红外荧光素Alexa Fluor 647标记的2型腺相关病毒保持天然的感染活性

近年来红外荧光素的研发及相应的标记技术的进展在生物医学领域的研究中备受关注,通过与尖端仪器的结合在一系列生物样本的检测中得到广泛的应用. 然而,红外荧光标记技术在病毒感染生物学研究中的应用却少见报道.本文建立了Alexa Fluor 647（AF647）红外荧光素标记重组2型腺相关病毒（AAV2）的方法,并通过凝胶电泳的银染、红外荧光成像和透射电镜分析等手段,对标记病毒的结构和形态与未标记的病毒进行了细致的比较,同时进一步鉴定了其感染293T细胞后的转导活性.结果发现,AAV2在标记后的理化性质和感染活性均未发生改变. 应用狭缝印迹和激光共聚焦显微成像技术,分别对标记病毒的细胞摄取效率和在宿主细胞内的分布进行描述,为红外标记AAV2在研究中的应用提供了范例.AF647标记的 AAV2为腺相关病毒的感染动力学研究提供了新的手段,具有敏感度高、抗荧光漂白和低非特异干扰等优点,并且对直接有效地结合形态学分析和生化分子生物学检测,具有重要的应用价值.     

基于表达序列标签的微卫星标记(EST-SSRs)研究进展

作为一种新型分子标记,EST-SSR来自表达基因,因而除具备传统基因组来源的SSR标记所有优势外,可能与基因功能表达具有直接或间接关系,从而强化了SSR标记在遗传研究中的应用.本文综述了近几年来EST-SSR用于遗传图谱构建、基因定位、比较基因组学及重要基因筛选和发掘等方面的研究.     

藻胆蛋白荧光探针及其标记

藻胆蛋白是一系列新型的荧光标记探针,具有优良的荧光特性,以藻胆蛋白荧光探针标记抗体还可用于血清可溶性抗原（或抗体）的荧光免疫检测,其标记方法可分为直接法和间接法。结合藻胆蛋白的特点,研究藻胆蛋白的标记方法有助于提高荧光免疫检测的灵敏度。     

利用荧光标记的T7噬菌体研究配体/受体的相互作用

将鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)衣壳蛋白VP2展示到T7噬菌体表面,以FITC标记纯化的重组噬菌体,通过荧光显微镜观察与流式细胞仪检测,研究标记噬菌体与病毒受体细胞--法氏囊B细胞的相互作用.结果展示有IBDV VP2蛋白的噬菌体经FITC标记后仍然具有与受体细胞结合的特性,荧光显微镜下可见绿色荧光,流式数据显示其平均荧光强度明显高于阴性对照,且IBDV疫苗株TAD可明显阻断其结合.由此得出结论,FITC标记与噬菌体展示技术相结合,可进行配体/受体间相互作用的研究.     

生物素标记钙调素用于植物钙调素结合蛋白的检测

用生物素标记了花椰菜ＣａＭ。生物素标记的ＣａＭ具有与天然ＣａＭ相似的Ｃａ＾２＋依赖电泳特性,可激活ＣａＭ依赖性磷酸二酯酶,能够检测出５０ｎｇ的磷酸二酯酶。利用它建立了检测植物ＣａＭ结合蛋白的生物素－覆盖法并证实酶标亲和素可与胡萝卜愈伤组织内６４ｋＤ蛋白质非特异结合,因此将此法运用于植物材料时必要设置酶标亲和素处理的对照。用生物素－覆盖法检测胡萝卜愈伤组织形态过程中的ＣａＭ结合蛋白时可检出２,４－Ｄ     

细胞计数板在荧光显微镜观察B细胞吞噬现象的应用探讨

目的:基于细胞计数板建立一种简单、快速使用免疫荧光显微镜观察B淋巴细胞吞噬卡介苗(BCG)现象的新方法,对即将进行流式细胞检测的样品进行质控,提高流式细胞术检测吞噬率的稳定性,同时为流式细胞仪检测吞噬率提供镜下依据。方法:B细胞与FITC标记的BCG共培养24 h后,PE anti-human CD19抗体直接标记细胞膜,应用细胞计数板在荧光显微镜下观察B细胞吞噬现象,流式细胞仪检测吞噬率。结果:应用细胞计数板在荧光镜下可观察到B细胞与BCG的荧光标记及B细胞与BCG共标记现象,证实B细胞可吞噬BCG,流式细胞仪检测结果显示吞噬率为13.9%。结论:应用细胞计数板在荧光镜下可观察B细胞吞噬现象,且操作简便快速,能对流式细胞检测的样品进行质控,并提供镜下依据。     

