甲型流感病毒基因组进化事件检测软件的实现

目的 流感病毒通过跨宿主迁移和基因组重配作用等进化事件引起抗原转换是造成流感大流行的主要原因;传统上利用系统发生树通过进化分析检测这些事件,而进化分析过程复杂并且算法参数较难设定.方法 作者曾提出了一种利用基因型谱检测甲型流感病毒基因组进化事件的新方法,弥补了进化分析的这些缺陷.在本文中,利用C++ Builder开发工具在Windows平台上实现了基因型谱分析方法.结果 利用甲型流感病毒进化事件检测软件,可以快速的检测跨宿主迁移和基因组重配作用等甲型流感病毒基因组进化事件.结论 甲型流感病毒进化事件检测软件可以作为流感病毒疫情监测控制中进化分析的辅助工具,无论在病毒基因组进化的基础研究和疾控实践中都将具有很强的应用价值.     

进化基因组学

进化基因组学是一门刚刚起步的新兴学科,在诞生以来的10余年里取得了巨大的进展。通过基因组数据的比较诠释基因功能、研究生物进化,和通过分析新基因起源研究基因组本身的进化是进化基因组学研究的两大主要内容。它的诞生在生物学各分支学科都产生了巨大的影响,今后必将在人类理解生命起源和发展的过程中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

临床试验中的流感通用疫苗研发进展

人类与流感病毒的斗争史已经过去一百多年,在人群抗体选择的压力下,流感病毒不断发生突变、重组等方式的进化和流行,在流感病毒的危险因素下,人类的预防医学、病原生物学和疫苗学也取得了巨大进步。对流感通用疫苗的研发成为流感疫苗研发的下一个征程,同时需要全球范围内的广泛协作和科技发展。为此本文综述了近期流感通用疫苗的研究进展,并对已经进入临床试验阶段的通用疫苗进行了分析,为流感疫苗研究提供参考。     

比较基因组学在哺乳动物进化研究中的应用

哺乳动物经过长期进化,使其基因组在结构和功能上存在着明显的差异,构成了表型进化的基础。随着人类、部分哺乳动物基因组测序的完成,以比较基因组学为主要研究手段的哺乳动物进化研究应运而生,从而为在基因组水平上深入认识哺乳动物进化关系、揭示生命的起源和进化提供依据。对比较基因组学的主要研究方法进行了综述,进而探讨其在哺乳动物进化研究中的应用,并对哺乳动物比较基因组学的发展进行了展望。     

中国历年H3N2亚型人流行性感冒病毒血凝素基因的序列测定及分析

测定了27株中国1968～2000年的人H3N2亚型流行性感冒(流感)病毒分离株HA1基因的核苷酸全序列,其中包括7株流行代表株:A3/Beijing/1/68、A3/Guangdong/243/72、A3/Beijing/39/75、A3/Guangdong/38/77、A3/Beijing/266/85、A3/Beijing/30/95、A3/Shanghai/1/98.阐明了这些流感病毒分离株的基因结构、变异本质、进化发展过程以及这些毒株与其它分离株之间的遗传进化亲缘关系,为应用生物信息学研究流感病毒基因组变异规律等打下了基础.初步的进化分析表明,历年来的人流感病毒H3N2亚型的起源和进化分为两个分支谱系,并在1984/1985年进行了交替转换;且有一部分人的H3N2亚型分离株其HA1核苷酸序列与猪分离株的进化亲缘关系最为接近.     

棉花基因组结构进化研究进展

近年来,随着测序技术的发展,棉花多个亚基因组相继被测出,在全基因组水平上对棉花基因组结构与进化就有了新的认识。多倍化在植物进化过程中是普遍存在的,最新的研究表明,棉花在其进化过程中经历了复杂的多倍化过程,也造成了棉花的基因组结构异常复杂。本综述概述了棉花基因组的研究进展,包括棉花经历的全基因组加倍、比较基因组学在棉花基因组学中的应用、棉花基因组进化情况等方面进行了介绍和综述,并对其在棉花其他亚基因组中的应用研究进行了展望。     

