不同温度对中国对虾生长及能量收支的影响

研究了18～34℃6个不同恒温下中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的生长、饵料转化率及能量收支。结果表明,中国对虾的体重及能量特定生长率分别变动在1．22％～3．27％和1．33％～1．45％之间,在18～31℃温度范围内随温度升高而升高,34℃下则显著下降．对虾的摄食量及对饵料的消化率总体上随温度升高而升高,但在34℃下则有所降低;饵料重量转化率和能量转化率分别在28．99％～53．09％和15．70％～7．24％之间,总体上随温度升高而有所下降．根据拟合的多项式方程推算得到的中国对虾的最佳生长温度为29．7℃,生长能和呼吸能的变化主导着中国对虾的能量收支模式,随温度升高生长能占摄食能的比例逐渐降低,而呼吸能比例则逐渐升高。本研究表明,对虾在适宜温度下获得的较高生长率主要归因于较高的摄食量和食物消化率。     

恒温和变温下中国对虾生长和能量收支的比较

对比研究了模拟自然昼夜温度变化节律的4个变温(22±2)、(25±2)、(28±2)和(31±2)℃与相应的恒温22、25、28和31℃下中国对虾(F ennerop enaeus ch inensis O sbeck)生长和能量收支的差异。结果表明,对虾在(22±2)℃、(25±2)℃和(28±2)℃变温条件下的生长率显著高于相应的恒温,但(31±2)℃与恒温31℃相比没有显著差异。与相应的恒温相比,(25±2)℃、(28±2)℃和(31±2)℃变温下对虾的摄食量显著增大,(22±2)℃、(25±2)℃和(28±2)℃变温下对虾的饵料转化率则显著提高。但变温下对虾对食物的消化率与相应的恒温相比没有显著差异。能量收支研究结果则发现,(22±2)℃、(25±2)℃和(28±2)℃变温下对虾摄食能中,用于生长的能量比例显著增加,而(31±2)℃与31℃相比则未见显著差异。从而表明,变温促长的主要机制可归因于变温下摄食量的增大、饵料转化率的提高及其摄食能中用于生长能比例的增加。     

体重对斜带石斑鱼能量收支的影响

鱼类能量学是研究能量在鱼体内转换的学科,其核心问题之一是能量收支各组分之间的定量关系及其各种因子(如温度[1—5]、盐度[6]、体重[7—11]、性别[12]、摄食水平[13—18]、饵料种类[19,20]等)的影响作用。欧美等发达国家对鱼类能量学研究起步较早,迄今已经初步建立了多种鱼类的能量收支模式[21,22];国内在该领域较系统的研究起始于90年代初[23—25],主要局限于淡水鱼类,近年来又对海水鱼类进行了大量研究[26]。斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)俗称青斑,为暖水性中下层鱼类,是广东省海水网箱养殖的主要品种之一。斜带石斑鱼分布于西太平洋的硫球群岛、澳大利亚以及贝劳和菲济群岛的东部,常栖息于大陆沿岸和大岛屿,但在河口和离岸100m深的水域中也可发现[27]。通过本项研究将有助于揭示海洋暖水性中下层鱼类的能量学特征。1材料与方法1·1材料来源与驯养实验用斜带石斑鱼,采自广东省大亚湾水产试验中心。实验用斜带石斑鱼经淡水浸泡10min后,置于室内容积0·5t桶内驯养,待摄食和生长趋于正常后,开始实验。驯化时间为30d。实验于2006年10—11月在广东省大亚湾水产试验中心进行。1...     

间种扁茎黄芪牧草枣园害虫天敌功能团的组成与时空动态

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2002年在山西省太谷地区对4种不同处理的间作牧草枣园天敌功能团的群落组成、数量时空和多样性的发生动态进行了系统的调查研究.结果表明,间种牧草枣园害虫的天敌明显大于未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治园、种草常规防治园和种草不防治园的天敌比未种草常规防治园分别增加187.99%、151.82%和210.03%.种草枣园天敌功能团的恢复与重建速率、时空二维生态位平均宽度与重叠程度,以及平均多样性指数均明显大于未种草枣园;而种草枣园多样性标准误的波动幅度明显小于未种草枣园;不同处理枣园的天敌功能团与物种的优势度、多样性和均匀度的变化趋势均极显著相关.说明枣园种草有利于保护和利用天敌,有利于天敌的扩繁增殖;种草枣园天敌群落比未种草枣园相对稳定;不同时期、不同处理枣园天敌功能团数量和所起的作用不同;在天敌功能团中,瓢虫类恢复能力较强,蜘蛛类与寄生性天敌类较弱.用功能团来代替物种进行枣园害虫天敌群落学研究是可行的.     

