基因组学教学改革与实践

基因组学是生命科学领域的一门发展快速的前沿性学科。总结对基因组学课程教学改革与实践的一些体会,通过完善教学内容,实施多媒体+板书的教学手段,采用多种教学方法(启发式、讨论式和任务驱动式),实施双语教学等方面,提高了基因组学的教学效果。这为兄弟院校基因组学教学工作提供了一定的参考。     

过程启发式教学在基因组学课程中的实践

基因组学是生物科学专业的一门高级专业课,前沿性强。总结了对基因组学课程应用过程启发式教学方针进行教学的经验,包括激发学习兴趣,实施讨论式教学,教学内容模块化和灵活化等。实践证明,这些措施能大大提高学生学习的自主性和积极性。     

从结构基因组学到功能基因组学

基因组学研究随着模式生物基因组全序列测定的完成由结构基因组学阶段发展到功能基因组学阶段,基因组学成为当今最为活跃、最有影响的前沿学科.以结构基因组学的研究成果为基础,功能基因组学中各学科因其原理不同及其关键技术的特点和优势,具有各自的应用范畴和发展趋势.功能基因组学不断渗透入现代科学的各领域,促成了适用于不同研究目的新兴学科的诞生.     

功能基因组学的研究方法

基因组学的研究已从结构基因组学转向功能基因组学,功能基因组学时代对于基因功能的研究也由单一基因转向大规模,批量分析,本综述了功能基因组学的研究内容与方法,主要包括：差异显示反转录PCR,基因表达序列分析（SAGE）,微点阵,遗传足迹法,反求遗传学,蛋白质组学和生物信息学等新方法。     

微生物学教学内容与课程体系改革的初步实践

山东大学微生物学学科是国家重点学科,现设有微生物学本科专业,微生物学硕士点和博士点。山东大学微生物学专业是我国国内成立最早、培养人数最多、开设专业课程最全的理科专业。在１９７７年恢复高考之后,我们逐步把微生物学专业的课程进行补充、扩大,经过二十年的努力,建立起了专业课程齐全的微生物学课程体系。这种课程体系对于学生扎实专业基础知识与能力的培养,起了重要的作用,使毕业生受到使用单位的广泛欢迎。 在新的形势下,面对２１世纪教学内容与课程体系的改革,原有的微生物学课程体系所存在的问题明显暴露出来,一是课…     

细菌比较基因组学和进化基因组学

通过比较不同细菌基因组间差异性与相似性,进而深入研究其分子机理,最终与其表型特征联系起来,是为比较基因组学;不同细菌经过长期进化,其基因组在结构与功能上存在着明显的分化,并构成表型进化的遗传基础,大量细菌全基因组测序的完成,细菌进化基因组学应运而生;以比较基因组学为研究手段,细菌进化基因组学可从基因组水平深入认识物种分化、生境适应、毒力进化、耐药性产生蔓延等表型进化过程。     

进化基因组学

进化基因组学是一门刚刚起步的新兴学科,在诞生以来的10余年里取得了巨大的进展。通过基因组数据的比较诠释基因功能、研究生物进化,和通过分析新基因起源研究基因组本身的进化是进化基因组学研究的两大主要内容。它的诞生在生物学各分支学科都产生了巨大的影响,今后必将在人类理解生命起源和发展的过程中发挥越来越重要的作用。     

环境基因组学与毒理基因组学研究进展

环境基因组学和毒理基因组学主要在基因组水平上研究机体对环境因子的应答反应,了解基因-环境交互作用在疾病发生中的作用。环境基因组学和毒理基因组学研究的结合为环境与健康研究开辟了新的方法。本文对环境基因组计划和毒理基因组学的研究目的、内容以及存在的问题和展望进行了综述。     

乳酸菌基因组学研究进展

乳酸菌（Lactic acid bacteria LAB）是指一类能够通过同型发酵或异型发酵而产生乳酸的细菌。它们一般呈革兰阳性,厌氧,无芽孢,耐酸。根据发酵形式的不同,乳酸菌可以分为两类：同型发酵的菌主要产物为乳酸,而异型发酵的菌除了乳酸还同时产生乙酸、乙醇、二氧化碳及甲酸等。乳酸菌广泛分布于自然界,与人类生活关系密切。在人类的胃肠道、口腔以及生殖道都能够找到一些正常生存的乳酸菌,它们被认为是胃肠道的正常菌群,对于维持肠道的完整性、免疫调节及抑制致病菌、抗感染方面具有重要作用。最近有证据显示乳酸菌还能够加强特异性及非特异性免疫。目前乳酸菌广泛应用于食品发酵、工业乳酸发酵以及医疗保健领域。对于乳酸菌的研究已经从最初的形态学研究发展为细胞水平和分子水平的研究。     

研究生病理学实验带教的探索与实践

医学研究生教育的目的是培养高素质创新型医学人才,创新离不开科研,病理学是多学科科研究工作的基础。建立科研平台提高科研能力是研究生教育十分关注的问题。如何培养研究生病理学实验能力,使学到知识技术在今后的科研活动中得以运用,本文就近几年我们在研究生病理学实验带教实践过程中的一些方法作一介绍。     