蛋白质氯胺-T双相碘标法的建立及其应用

常规的蛋白质碘标方法易引起被标细胞因子的失活,是受体配基竞争结合实验失败的原因之一.试用氯胺-T双相碘标法标记rhG-CSF和rhEPO,并应用受体配基竞争结合分析法测定NFS-60细胞G-CSF受体及BET-2细胞EPO受体的特性.结果显示所获 ¹²⁵I-EPO和 ¹²⁵I-G-CSF放射比活度均较高;发现BET-2细胞有高、低两种亲和力的EPO受体,NFS-60细胞只有一种高亲和力的G-CSF受体,所获结果与文献资料相一致.说明氯胺-T双相碘标法是细胞因子同位素碘标记的理想方法之一.     

应用高精度pH计测定植物的光合速率和呼吸速率

为方便、准确地测定植物的光合速率和呼吸速率,将高精度pH计和高灵敏复合电极引入测定系统.结合样品的测定,阐明了pH计法的测定原理、气路连接和复合电极的标定,并指出了测定过程中应注意的事项.     

一种标记cDNA芯片探针的新方法

探讨mRNA长片段反转录PCR技术(RT-LDPCR)在cDNA芯片微量探针标记和信号放大中的应用.首先提取BEP2D细胞的总RNA,然后用两种不同的方法进行标记,一种为RT-LDPCR,用荧光素Cy3-dCTP进行标记;另一种为传统的RNA反转录,用荧光素Cy5-dCTP进行标记.将两种方法标记好的探针等量混合后与含有440个点(44个基因)的cDNA芯片同时杂交,发现二者具有很高的一致性(0.5＜Cy3/Cy5＞2.0).由于RNA反转录法为cDNA芯片探针标记的传统方法,从而验证了RT-LDPCR用于cDNA芯片探针标记的可行性.RT-LDPCR具有对样品总RNA的需要量少和可对样品中信号进行放大的优点,特别适合于对材料来源受到限制的RNA进行标记.     

CD45新型免疫荧光标记与检测方法研究

使用经生物修饰后的荧光纳米颗粒,探索了白细胞共同抗原CD45的新型荧光标记与检测方法。将联吡啶钌配合物[三(2,2-联吡啶)氯化钌,六水]为核,二氧化硅为外壳的荧光纳米颗粒用鼠抗人CD45Pur进行生物修饰后,对人体白细胞进行荧光标记,通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪检测标记样品的细胞数目和荧光强度,结果表明,该新型荧光标记方法的灵敏度高,光学稳定性好,可准确有效地识别人体白细胞。     

Saturation fluorescence labeling of proteins for proteomic analyses

We present here an optimized and cost-effective approach to saturation fluorescence labeling of protein thiols for proteomic analysis. We investigated a number of conditions and reagent concentrations, including the disulfide reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), pH, incubation time, linearity of labeling, and saturating dye/protein thiol ratio with protein standards to gauge specific and nonspecific labeling. Efficacy of labeling under these conditions was quantified using specific fluorescence estimation, defined as the ratio of fluorescence pixel intensities and Coomassie-stained pixel intensities of bands after digital imaging. Factors leading to specific versus nonspecific labeling in the presence of thiourea are also discussed. We found that reproducible saturation of available Cys residues of the proteins used as labeling standards (human carbonic anhydrase I, enolase, and α-lactalbumin) is achieved at 50- to 100-fold excess of the uncharged maleimide-functionalized BODIPY dyes over Cys. We confirmed our previous findings, and those of others, that the maleimide dyes are not affected by the presence of 2 M thiourea. Moreover, we established that 2 mM TCEP used as reductant is optimal. We also established that labeling is optimal at pH 7.5 and complete after 30 min. Low nonspecific labeling was gauged by the inclusion of non-Cys-containing proteins (horse myoglobin and bovine carbonic anhydrase) to the labeling mixture. We also showed that the dye exhibits little to no effect on the two-dimensional mobilities of labeled proteins derived from cells.     