温度对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)能量收支的影响

在以玉筋鱼为饵料生物和最大摄食水平条件下,采用室内流水式实验,研究了黑鲷能量收支及温度对能量分配模式的影响。结果表明,黑鲷的摄食率、生长率、总代谢率和排泄率均随温度上升而呈减速增长趋势。不同温度条件下黑鲷的能量收支式为     

温度对台湾红罗非鱼能量收支的影响

于１９９６年７－８月在盐度为１４的条件下,测定了台湾红罗非鱼（体重２５．３３４－２６．２２５ｇ）在水温为２２、２８和３４℃时的能量收支,结果表明,温度对台湾红罗非鱼的特定生长率,转化效率和最大摄食率均有显著影响,２８℃时上述各值均达到最大,分别为１．７９,６０．０１％和２．５９％Ｂ．Ｗ．ｄ＾－１;对吸收率无显著影响,对于物质的吸收率的平均值为６４．５８％、温度对食物能分配于能量支出各部分的比例有显     

体重和温度对褐牙鲆标准代谢的影响

研究表明,褐牙鲆标准代谢率随体重的增加而增加,二者呈幂函数关系;褐牙鲆标准代谢率随温度的升高而增加,二者为指数关系;褐牙鲆标准代谢率与体重和温度的关系用Rs=0.2340W^0.6695e^0.0372T表示。体重和温度对褐牙鲆的标准代谢率没有显著的交互作用。     

体重和温度对黄鳝最大摄食率的影响

室内研究了体重和温度对黄鳝最大摄食率的影响。在水温相同（20℃）的条件下,随着体重的增加（4.77－144.65 g）,黄鳝最大摄食量增加,但最大摄食率呈下降的趋势,两者与体重的相关关系分别为Cmax（g/d•per fish）＝5.86×10－2W0.46和RLmax（J/g•d）＝611.74W-0.54。初始体重（13－21g）对黄鳝最大摄食率没有显著影响（p>0.05）,水温（11－38℃）对黄鳝最大摄食率的影响非常明显（p<0.01）,最大摄食率和水温的回归方程为：RLmax（J/g•d）＝418.56－80.78t＋4.73t2－0.074t3。黄鳝的最佳食欲温度为30.8℃,此时最大摄食率为255.46J/g•d。试验发现,南京地区的黄鳝最低摄食温度为8℃。采用方程RLmax（J/g•d）＝（1526.49－294.60t＋17.25t2－0.27t3）W-0.54能够预测黄鳝在不同体重和不同温度条件下的最大摄食率。     

中国对虾三倍体的诱发研究 1.温度休克

温度休克中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis)的受精卵,结果表明,用0、6和9℃的低温休克,温度越低或休克时间越长,对细胞分裂的抑制作用也越强,孵化率也越低,用30和33℃的高温休克,温度越高或休克时间越长,对细胞的伤害也越大,孵化率明显降低。低温和高温休克都能诱发三倍体,三倍体的最高诱发率,低温(9℃)为43.8％,高温(30℃)为32％,并获得三倍体蚤状幼体,对虾三倍体的诱发成功,为对虾的多倍体育种提供了可能。     

中国对虾呼肠孤样病毒感染的电镜观察

呼肠孤病毒在自然界广泛存在于脊椎动物、无脊椎动物和植物中.水产动物呼肠孤病毒感染曾见于鱼、贝、蟹.近几年随着对对虾病毒病害研究的日益重视,在对虾中也发现呼肠孤病毒的感染.Tsing等[1]最早于1987年在法国南部养殖的日本对虾(P.japonicus)幼虾中发现呼肠孤病毒感染.Krol等[2]于1990年在试验感染的南美白对虾(P.vannamei)中发现呼肠孤样病毒与对虾杆状病毒混合感染.中国大陆养殖的中国对虾自1993年全面暴发流行病以来,许多学者进行了对虾流行病的病原学、流行病学及诊断和防治方法的研究,部分学者曾在中国对虾(P.chinensis)中观察到呼肠孤样病毒颗粒[3],但未报道较详细的电子显微镜观察资料.     

中国对虾非包涵体型杆状病毒核衣壳的分离纯化

An effective procedure for isolation and purification of nucleocapsids of Penaeus chinensis non-occluded baculovirus (PcNOBV) which has destroyed the Chinese shrimp industry since 1993 was described. Gill, stomach, gut and cuticle epidermis under exoskeleton were excised from cultured P. chinensis diseased with typical white spot syndrome and homogenized in liquid nitrogen with TNE buffer containing PMSF and β-ME. The homogenized mixture was filtered through a 0.45μm millipore filter membrane to remove cell debris and ultracentrifuged to pellet the remaining material.The pellet was suspended in PMTNE buffer and laid onto a handmade CsCl gradient. An obvious viral band was observed in the middle of the gradient. Large amounts of virus nucleocapsids were visualized under electron microscope consistently corresponding to the milk-colored viral band. The viral envelope was all lost after purification. The nucleocapsid was bacilliform averaging 80±13nm×380±24nm in size. The negatively stained PcNOBV nucleocapsids revealed 13-16 conspicuous stripes located periodically perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the nucleocapsids. Six to seven capsomers of 9 nm in diameter were visualized on each side of the stripe.     

