替前期形成以茵陈蒿为优势种植被群落的重要原因之一。创新点:从化学生态学的角度解释了黄土丘陵区植被演替初期植物之间的关系以及群落结构形成的原因,为认识自然恢复的内在机理提供了新的视角。     

油菜对3种作物种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

油菜是我国重要的绿肥作物,除增加土壤肥力外,对后茬作物也有一定的化感作用。本文研究了不同浓度油菜浸提液(0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL^-1)对3种作物(燕麦、玉米和向日葵)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响。结果表明: 油菜浸提液对3种作物种子发芽率的影响不显著,但对燕麦有“低促高抑”的趋势,对向日葵有抑制的趋势。油菜浸提液高浓度处理对燕麦幼苗根和茎长、玉米幼苗茎长以及向日葵幼苗根长起抑制作用,低浓度处理对玉米幼苗根茎长起促进作用。燕麦和向日葵幼苗在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,玉米在0.025 g·mL^-1时蛋白质含量最大,显著高于对照。3个浓度下,向日葵脯氨酸含量均显著降低,玉米脯氨酸含量在浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时显著高于对照。玉米过氧化物酶(POD)活性在浸提液浓度为0.05 g·mL^-1时最大,向日葵POD活性在浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时最大,与对照有显著差异,其余浓度处理与对照无显著差异。油菜浸提液浓度为0.025 g·mL^-1时显著降低了燕麦超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,3种作物幼苗过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性与对照均无显著差异。加入油菜浸提液后,向日葵幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量在浓度为0.1 g·mL^-1时显著增加,玉米幼苗MDA含量在不同浓度处理下均显著低于对照。综合分析,油菜浸提液对向日葵的化感抑制作用最强,其次为玉米、燕麦。     

青钱柳种皮甲醇浸提液的生物测定

通过对青钱柳[Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja]种皮甲醇浸提液的生物测定,探讨青钱柳种子休眠与种皮内源抑制物质的关系.结果表明,青钱柳种皮不同浓度的甲醇浸提液(10%、20%、25%、30%和40%)对白菜(Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis)种子发芽率和种子活力以及幼苗的高生长、根生长均有抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越明显.用30%和40%浸提液处理, 白菜种子不能萌发;用10%、 20%和25%浸提液处理, 白菜种子的萌发率分别为98.6%、 75.0%和9.0%;苗高和根长分别比对照降低了31.6%、 48.1%、 79.7%和21.3%、 70.8%、 90.2%.表明青钱柳种子的种皮中含有抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长的成分.     

核桃叶水浸提液对棉花生长及棉花枯萎病菌的化感效应

研究了不同浓度核桃叶水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及对棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长的化感效应。结果表明, 不同浓度核桃叶水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及棉花枯萎病菌菌丝生长均体现出抑制效应, 且抑制作用整体随着浸提液浓度的增高而逐渐增强。浸提液对棉花种子发芽势、发芽指数的影响要大于对发芽率的影响, 20 mg·mL^–1以上浸提液浓度处理的棉花种子发芽势与发芽指数显著(P<0.05)降低, 而30 mg·mL^–1 的浓度下对种子发芽率的抑制仍不显著。浸提液浓度大于20 mg·mL^–1 时, 棉花幼苗根的生长及根系活力开始受到强烈抑制, 当浸提液浓度大于30 mg·mL^–1时, 幼苗总叶绿素含量显著降低, 导致幼苗的鲜、干重减少。同时, 在高浓度浸提液胁迫下(>30 mg·mL^–1), 还会造成棉花植株体内MDA 含量急剧增高。不同浓度浸提液对棉花枯萎病菌菌丝的生长均有一定的抑制作用, 40 mg·mL^–1 浓度浸提液的抑菌率达到最高, 为47.9%。     

