灵芝多糖的生物活性及开发利用

灵芝为最新纳入"药食同源"目录的名贵中药材,具有很高的营养价值。灵芝多糖是灵芝中最主要的成分之一,具有抗氧化、免疫调节、降血糖、抗肿瘤、调节肠道菌群等多种生物活性,在保健食品和药用资源开发方面具有很大的利用价值。本文对近年来灵芝多糖生物活性的研究进展进行总结,梳理了其开发应用的现状,对后续的开发和利用进行了展望,以期为灵芝多糖相关健康产品的开发利用提供参考和借鉴。     

最早实现灵芝室内栽培研究记实

灵芝是大型真菌,我国古代就有用灵芝治疗某些疾病之记载。近年来由于中医药学的发展,灵芝的深入研究和开发迫在眉睫。本文是关于最早成功地实现了灵芝室内栽培的记实,经两次较大数量和一定规模试验证实,空气湿度在灵芝正型结盖中起着关键作用。     

灵芝酸乳制作工艺初探

采用灵芝菌深层培养的滤液 ,可以制成灵芝酸乳 ,经测定 ,灵芝酸乳中可溶性固形物的含量为 11.2 % ,乳酸含量为 0 .72 % ,酸度为 77°T。酸乳同时具有灵芝的药用价值和乳酸饮料的丰富营养。制作工艺简便 ,易于开发     

灵芝液态深层发酵三萜类化合物研究进展

三萜类化合物是灵芝中主要的活性化学成分之一,由于其具有多种重要的生理活性,现已成为国内外学者研究灵芝的热点。本文总结了灵芝三萜发酵工艺的优化及其生物合成中的信号转导等方面的进展,并在此基础上提出了灵芝发酵研究中存在的问题,以期为灵芝三萜液态深层发酵的调控研究及发酵生产工艺的开发提供参考和启示。     

菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

利用气相色谱法,对菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油中脂肪酸组成、不饱和脂肪酸含量等进行了比较研究。结果发现两者脂肪酸GC指纹图谱极为相似(脂肪酸组成基本相同),说明了菌草灵芝孢子油与段木灵芝孢子油一样有同样的开发价值,但是脂肪酸含量不同,菌草灵芝孢子油中亚油酸和油酸占55.61%,不饱和脂肪酸占61.15%;段木灵芝孢子油中亚油酸和油酸占49.87%,不饱和脂肪酸占54.88%。而且两者的外观、气味略不同。     

灵芝菌丝体三萜及其药理活性的研究进展

菌丝体作为灵芝生长发育过程中的一个特定生理阶段,会产生不同于子实体和孢子的特定结构的灵芝酸类三萜化合物。本文总结了灵芝菌丝体中已发现和鉴定的三萜化合物结构、生物活性及其构效关系的研究进展,以期为灵芝菌丝体三萜在生物合成、代谢调控等的基础研究及相关产品的开发应用提供科学参考。     

白肉灵芝化学成分及其药理作用研究进展

白肉灵芝Ganoderma leucocontextum主要分布于青藏高原地区,因其菌肉乳白色而得名,2015年被鉴定为灵芝属新种。近年来,越来越多的研究人员对白肉灵芝进行了研究,在化学成分和药理作用方面取得了较大进展。目前已经从白肉灵芝中发现了95个化合物,主要包含三萜、混元萜、多糖等,并显示其抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂和免疫调节等多种药理作用。文中整理并综述了国内外有关白肉灵芝栽培技术、化学成分、药理作用和基因组信息等4个方面的研究,旨在为白肉灵芝资源及其药用价值的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

灵芝子实体和孢子粉三萜含量的测定及体外抗肿瘤活性的评价

目的测定灵芝子实体和破壁灵芝孢子粉中的三萜含量,并评价其醇提物的体外抗肿瘤活性。方法采用高氯酸显色法测定灵芝子实体和破壁灵芝孢子粉中的三萜含量,采用磺酰罗丹明B蛋白染色法(sulforhodamine B,SRB)评价灵芝子实体和破壁灵芝孢子粉醇提物对宫颈癌He La细胞、结肠癌HCT-116细胞和乳腺癌MCF-7-ADM细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果研究的灵芝子实体中三萜质量分数为0.92%,破壁灵芝孢子粉供试品中三萜质量分数实测值为2.95%,但是灵芝孢子粉中脂肪油对高氯酸显色法有极大的干扰,因此破壁灵芝孢子粉三萜的实测值可能远高于实际值。活性评价结果显示,灵芝子实体的醇提物在100μg/m L时,其对人宫颈癌He La细胞和乳腺癌MCF-7-ADM细胞表现出了较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为94.54%和71.30%;对结肠癌HCT-116细胞表现出较弱的抑制作用,抑制率为20.68%。破壁灵芝孢子粉的醇提物在100μg/m L和10μg/m L时,其对宫颈癌He La细胞表现出了弱的抑制作用,对另外2种细胞系仅在100μg/m L时表现出较弱的抑制作用。结论灵芝子实体的醇提物含有三萜并具有较好的抗肿瘤活性,可以将其开发为辅助治疗癌症的药物或保健品。含有脂肪油的灵芝孢子粉直接采用高氯酸比色法测定会高估其三萜的含量,需要进一步开发准确、可行的测定方法。     