Nanostructured luminescently labeled nucleic acids

Important and emerging trends at the interface of luminescence, nucleic acids and nanotechnology are: (i) the conventional luminescence labeling of nucleic acid nanostructures (e.g. DNA tetrahedron); (ii) the labeling of bulk nucleic acids (e.g. single‐stranded DNA, double‐stranded DNA) with nanostructured luminescent labels (e.g. copper nanoclusters); and (iii) the labeling of nucleic acid nanostructures (e.g. origami DNA) with nanostructured luminescent labels (e.g. silver nanoclusters). This review surveys recent advances in these three different approaches to the generation of nanostructured luminescently labeled nucleic acids, and includes both direct and indirect labeling methods.     

The Determination of Comparable Labeling Densities in Quantitative Immunoelectron Microscopic Double Labeling Studies

In quantitative ultrastructural studies using colloidal gold immunocytochemical techniques, labeling intensities vary according to the size of the probe used. Using postembedded indirect two-sided double labeling and single labeling protocols, the labeling characteristics of four antigens were studied using two probe sizes commonly used in double labeling studies. It was determined that the labeling intensity variation resulting from the use of different probe sizes was unpredictable after correcting for the increased probe size alone. It was possible, however, to obtain comparable labeling densities by first determining the labeling intensities for each probe size with its antigen in single label studies on serial sections and using the same procedure as the double labeling studies. A probe size correction factor for each antigen was calculated from these data. This factor was used to obtain comparable measurements of the relative abundance of each label.     

Flow cytometric determination of circulating immune complexes with the indirect granulocyte phagocytosis test

A method for the determination of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was adapted for flow cytometric analysis. Human granulocytes were used to phagocytose IgG-bearing CIC of serum from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. A method for labeling the phagocytosed CIC with FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG was developed where the granulocytes remain in suspension during fixation and labeling. The fluorescence per cell, measured with a flow cytometer, is a measure of the total amount of the phagocytosed IgG. The results indicate that a rapid and quantitative method for the detection and measurement of phagocytosed CIC is possible using the flow cytometer.     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF INTRACELLULAR ANTIGEN USING ENZYME-LABELED ANTIBODY FRAGMENTS

The efficiency of small enzyme-labeled tracers for the demonstration of intracellular antigen was investigated in tissues fixed with picric acid-formaldehyde. The influence of fixation on the immunological activity was tested in vitro by radial immunodiffusion. The experimental model consisted of newborn pig jejunum after absorption of ferritin from the intestinal lumen. Ferritin was located after 1 hr in vacuoles scattered in the cytoplasm of the absorptive cells and represented an easily recognizable intracellular antigen. After immunohistochemical treatments with antiferritin preparations, the distribution of labeling enzyme reaction product was examined by morphometry. The ratio of the labeled volume to the total volume of vacuoles containing ferritin indicated the degree of specific labeling of the antigen. In both direct and indirect methods, the degree of labeling was low when enzyme-labeled immunoglobulin G was the tracer. With antigen binding fragments (Fab), the labeling was significantly increased. In the indirect method, the degree of labeling was influenced by the first-step reagents. Onlywhen the serum titer was optimum was a high degree of labeling obtained. With antigen binding fragments or papain-digested serum the effect of the titer was negligible and maximum labeling was achieved. In both methods, with peroxidase as the labeling enzyme, a diffuse nonspecific deposition of reaction product was observed. This could be avoided by using cytochrome c instead.     

Long wavelength fluorophores and cell-by-cell correction for autofluorescence significantly improves the accuracy of flow cytometric energy transfer measurements on a dual-laser benchtop flow cytometer