多刺绿绒蒿种子休眠及破除方法

通过对多刺绿绒蒿种子透水性和浸提物活性的测定及流水、600mg/L GA、100mg/L IAA、150mg/L PEG、800 g/mL GA和0.5 mmol/L SA浸泡后进行发芽实验,探讨种子休眠机理和破眠方法。结果表明:多刺绿绒蒿种子吸水符合一般种子吸水规律,说明其种皮对种子吸水无阻碍作用;GA和SA处理极显著提高了多刺绿绒蒿种子的发芽率(P0.01),说明生理休眠是种子萌发的因素之一。多刺绿绒蒿水提物对小麦和白菜种子萌发的抑制作用极显著高于对照组和醇提液处理组,说明多刺绿绒蒿种子中所含抑制物主要为水溶性成分;种子水提物在浓度为0.04～0.20 g/mL时具有很强的抑制活性,均对小麦、白菜和多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发和生长产生抑制作用,以及流水浸泡可以提高多刺绿绒蒿种子发芽率,表明种子内源抑物是影响其休眠的另一因素。不同处理均可打破种子休眠,显著提高种子发芽率,其中600 g/mL GA浸泡24h黑暗培养下种子发芽率和发芽势均显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。多刺绿绒蒿种子中存在活性较强的内源抑制物,且多为水溶性成分,具有一定的生理休眠特性。     

滇重楼种子内源抑制物质的活性研究

以滇重楼种皮和胚乳为材料,用甲醇浸提得到种皮浸提液和胚乳浸提液,配制成浓度梯度为0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08g/mL的处理液,以蒸馏水为对照,研究不同浓度种皮和胚乳浸提液对受体植物白菜(油脂类)、小麦(淀粉类)、绿豆(蛋白类)种子发芽率、幼苗苗高和根长、抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨滇重楼种子内源抑制物质的特性,以揭示滇重楼种子休眠的生理机制。结果表明:(1)滇重楼种皮和胚乳中均含有抑制种子萌发与幼苗生长的物质,且抑制作用大小表现为胚乳大于种皮。(2)3种受体植物幼苗对滇重楼种皮、胚乳甲醇浸提液的敏感性大小为白菜(油脂类)显著高于绿豆(蛋白类)和小麦(淀粉类)。(3)滇重楼种皮、胚乳甲醇浸提液对种子萌发及幼苗生长各项指标的抑制作用强度依次为:发芽率幼苗根长幼苗苗高鲜重。(4)滇重楼种皮、胚乳中的抑制物质均能够使3种受体植物幼苗产生生理响应,启动抗氧化酶体系,其中:随着滇重楼种皮甲醇浸提液浓度的升高,受体幼苗SOD与POD活性先升后降,CAT活性持续下降;胚乳甲醇浸提液处理后,受体幼苗SOD和POD活性较对照均显著增强,而CAT活性显著下降。研究认为,滇重楼种皮及胚乳甲醇浸提液均能够抑制受体植物种子萌发及幼苗生长,影响幼苗抗氧化酶活性,但滇重楼种皮与胚乳中所含抑制物在活性上存在差异。     

果翅对霸王种子田间萌发的影响

于2007年10月将具有果翅(具翅)和剥去果翅(去翅)的霸王种子埋于阿拉善左旗不同深度(0 cm、2 cm、5 cm)土壤中,1年内每2月取样1次,调查其萌发情况.结果表明:置于地表具翅种子田间无萌发,而去翅种子在次年6月开始萌发;2 cm埋深具翅种子在次年6月开始萌发,而去翅种子次年2月即能萌发,且其萌发均显著高于同期具翅种子(除10月外);与2 cm埋深相比,5 cm埋深种子萌发较早,其他则表现相似.随埋深的增加和埋藏时间延长,去翅种子田间萌发呈增长趋势,室内萌发率则逐渐减小,而具翅种子除6～10月外田间和室内萌发均逐渐增加.埋藏1年后,去翅种子死亡率显著高于具翅种子,去翅种子为23.0%,而具翅种子为10.0%.可见,果翅可显著抑制霸王种子在田间萌发,有利于种子的田间保存,从而避开不利环境在适宜条件下萌发以获得最佳建植率.     