乳酸菌微进化的研究进展

摘要:乳酸菌是食品工业中重要的微生物,乳酸菌微进化研究有助于深入解析其生物学功能与机制。随着分子生物学的发展,多位点序列分型(Multi-locus Sequence Typing,MLST)及基因组重测序(Whole-genome resequencing)等技术手段应运而生,使得从分子水平上阐述乳酸菌的系统发育和种群进化关系成为可能。MLST已被广泛用于乳酸菌遗传多样性和种群结构等微进化研究中,近期,测序成本的锐减使全基因组测序技术在乳酸菌微进化研究中的优势日益突显。本文对乳酸菌微进化的理论基础、研究方法和意义进行了阐述,并介绍了全基因组测序技术在乳酸菌微进化方面的应用,旨在为乳酸菌微进化分析研究提供新思路。     

鸟类基因组核苷酸频数的进化模型

鸟类是四足类动物中最丰富的一类脊椎动物,本研究以12种鸟类的全基因组核苷酸序列数据为研究对象,建立核苷酸频数进化方程,研究了鸟类基因组核苷酸频数的进化机制和规律。通过拟合基因组数据确定了方程中的进化惯性参数、耗散参数和环境参数,估算出进化速率,得到了基因组长度随时间的演化曲线,解出了基因组在短时间内快速增加,信息快速积累,然后进入进化停滞阶段,核苷酸频数不再明显变化。本研究的方法为定量研究鸟类和一般物种的进化提供了新的思路。     

一株重组鸭源H5N2亚型禽流感病毒分子进化分析

2016年对武汉地区家禽市场进行常规流感监测,分离鉴定到1株H5N2亚型禽流感病毒。本研究对该株病毒进行了全基因组测序,分子特征和遗传进化分析。结果显示该株病毒的HA基因属于Clade2.3.4.4分支,HA蛋白的裂解位点处具有多个连续碱性氨基酸,具备高致病性禽流感病毒的典型分子特征。序列比对分析显示该株病毒的各基因节段分别与H5不同亚型的禽流感病毒具有较高的相似性,推测该分离株为重组病毒。继续开展对家禽市场H5亚类流感病毒的分子流行病学调查,对研究高致病性流感病毒的变异和进化,以及对禽流感的综合防控有着重要的意义。     

欧亚禽系H1N1猪流感病毒在中国的流行和遗传进化

H1N1猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus, SIV)对公共卫生构成了潜在的威胁,流感病毒基因组序列的遗传进化及特定的氨基酸差异可以影响病毒的致病性和毒力.本研究组对中国猪流感的流行情况进行统计分析,发现中国主要流行的是欧亚禽系H1N1亚型SIV,进一步对欧亚禽系的H1N1 SIVs进行基因型分析发现其可分为11个基因型,并且重配型的欧亚禽系H1N1亚型SIV,特别是病毒的PB2, PB1, PA和NP基因源于pandemic H1N1/2009的重配毒株近年来出现得越来越频繁.此外,从湖北省分离到的1株新的欧亚禽系猪流感病毒(A/swine/Hubei/221/2006(H1N1)),通过与中国欧亚禽系H1N1猪流感病毒的同源比较发现,该分离株的基因组片段与此前从人体内分离到的欧亚禽系猪流感病毒A/Hunan/42443/2015(H1N1)的基因组片段亲缘关系很近.总之,本研究通过对中国欧亚禽系H1N1猪流感病毒的流行状况和遗传进化进行分析,为猪流感的预防和控制提供了一定的理论依据.     

Teaching an Old Virus New Tricks: A Review on New Approaches to Study Age-Old Questions in Influenza Biology

Influenza viruses have been studied for over 80 years, yet much about the basic viral lifecycle remain unknown. However, new imaging, biochemical, and sequencing techniques have revealed significant insight into many age-old questions of influenza virus biology. In this review, we will cover the role of imaging techniques to describe unique aspects of influenza virus assembly, biochemical techniques to study viral genomic organization, and next-generation sequencing to explore influenza genomic evolution. Our goal is to provide a brief overview of how emerging techniques are being used to answer basic questions about influenza viruses. This is not a comprehensive list of emerging techniques, rather ones that we feel will continue to make significant contributions to field of influenza biology.     