BACKGROUND: Flow cytometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FCET) is an efficient method to map associations between biomolecules because of its high sensitivity to changes in molecular distances in the range of 1-10 nm. However, the requirement for a dual-laser instrument and the need for a relatively high signal-to-noise system (i.e., high expression level of the molecules) pose limitations to a wide application of the method. METHODS: Antibodies conjugated to cyanines 3 and 5 (Cy3 and Cy5) were used to label membrane proteins on the cell surface. FCET measurements were made on a widely used benchtop dual-laser flow cytometer, the FACSCalibur, by using cell-by-cell analysis of energy transfer efficiency.ResultsTo increase the accuracy of FCET measurements, we applied a long wavelength donor-acceptor pair, Cy3 and Cy5, which beneficially affected the signal-to-noise ratio in comparison with the classic pair of fluorescein and rhodamine. A new algorithm for cell-by-cell correction of autofluorescence further improved the sensitivity of the technique; cell subpopulations with only slightly different FCET efficiencies could be identified. The new FCET technique was tested on various direct and indirect immunofluorescent labeling strategies. The highest FCET values could be measured when applying direct labeling on both (donor and acceptor) sides. Upon increasing the complexity of the labeling scheme by introducing secondary antibodies, we detected a decrease in the energy transfer efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a new FCET protocol by applying long wavelength excitation and detection of fluorescence and by refining autofluorescence correction. The increased accuracy of the new method makes cells with low receptor expression amenable to FCET investigation, and the new approach can be implemented easily on a commercially available dual-laser flow cytometer, such as a FACSCalibur.     

Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer cells with quantum dots synthesized in aqueous solution

Thioglycolic-acid-stabilized CdTe quantum dots, synthesized directly in aqueous solution, are successfully conjugated with biotin and polyethylene glycol. Using these conjugates, we report the development of this kind of water-soluble quantum dot for immunofluorescent labeling of cancer cells. The results show that these conjugates have very low nonspecific binding and good stability against photobleaching, enabling them to be applied in many biological fields, such as cellular labeling, intracellular tracking, and other imaging applications.     

Metabolic isotopomer labeling systems. Part II: structural flux identifiability analysis

Metabolic flux analysis using carbon labeling experiments (CLEs) is an important tool in metabolic engineering where the intracellular fluxes have to be computed from the measured extracellular fluxes and the partially measured distribution of 13C labeling within the intracellular metabolite pools. The relation between unknown fluxes and measurements is described by an isotopomer labeling system (ILS) (see Part I [Math. Biosci. 169 (2001) 173]). Part II deals with the structural flux identifiability of measured ILSs in the steady state. The central question is whether the measured data contains sufficient information to determine the unknown intracellular fluxes. This question has to be decided a priori, i.e. before the CLE is carried out. In structural identifiability analysis the measurements are assumed to be noise-free. A general theory of structural flux identifiability for measured ILSs is presented and several algorithms are developed to solve the identifiability problem. In the particular case of maximal measurement information, a symbolical algorithm is presented that decides the identifiability question by means of linear methods. Several upper bounds of the number of identifiable fluxes are derived, and the influence of the chosen inputs is evaluated. By introducing integer arithmetic this algorithm can even be applied to large networks. For the general case of arbitrary measurement information, identifiability is decided by a local criterion. A new algorithm based on integer arithmetic enables an a priori local identifiability analysis to be performed for networks of arbitrary size. All algorithms have been implemented and flux identifiability is investigated for the network of the central metabolic pathways of a microorganism. Moreover, several small examples are worked out to illustrate the influence of input metabolite labeling and the paradox of information loss due to network simplification.     

简单、快速、高效扩增和标记目的基因技术的研究

从固体平板挑取转化带有目的基因的单菌落 ,用特异引物通过聚合酶链式反应可直接扩增和标记目的基因 ,不需经过菌的液体培养、质粒提取和酶解反应等复杂过程 ,能快速获得目的基因扩增产物和进行目的基因探针的标记。     

Quantitative Assessment of Specificity in Immunoelectron Microscopy

In immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM) on ultrathin sections, gold particles are used for localization of molecular components of cells. These particles are countable, and quantitative methods have been established to estimate and evaluate the density and distribution of “raw” gold particle counts from a single uncontrolled labeling experiment. However, these raw counts are composed of two distinct elements: particles that are specific (specific labeling) and particles that are not (nonspecific labeling) for the target component. So far, approaches for assessment of specific labeling and for correction of raw gold particle counts to reveal specific labeling densities and distributions have not attracted much attention. Here, we discuss experimental strategies for determining specificity in immuno-EM, and we present methods for quantitative assessment of (1) the probability that an observed gold particle is specific for the target, (2) the density of specific labeling, and (3) the distribution of specific labeling over a series of compartments. These methods should be of general utility for researchers investigating the distribution of cellular components using on-section immunogold labeling. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:917–927, 2010)