柽柳水浸提液对猪毛菜种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用

以一年生草本植物猪毛菜的种子和幼苗为受体,采用室内培养皿法,研究塔里木河下游柽柳水浸提液对猪毛菜种子及幼苗的化感作用。结果表明:(1)柽柳茎、根浸提液对猪毛菜种子萌发的抑制作用较为显著;柽柳茎浸提液0.08～0.20g/mL浓度处理组的猪毛菜种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数与对照组之间均差异显著,其中种子发芽率分别减少了84.78%、89.12%、76.09%和67.39%;柽柳根浸提液对猪毛菜种子活力指数的化感作用较为显著,0.12g/mL和0.16g/mL浓度处理组与对照组相比差异极显著,化感效应指数分别为-0.960和-0.930。(2)柽柳茎浸提液处理中的猪毛菜幼苗苗长和根浸提液处理中的猪毛菜幼苗鲜重与对照组差异显著,两者在0.08g/mL浓度处理下分别增加了61.49%和52.63%;在其他浓度处理下则主要受抑制作用。(3)柽柳叶浸提液的综合化感效应呈现"W"型变化趋势;茎浸提液在高浓度时具有较强的综合化感效应;根浸提液的综合化感效应在0.12g/mL浓度最强(RI=-0.749),在0.08g/mL浓度时最弱(RI=-0.389)。     

Factors influencing seed germination of Salsola affinis (Chenopodiaceae), a dominant annual halophyte inhabiting the deserts of Xinjiang, China

Salsola affinis is a dominant annual inhabiting saline deserts of Xinjiang, China. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, winged perianths and NaCl on seed germination and on germination recovery from the effects of saline conditions after transfer to distilled water. Freshly harvested seeds could germinate equally well in light and darkness at 5–30 °C. Attached winged perianths significantly inhibited germination, removal enhanced germination. However, germination was not inhibited in the presence of detached winged perianths in any of the temperature treatments. We suggest that the winged perianth is a mechanical barrier for radicle emergence, not a barrier for water uptake; hence, it inhibited germination. Germination of seeds from which the perianth had been removed was not affected by NaCl at concentrations below 0.4 mol/l, but it was significantly decreased by NaCl at concentrations of 0.6–2.0 mol/l. No seeds germinated at 4.0 mol/l NaCl. Seeds incubated in NaCl at concentrations of 0.05–4.0 mol/l for 14 days recovered after being transferred to distilled water. However, germination was lower than that in the non-saline control, indicating that a portion of the NaCl-treated seeds may lose their ability to germinate.     

沙埋对西鄂尔多斯珍稀植物种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响

采用不同沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、5、7、10 cm埋深)处理,对内蒙古西鄂尔多斯4种珍稀植物霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolica)、蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)和长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)种子萌发及幼苗出土情况进行研究,以揭示其种子萌发特性.结果表明:表层沙土(0 cm埋深)的种子几乎不萌发;除霸王外,其他3种植物在不同沙埋深度处理下的种子萌发率差异显著(P＜0.05);沙埋对4种珍稀植物的幼苗出土均有显著影响,出苗率随着沙埋深度的增加而降低,且遵循指数方程.霸王在2 cm沙埋深度的出苗率最高,其他物种在1 cm沙埋深度的出苗率最高.沙埋深度对幼苗生物量的影响不显著.     

当归果翅对种子吸水与发芽进程的影响

研究当归果翅对其种子吸水及发芽进程的影响,旨在为当归规范化栽培提供理论和技术依据。以当归的双悬果果实和去翅种子作为试验材料,对其千粒重、含水量、体积、容重和吸水率进行测定,并在自然室温条件下进行种子发芽试验。结果表明:①当归双悬果去除果翅后,其千粒重减少了46.87%(P<0.01),体积减少了90.78%(P<0.01),容重增加了475.92%(P<0.01),含水量增加了20.15%(P<0.05);②当归果翅抑制了种子吸水吸胀的能力,果翅去除后能在2.48 h内进入稳定期,较去翅前提前了3.38 h,且吸水过程符合逻辑斯蒂方程;③当归果翅对种子发芽具有显著影响,果翅去除后发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数较未去翅种子分别提高了256.7%、12.28%和27.77%,均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。当归双悬果去除果翅后,减小了种子体积和重量,并促进了种子吸水吸胀能力,同时还有效地提高了种子的发芽质量。建议在生产中以去翅种子作为播种材料进行播种。     