高师院校微生物实验教学改革的实践与思考

针对中学新课改下的微生物学实验教学体系对高师院校现行微生物实验教学进行了改革,提出以培养学生的动手能力为出发点,从实验内容改革,实验教学手段改革和实验教学人员等方面入手,尝试建立一套适合高师院校生物科学专业本科生的微生物实验课程的创新教学体系。     

Infectomics: genomics and proteomics of microbial infections

The completion of genomic sequences is the greatest triumph of molecular reductionism since the discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953. However, the utility of reductionism is becoming limited and holistic approaches, including theories and techniques, are desperately needed in the postgenomic era. In the field of infectious diseases there is an urgent need for global approaches that can efficiently, precisely and integratively study structural and functional genomics and proteomics of microbial infections (infectomics). The combination of new (e.g. DNA and protein microarrays) and traditional approaches (e.g. cloning, PCR, gene knockout and knockin, and antisense) will help overcome the challenges we are facing today. We assume that the global phenotypic changes (infectomes) in microbes and their host during infections are encoded by the genomes of microbial pathogens and their hosts, expressed in certain environmental conditions devoted to specific microbe-host interactions. Global drug responses (pharmacomes) in microbes and their host can be detected by genomic and proteomic approaches. Genome-wide approaches to genotyping and phenotyping or expression profiling will eventually lead to global dissection of microbial pathogenesis, efficient and rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases, and the development of novel strategies to control infections. The key fundamental issue of infectious diseases is how to globally and integratively understand the interactions between microbial pathogens and their hosts by using infectomics. In this review, we focus on the events that are considered important in infectomics. Electronic Publication     

From bacterial genomics to metagenomics: concept,tools and recent advances

In the last 20 years, the applications of genomics tools have completely transformed the field of microbial research. This has primarily happened due to revolution in sequencing technologies that have become available today. This review therefore, first describes the discoveries, upgradation and automation of sequencing techniques in a chronological order, followed by a brief discussion on microbial genomics. Some of the recently sequenced bacterial genomes are described to explain how complete genome data is now being used to derive interesting findings. Apart from the genomics of individual microbes, the study of unculturable microbiota from different environments is increasingly gaining importance. The second section is thus dedicated to the concept of metagenomics describing environmental DNA isolation, metagenomic library construction and screening methods to look for novel and potentially important genes, enzymes and biomolecules. It also deals with the pioneering studies in the area of metagenomics that are offering new insights into the previously unappreciated microbial world. The authors have contributed equally to the work     

植物生物学的课程内涵与教学实践

植物生物学以其内涵的深刻性、广泛性和先进性,而区别于传统的植物学。教师应完整地把握植物生物学的知识体系,充分理解和掌握教材内容,实施系统教学：应注重学生基本技能的训练和掌握;应鼓励探究,鼓励发明、创造,以培养学生的创新意识和创造能力;应注意学生运用知识解决问题能力的考核,充分肯定学生的创新研究成果。     

Role of genomics in the potential restoration of the American chestnut

The development of genomic tools will enhance traditional tree breeding technologies leading to more certain and timely recovery of the American chestnut, a keystone heritage tree of the eastern United States. Major efforts are being made in gene discovery, genetic marker development, construction of a BAC-based physical map, and DNA transformation technology. A strategy of map-based cloning, association genetics, and genetic engineering, combined with traditional and marker-assisted backcross breeding is proposed for the long-term genetic restoration of this iconic tree species.     

Microbial diversity and genomics in aid of bioenergy

In view of the realization that fossil fuels reserves are limited, various options of generating energy are being explored. Biological methods for producing fuels such as ethanol, diesel, hydrogen (H₂), methane, etc. have the potential to provide a sustainable energy system for the society. Biological H₂ production appears to be the most promising as it is non-polluting and can be produced from water and biological wastes. The major limiting factors are low yields, lack of industrially robust organisms, and high cost of feed. Actually, H₂ yields are lower than theoretically possible yields of 4 mol/mol of glucose because of the associated fermentation products such as lactic acid, propionic acid and ethanol. The efficiency of energy production can be improved by screening microbial diversity and easily fermentable feed materials. Biowastes can serve as feed for H₂ production through a set of microbial consortia: (1) hydrolytic bacteria, (2) H₂ producers (dark fermentative and photosynthetic). The efficiency of the bioconversion process may be enhanced further by the production of value added chemicals such as polydroxyalkanoate and anaerobic digestion. Discovery of enormous microbial diversity and sequencing of a wide range of organisms may enable us to realize genetic variability, identify organisms with natural ability to acquire and transmit genes. Such organisms can be exploited through genome shuffling for transgenic expression and efficient generation of clean fuel and other diverse biotechnological applications. JIMB 2008: BioEnergy-Special issue     

药用植物学立体化课程体系的构建与实践

药用植物学是医学院中药、药学等相关专业和高等农业院校中药资源开发与利用等专业的专业基础课,是培养相关专业学生掌握和运用药用植物形态解剖学及系统分类学的基本知识和技能,准确识别和鉴定药用植物种类,保证临床用药准确有效的重要课程。课题组通过整合药用植物学教学内容,建立多元化的教学方法,构建多层次实践教学体系,建立合理的综合性考核评价体系,培养学生双创能力。