中国对虾球状病毒垂直传播的初步研究

应用透射电镜技术在越冬中国对虾雌性亲虾体内检测出一种球状病毒,直径为80nm左右。人工感染实验证实该病毒颗粒具有感染性。对带毒亲虾在室内隔离条件下进行了暂养催产,并对其所产的卵子、幼虫和的虾进行了隔离培育。带毒亲虾的卵子孵化率、幼虫成活率和幼虾生长速度均明显低于不带毒亲虾的子代。电镜观察发现．在带毒亲虾卵巢、各期幼虫和幼虾的细胞内存在球状病毒颗粒,在刚产的卵子的卵黄颗粒中可看到一种似球状病毒颗粒。研究表明：带球状病毒的对虾呈隐性感染,在胁迫条件下带毒幼虾可暴发病害,带毒亲虾可正常发育产卵,病毒可能通过卵巢、卵子进行垂直传播。     

PCR方法制备地高辛标记DNA探针检测中国对虾非包涵体型杆状病毒

A pair of primers created from information of PmNOBⅢ genome DNA Sal I fragment produced a 355bp band by using Penaeus chinensis non occluded baculovirus (PcNOBV),the WSBV isolate from P.hinensis in mainland China,as the DNA template.The specific PCR product was cloned,sequenced and labeled with digoxigenin (DIG)DNA labeling kit(Boehringer Mannheim).The DIG labeled fragment was tested by dot blot hybridization for sensitivity and specificity with purified PcNOBV nucleocapsid,PcNOBV infected shrimp tissues and healthy shrimp tissues.The detection limit of the DNA probe is 6.8pg of purified PcNOBV DNA.No hybridization signals were observed using DNA from healthy shrimp as template.Healthy P.chinensis,artificially infected P.chinensis and pond reared adult P.chinensis were screened for PcNOBV infection by both PCR and the hybridization assay.The results showed a good relationship between PCR and the hybridization assay.These findings demonstrate that the DIG labeled probe can be used as a sensitive,specific and cost effective reagent for detection of PcNOBV.     

Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus chinensis using an indirect fluorescent antibody staining procedure

An indirect fluorescent antibody technique (iFAT) incorporating fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugated anti-rabbit globulin goat serum, and rhodamine-isothiocyanate conjugated bovine serum albumin as background stain has been developed for the detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.     

两种病毒侵染中国对虾后细胞超微病理学变化与免疫标记

应用电子显微技术研究人工感染的中国对虾病毒病原及其宿主细胞超微病理学变化。结果显示病虾体内存在球状与杆状两种病毒病原,有时在同一病虾组织的同一细胞中可见两种病毒同时侵染现象,该现象提示存在复合感染的可能。利用胶体金免疫标记技术对感染病虾细胞质中出现的球状病毒作定位标记,初步结果表明已分离提纯的球状病毒与感染病虾细胞质中观察到的病毒粒子性质基本相同。病毒侵染后,细胞内主要的细胞器如线粒体、内质网、核糖体均发生了显著变化;侵染后期,可见溶酶体及多种膜性结构大量增生、细胞核被一些微管样结构包裹等特殊变化的发生。     

Effect of selection for spot size on reproduction and body weight in mice

Summary Spot size in descendants from the Goodale white-spotted stock of mice responded to selection for increased spot size. The realized heritability estimate was 0.52. However, no correlated response of reproduction to spot size selection was found in the present study, nor was there any correlated response among body weight variables.Joint project of Purdue University and USDA-SEA-ARS, North Central Region. Journal paper number 8279 from the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station     

Effects of live-trapping and toe-clipping on body weight of European and African rodent species

Summary Changes in body weights of four species of small rodents were monitored to evaluate the method of toe-clipping for individual identification. If carefully applied the method was found to be without any biologically meaningful effects on the animals. Secondly, body weight changes in prolonged live-trapping studies were evaluated in five species of small rodents. It was found that the animals generally do not recover from the stress of trapping within 24 h. Absolute weight losses were small on a daily basis but mounted up when animals were trapped day after day.     

Early hominid body weight and encephalization

The body weight of the Plio-Pleistocene hominids of Africa is estimated by predicting equations derived from the Terry Collection of human skeletons with known body weights. About 50% of the variance in body weight can be accounted for by vertebral and femoral size. Predicted early hominid weights range from 27.6 kg (61 lb) to 54.3 kg (119 lb). The average weight for Australopithecus is 43.2 kg (95 lb) and for Homo sp. indet. from East Rudolf, Kenya, is 52.8 kg (116 lb). These estimates are consistent even if pongid proportions are assumed. Indices of encephalization show that the brain to body weight ratio in Australopithecus is above the great ape averages but well below Homo sapiens. The Homo sp. indet. represented by the KNM-ER 1470, O.H. 7 and O.H. 13 crania have encephalization indices above Australopithecus despite the greater body weight of the former.