Perianth colour dimorphism is related to germination properties and salinity tolerance in Salsola vermiculata in the Arabian deserts

We investigated the dimorphic perianth colour of Salsola vermiculata and its association with seed germination percentage, interactions with temperature, light, salinity and recovery from prior salinity exposure. Seeds with and without pink and yellow perianth were incubated at three thermal regimes, two photoperiods, and five salinity levels. Germination recovery after salinity exposure was observed on seeds that failed to germinate during the salinity study. The germination percentage and rate were signi?cantly related to the perianth colour, the presence of perianth wings, thermal regimes and photoperiod. The presence of a perianth wing significantly reduced germination percentage and germination rate in both the pink and the yellow morph, but the yellow morph exhibited a higher germination percentage. Perianth wing removal increased germination in saline conditions. With the perianth removed, germination recovery was higher for the pink morph than for the yellow one. We suggest that by providing two different strategies for balancing germination with dormancy during favourable conditions, the presence of two morphs makes S. vermiculata more successful in highly unpredictable desert environments.     

Does perianth colour affect the seed germination of two desert shrubs under different storage periods and conditions?

Haloxylon salicornicum and Salsola vermiculata (Amaranthaceae) are two perennial shrubs producing fruits with differently coloured perianths (yellow vs pink) on separate individuals. To test the impact of different storage periods (four, eight and twelve months) and temperature conditions (freezing, room temperature and natural field temperatures) on the seed germination of the two seed categories, germination tests were carried out on both species. For both species, collected from wild plants in the Arabian desert (Qatar), seed germination was tested under two photoperiods (light 12/12; dark 24 hours) at 20/30°C for winged (intact) and de‐winged seeds. For each species, all the considered factors (perianth colour, wing presence, photoperiod, storage period and storage conditions) had significant effects on seed germination (p < 0.001), while the interactions among factors varied in their level of significance depending on the species. In both species, yellow seeds germinated considerably better than the pink ones, the presence of wings slowed the germination, and both storage period and temperature conditions highly influenced their germination ability. Our results indicate that seeds from different perianth colours have different germination strategies to delay their germination and distribute the species through time by escaping germination time by imposing some kind of after‐ripening or seed dormancy. The variation in storage time and storage conditions might help in extending their germination period, where one set of seeds germinate immediately, and the other set of seeds becomes dormant and thus contributes to the formation of a soil seed bank for the long‐term recruitment of seedlings. This study highlights an ecological advantageous strategy for these two species growing in the unpredictable desert habitat.     

Ecological role of distinct fruit‐wing perianth color in synchronization of seed germination in Haloxylon salicornicum

Haloxylon salicornicum is a perennial shrub that grows in sandy and stony desert areas. This species produces two types of dispersal unit with yellow and pink winged perianths that are wind dispersed. This species has been considered as an excellent sand binder and can tolerate extreme temperature, drought and salinity. We compared the germination characteristics of both colored dispersal units (with and without a wing) under various light, temperature and salinity treatments. It was found that wing color, presence of wings, temperature and light have a significant effect on germination percentage and germination rate. The presence of a winged perianth significantly reduced the germination percentage and germination rate in both yellow and pink dispersal units. De‐winged yellow dispersal units were able to tolerate higher salinity and, therefore, their germination was higher in all the tested concentrations of NaCl compared with pink de‐winged dispersal units. However, salinity tolerance in both pink and yellow dispersal units decreased with increasing salinity concentration. The germination‐recovery percentage was also higher for yellow compared with pink dispersal units. The present study has demonstrated that both morphological and physiological differences exist in different colored dispersal units, which might represent the combination of different complementary adaptive strategies and have ecological significance for Haloxylon salicornicum's successful survival in harsh desert environmental conditions.     