灵芝多糖液体发酵条件的研究

液体发酵灵芝是目前灵芝多糖开发的有效途径。以灵芝的生物量和胞外多糖为指标,对影响灵芝发酵的条件进行了研究。单因素实验表明灵芝发酵的最佳碳源、(?)源和生长因子分别是葡萄糖、酵母膏和维生素B1,最适温度、起始pH值和摇床转速分别是28℃、5．5和160 rpm。最佳培养方式是接种后静置4 h再振荡培养,其生物量和胞外多糖的产量最高,分别为7．743g/L和0．907g/L。     

灵芝真菌液体发酵及其产物应用的研究进展

灵芝作为一种白腐真菌,同时也是珍稀的食药用真菌,富含多种生物活性成分。液体发酵技术生产周期短、效率高、产量大、品质稳定,是开发利用灵芝资源的重要途径。近年来,灵芝属真菌菌丝体液体发酵技术的开发与应用取得了较大进展。本文对灵芝属真菌液体发酵产物的主要活性成分及其药用效果、液体发酵工艺优化和发酵产物的应用进行综述,并对本领域的未来进行展望。     

Exploitations and their complications: the necessity of identifying the multiple forms of exploitation in pharmaceutical trials

Human subject trials of pharmaceuticals in low and middle income countries (LMICs) have been associated with the moral wrong of exploitation on two grounds. First, these trials may include a placebo control arm even when proven treatments for a condition are in use in other (usually wealthier) parts of the world. Second, the trial researchers or sponsors may fail to make a successful treatment developed through the trial available to either the trial participants or the host community following the trial. Many commentators have argued that a single form of exploitation takes place during human subject research in LMICs. These commentators do not, however, agree as to what kind of moral wrong exploitation is or when exploitation is morally impermissible. In this paper, I have two primary goals. First, I will argue for a taxonomy of exploitation that identifies three distinct forms of exploitation. While each of these forms of exploitation has its critics, I will argue that they can each be developed into plausible accounts of exploitation tied to different vulnerabilities and different forms of wrongdoing. Second, I will argue that each of these forms of exploitation can coexist in single situations, including human subject trials of pharmaceuticals. This lesson is important, since different forms of exploitation in a single relationship can influence, among other things, whether the relationship is morally permissible.     

长白山野生有毒植物种质资源调查研究及开发利用

本文重点介绍了长白山有毒植物种质资源的种类、特点,开发利用的现状,存在的问题,开发前景,采取措施等方面的内容,为国内外开发利用这一宝贵资源提供一些原始资料.     

广西紫金牛属野生观赏植物的综合评价

利用层次分析法,综合观赏价值、资源开发潜力、生物学特性三大约束因素共14个指标,对分布于广西的29种紫金牛属野生观赏植物进行综合评价。结果表明:按照开发利用价值的高低,可将29个种(变种)根据轻重缓急划分为4个等级,其中:Ⅰ级:开发利用价值高的种类,5个;Ⅱ级:开发利用价值较高的种类,9个;Ⅲ级:开发利用价值一般的种类,9个;Ⅳ级:开发利用价值较低的种类,6个。研究结果将为科学、合理地开发利用广西紫金牛属野生观赏植物资源提供决策依据。     

有机蜂蜜的开发利用现状及其前景

开发有机蜂蜜适应环保和人类追求健康的发展趋势 ,有着特殊的社会效应。综述了各国有关有机蜂蜜及其相关生产技术的标准或法律法规 ,对开发有机蜂蜜的技术研究现状做了分析 ,并提出亟待解决的问题 ,展望了有机蜂蜜的市场前景。     