Genome Sequence of a Natural Reassortant H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus from Domestic Mallard Ducks in Eastern China

Here, we report the genomic sequence of a Chinese reassortant H5N2 avian influenza virus which possessed the polybasic motif PLREKRRK-R/GL at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all eight genes were of the Eurasian lineage, five of which were highly homologous to the endemic clade 2.3.4 H5N1 viruses and their H5N5 reassortant descendants. These data suggested that novel multisubtypic NA reassortants bearing the H5N1 backbone could be generated through genetic reassortment in H5N1 circulating regions, which will help in understanding the evolution and segment reassortment mechanism of H5 subtype avian influenza viruses.     

新甲型H1N1(2009)病毒的早期分子特征

摘要：【目的】本世纪首次流感大流行的病原属于甲型H1N1流感病毒,在遗传特性和抗原等方面都有别于人群中流行多年的季节性H1N1流感病毒。为了深入了解病毒的遗传特性,跟踪病毒的演化趋势,及时发现具有流行病学意义的变异株,本研究对早期分离的甲型H1N1(2009)病毒的分子特性进行了详细分析。【方法】通过GenBank的流感资源中心下载相关毒株的基因组信息, 序列分析采用DNAStar软件包的EditSeq和MegAlign比较与病毒致病性和宿主特异性相关的氨基酸变化情况。以A/California/07/2009（H1N1）作为新甲型H1N1(2009)的代表株进行详细的分子特征分析。【结果】A/California/07/2009不具备高致病性流感病毒的分子特征;病毒编码的11个蛋白大部分保留有猪流感病毒的分子特征,同时也具有一些禽和人流感病毒的特征;PB1-F2在11aa,57aa和87aa后发生断裂,具有古典猪H1N1和人H1N1双重特点,这是甲型H1N1（2009）病毒一个特有的分子特征。【结论】首次详细分析了新甲型H1N1（2009）病毒的分子特征。随着病毒在人群中的进一步适应和持续存在,这些分子特征将发生变化,应该特别关注这些变化对病毒的传播力和致病性的影响。     

Influenza virus sequence feature variant type analysis: evidence of a role for NS1 in influenza virus host range restriction

Genetic drift of influenza virus genomic sequences occurs through the combined effects of sequence alterations introduced by a low-fidelity polymerase and the varying selective pressures experienced as the virus migrates through different host environments. While traditional phylogenetic analysis is useful in tracking the evolutionary heritage of these viruses, the specific genetic determinants that dictate important phenotypic characteristics are often difficult to discern within the complex genetic background arising through evolution. Here we describe a novel influenza virus sequence feature variant type (Flu-SFVT) approach, made available through the public Influenza Research Database resource (www.fludb.org), in which variant types (VTs) identified in defined influenza virus protein sequence features (SFs) are used for genotype-phenotype association studies. Since SFs have been defined for all influenza virus proteins based on known structural, functional, and immune epitope recognition properties, the Flu-SFVT approach allows the rapid identification of the molecular genetic determinants of important influenza virus characteristics and their connection to underlying biological functions. We demonstrate the use of the SFVT approach to obtain statistical evidence for effects of NS1 protein sequence variations in dictating influenza virus host range restriction.     

Different progress of MDCK cell death after infection by two different influenza virus isolates

The effect of influenza strains A (H₃N₂) and B, isolated during the seasons of 1994 and 1995 in the Czech Republic, on MDCK cells was studied. Various concentrations of virus and conditions of nutrition were used during the cell culture. The virus replication and consequently fragmentation of genomic DNA together with cytotoxicity were investigated in the absence and presence of 10 per cent calf serum. Virus replication, regardless of type A or B, caused earlier DNA fragmentation in comparison to non-infected cells in tissue culture. The results showed that the influenza B strain had a greater cytotoxic effect on MDCK cells than influenza A. A higher infection dose of influenza A virus accelerated the onset of apoptosis; conversely, a higher infection dose of influenza B virus delayed the onset of apoptosis. The absence of serum enhanced the progress of influenza-induced apoptosis in conditions in vitro. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiple reassortment events in the evolutionary history of H1N1 influenza A virus since 1918