不同黄瓜品种种子萌发期的耐盐性研究

在不同浓度的NaCl胁迫盐境下发芽,对黄瓜种子萌发有显著影响,随着NaCl胁迫浓度增大,对种子萌发的抑制作用明显增强,种子活力指数、发芽指数、幼胚一级侧根数比发芽率对NaCl胁迫的反应更敏感.在供试的14个黄瓜品种中,不同黄瓜品种种子萌发受盐胁迫抑制的程度不同,其中耐盐品种有中农12号和津春5号,新秀2号和津优1号为不耐盐品种,其他为耐盐性中等品种.     

异子蓬二型种子的萌发与休眠特性及其生态适应

异子蓬为中亚荒漠的特有种,其果实为胞果,花被片在结果时宿存包被果实形成浆果状的散布单位.对异子蓬的散布单位、果实形态进行比较观察,并在5/15℃、5/25℃、15/25 ℃(暗/光=12h/12h)3个温变周期下进行种子萌发实验,结果表明:(1)异子蓬的散布单位绿色、浆果状,有大小两种形态;大小两种散布单位内包被的果实在形状、大小、颜色上存在着明显差异.(2)大的散布单位内包被的果实圆形,扁平,褐色,无光泽,直径(2.64±0.03) mm,重量(3.68±0.04) mg;小的散布单位内包被的果实双凸镜形,黑色,有光泽,直径(2.40±0.04) mm,重量(2.86±0.06) mg.(3)褐色种子在3个温变周期下的萌发率都在81%以上,萌发速度快,而黑色种子萌发率低,萌发慢,具有休眠现象.(4)划破种皮及低温层积处理可显著提高黑色种子在3个温变周期下的萌发率,延长储存时间也可有效地促进黑色种子的萌发,表明黑色种子处于非深度生理休眠状态.异子蓬产生的两种不同类型的种子及其在时间和空间上的萌发差异对荒漠异质环境具有重要的适应意义.     

散枝猪毛菜的种子多型性及其萌发行为

散枝猪毛菜(Salsola bracchita)主要分布于新疆准噶尔荒漠,具有很强的抗干旱和抗盐碱能力。该文对散枝猪毛菜的果实进行了观察,表明散枝猪毛菜具有4种类型的散布单位和果实,这4种果实在形状、大小、颜色和着生方式上均有显著差异。A型果实绿色、球形、大,着生方式为横生,宿存花被革质,背部有紫红色翅状附属物,直径为(2.161±0.138) mm,单粒重为(3.810±0.113) mg;B型果实绿色、大、扁平、长圆形,着生方式为直立,宿存花被革质,背部有翅状附属物,长为(2.062±0.188) mm,宽为(1.720±0.148) mm,单粒重为(2.665±0.113) mg;C型果实绿色、大、扁平、长圆形,着生方式为直立,宿存花被膜质,背部无翅状附属物,长为(2.239±0.277) mm,宽为(1.844±0.150) mm,单粒重为(2.723±0.559) mg;D型果实黄色、小、扁平、长卵形,着生方式为直立,宿存花被膜质,背部无翅状附属物,长为(1.678±0.163) mm,宽为(1.390±0.110) mm,单粒重为(0.928±0.025) mg。A型、B型和C型种子(果实)在5 ℃/15 ℃、5 ℃/25 ℃、15 ℃/25 ℃(暗12 h/光12 h)变温条件下萌发率>68%,且B型和C型种子比A型种子有较高的萌发率和萌发速率。D型种子在3种变温条件下萌发缓慢,最终萌发率始终维持在较低水平(<20%),划破果皮和种皮能够显著提高D型种子的萌发率和萌发指数,表明D型种子处于生理休眠状态。散枝猪毛菜的种子多型性是对荒漠异质环境的一种适应。