辽河油田土壤石油污染及其微生物群落特征

本研究采取辽河油田曙光采油厂、欢喜岭采油厂和锦州采油厂井场周边土壤,并以未污染稻田土壤作为对照,分析了各采样点的土壤理化性质、石油烃浓度组成及土壤微生物群落结构。结果表明: 1) 3个采油厂井场周边土壤均受到严重的石油烃污染,但其石油烃浓度及组成存在一定的差异,曙光和欢喜岭采油厂土壤石油烃平均浓度是锦州采油厂的2倍以上;曙光采油厂土壤中胶质沥青质含量最高,而欢喜岭和锦州采油厂土壤中烷烃含量最高,比例均在40%以上。2)与稻田土壤相比,锦州采油厂土壤微生物操作分类单元(OTU)、Chao1指数和Shannon指数升高,而其在曙光和欢喜岭采油厂土壤中降低;各采油厂土壤样品中存在相同的优势菌门及菌属,但丰度存在较大差异。锦州采油厂土壤中分枝杆菌属、假单胞菌属的丰度高,曙光采油厂土壤中鞘氨醇单胞菌属、类诺卡氏菌属、马赛菌属的丰度高,而欢喜岭采油厂土壤中溶杆菌属、硫杆菌属、假节杆菌属的丰度高。3)相关分析表明,鞘氨醇单胞菌属、类诺卡氏菌属、硫杆菌属、马赛菌属、假节杆菌属与总石油烃、总有机碳和胶质沥青质含量呈显著正相关,分枝杆菌属、溶杆菌属、假单胞菌属与总氮和总磷呈显著正相关。本研究系统分析了不同采油厂土壤中石油烃、土壤理化性质和微生物群落特征,揭示了辽河油田污染土壤中特定的优势菌属和群落结构,为辽河油田石油烃污染土壤修复功能微生物筛选及修复过程菌群构建提供理论依据,也为其他油田高效降解菌筛选提供了方法借鉴。     

Phylogenetic tests of the sensory exploitation model of sexual selection

The diverse characteristics among closely related species are often involved in communication between the sexes. The traditional view that intersexual communication behaviors evolve in a complementary way is called into question by the sensory exploitation hypothesis. By predicting a lack of coordinated evolution between signals and preferences, the sensory exploitation hypothesis is distinct from other mechanisms of sexual selection. Tests of sensory exploitation have taken a multi-disciplinary approach, with insights from sensory physiology, behavior and phylogenetic comparisons. By demonstrating that signals and receivers are not closely coupled, and that signal preference pre-dates signal origin, proponents of the model argue that sensory exploitation is an evolutionary force responsible for the diversification of intersexual communication signals.     

长白山百合属植物野生资源及其开发利用

本文重点介绍了长白山百合属的植物种类、分布、储量及其鉴别 ,百合属植物利用的现状和将来开发的具体方法     

Zooarchaeological analysis of prehistoric vertebrate exploitation at the Grand Bay Site,Carriacou, West Indies

This paper discusses zooarchaeological analysis of vertebrate faunal specimens from Grand Bay, a Ceramic Age (ca.ad 400–1300) site on the island of Carriacou in the Grenadines, West Indies. Using faunal data to assess subsistence patterns of vertebrate exploitation during late site occupation, we can begin to better understand Grand Bay procurement strategies and coral reef exploitation. Preliminary zooarchaeological results imply that Grand Bay vertebrate exploitation emphasized marine resources over terrestrial resources, with particular emphasis on coral reef habitats and fish. The faunal data are discussed in relation to common patterns of prehistoric vertebrate exploitation in the Caribbean and fishing strategies. The Grand Bay faunal sample also provides a foundation from which to formulate future research foci and question zooarchaeological approaches to understanding prehistoric coral reef exploitation in the Caribbean.     

Resource exploitation strategies in the presence of traffic between food sources

A mathematical model of food recruitment and resource exploitation in group-living organisms accounting for direct traffic of individuals between the available sources is developed. It is shown that traffic between sources gives rise to the enhancement of the range of stability of the homogeneous mode of exploitation and of the range of coexistence of homogeneous and semi-inhomogeneous ones, as well as the appearance of symmetry breaking transitions leading to fully inhomogeneous exploitation modes.     

A model for the upstream motion of elvers in the Adour River

The aim of this paper is contributing to the study of the exploitation of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in the basin of the French river 'Adour'. This exploitation constitutes the basis of the economy of local professional fishermen, who have recently noticed a diminution of the hunting of elvers. In order to design a sustainable exploitation strategy, we must know as much as possible about eel life cycle. For that purpose, we build a model to describe a phase of eels evolution, their migration upstream the river. Our model is based on the biological details of eels behaviour and constitutes a virtual laboratory, useful to test different hypotheses about eels migration.