The H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus has caused substantial morbidity and mortality in humans, first documented in the global pandemic of 1918 and continuing to the present day. Despite this disease burden, the evolutionary history of the A/H1N1 virus is not well understood, particularly whether there is a virological basis for several notable epidemics of unusual severity in the 1940s and 1950s. Using a data set of 71 representative complete genome sequences sampled between 1918 and 2006, we show that segmental reassortment has played an important role in the genomic evolution of A/H1N1 since 1918. Specifically, we demonstrate that an A/H1N1 isolate from the 1947 epidemic acquired novel PB2 and HA genes through intra-subtype reassortment, which may explain the abrupt antigenic evolution of this virus. Similarly, the 1951 influenza epidemic may also have been associated with reassortant A/H1N1 viruses. Intra-subtype reassortment therefore appears to be a more important process in the evolution and epidemiology of H1N1 influenza A virus than previously realized.     

The evolution of epidemic influenza

Recent developments in complete-genome sequencing, antigenic mapping and epidemiological modelling are greatly improving our knowledge of the evolution of human influenza virus at the epidemiological scale. In particular, recent studies have revealed a more complex relationship between antigenic evolution, natural selection and reassortment than previously realized. Despite these advances, there is much that remains to be understood about the epidemiology of influenza virus, particularly the processes that determine the virus's strong seasonality. We argue that a complete understanding of the evolutionary biology of this important human pathogen will require a genomic view of genetic diversity, including the acquisition of polymorphism data from within individual hosts and from geographical regions, particularly the tropics, which have been poorly surveyed to date.     

Full genome sequence of a recombinant H5N1 influenza virus from a condor in southern China

In this study, we report the first genomic information on an H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from a condor in Guangdong Province in southern China in 2003. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses show that it is a recombinant virus containing genome segments derived from the Eurasia and North America gene pools. This will be useful for analyses of the evolution of H5N1 AIV in southern China.     

PCR-based molecular characterization and insilico analysis of food-borne trematode parasites Paragonimus westermani, Fasciolopsis buski and Fasciola gigantica from Northeast India using ITS2 rDNA

In early 2009, new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in Mexico and the United States. The emerging influenza virus had made global influenza pandemic for nearly one year. To every emerging pathogen, exploring the origin sources is vital for viral control and clearance. Influenza virus is different from other virus in that it has 8 segments, making the segment reassortment a main drive in virus evolution. In exploring reassortment evolution origins of a newly emerging influenza virus, integrated comparing of the origin sources of all the segments is necessary. If some segments have high homologous with one parental strain, lower homologous with another parental strain, while other segments are reverse, can we proposed that this emerging influenza virus may re-assort from the two parental strains. Here we try to explore the multilevel reassortment evolution origins of 2009 H1N1 influenza virus using this method. By further validating the fidelity of this strategy, this method might be useful in judging the reassortment origins of newly emerging influenza virus.     

Spatial dynamics of human-origin H1 influenza A virus in North American swine

The emergence and rapid global spread of the swine-origin H1N1/09 pandemic influenza A virus in humans underscores the importance of swine populations as reservoirs for genetically diverse influenza viruses with the potential to infect humans. However, despite their significance for animal and human health, relatively little is known about the phylogeography of swine influenza viruses in the United States. This study utilizes an expansive data set of hemagglutinin (HA1) sequences (n = 1516) from swine influenza viruses collected in North America during the period 2003-2010. With these data we investigate the spatial dissemination of a novel influenza virus of the H1 subtype that was introduced into the North American swine population via two separate human-to-swine transmission events around 2003. Bayesian phylogeographic analysis reveals that the spatial dissemination of this influenza virus in the US swine population follows long-distance swine movements from the Southern US to the Midwest, a corn-rich commercial center that imports millions of swine annually. Hence, multiple genetically diverse influenza viruses are introduced and co-circulate in the Midwest, providing the opportunity for genomic reassortment. Overall, the Midwest serves primarily as an ecological sink for swine influenza in the US, with sources of virus genetic diversity instead located in the Southeast (mainly North Carolina) and South-central (mainly Oklahoma) regions. Understanding the importance of long-distance pig transportation in the evolution and spatial dissemination of the influenza virus in swine may inform future strategies for the surveillance and control of influenza, and perhaps other swine pathogens.