β3肾上腺素能受体激动剂的减脂机制

肥胖症是一种由于机体能量过剩所导致的慢性代谢性疾病.β3肾上腺素能受体是β肾上腺素能受体的一种亚型,主要存在于棕色脂肪及白色脂肪组织中,参与棕色脂肪组织的产热和白色脂肪组织的脂质分解以及白色脂肪棕色化的过程,在脂肪代谢中起到减脂作用.β3肾上腺素能受体激动剂能与β3肾上腺素能受体结合,从而参与脂肪代谢的过程.本文对近年...     

肾上腺素能受体研究进展

本文在简要复习肾上腺素能受体的分类、分布、药物受体结合的方式、肾上腺素能受体作用机制的基础上,着重介绍了有关肾上腺素能受体研究的新进展,主要是α_1受体和α_2受体的分类、肾上腺素能受体在种类、数量和位置等方面的可变性、药物与受体结合后受体间的合作作用、α受体和β受体作用机制研究的进展等。     

组胺刺激棕色和米色脂肪产热

3-肾上腺素受体激动剂能够刺激棕色脂肪适应性产热,并能促进白色脂肪米色化。然而到目前为止,有哪些代谢产物参与介导β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂促进脂肪产热作用尚不清楚。本研究通过给予8周龄C57/BL6J雄性小鼠腹腔注射β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂CL316,243,分离提取小鼠脂肪组织进行RNA-Seq检测,结果显示组胺合成限速酶组氨酸脱羧酶(histidine decarboxylase, HDC)在脂肪中被CL316,243强烈诱导,因此推测HDC的代谢产物组胺可能参与了脂肪组织的产热过程。通过给予正常饮食与高脂饮食C57BL/6J小鼠静脉注射组胺,以明确组胺促进脂肪产热的生理作用和机制。结果显示,组胺可刺激正常饮食小鼠棕色脂肪和皮下白色脂肪中产热基因的表达,包括过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ-辅活化因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α, PGC-1α)和解耦联蛋白1 (uncoupling protein 1, UCP1)。HE染色表明,组胺处理降低了脂肪细胞中脂滴的大小。此外,组胺还可以促进高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪产热,改善糖耐量和脂肪肝表型。最后,我们通过脂肪原代前体细胞实验验证了组胺促进产热是细胞的自主特性。本研究结果表明,组胺可能参与介导了β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂促进脂肪的产热。     

α2肾上腺素受体的结构及其生物学功能

α2肾上腺素受体为七次跨膜的G蛋白偶联受体。该文介绍了有关α2肾上腺素受体的分型、结构和生物学功能的研究进展。     

肾上腺素受体的生物进化

肾上腺素受体在生物进化的过程中最先出现的是β－肾上腺素受体,此后才出现了α－肾上腺素受体。肾上腺素受体亚型的多样化分化是伴随大脑神经系统的发育而进行的,提示肾上腺素受体的各亚型的进一步分化很有胆对高级神经系统的精细调节功能不断趋于完善的一种适应,同时也预示可能还有其它肾上腺素受体亚型存在。     

丹氏鱲（ Zacco temminki ）黑色素细胞肾上腺素受体的研究

本文报道了丹氏鴞（Ｚａｃｃｏｔｅｍｍｉｎｋｉ）黑色素细胞肾上腺素受体的特性。实验在６０条鱼上进行，分别在４－１１月随机抽采体侧黑色斑纹处的鱼鳞。使用苯肾上腺素、甲氧明、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、α２苯甲唑啉、可乐啶等受体激动剂，以及柯楠次硷、育享宾等受体拮抗剂，分析其受体特性。发现黑色素细胞颗粒凝结的肾上腺素受体为α２型，而颗粒扩散的肾上腺素受体为β１型或与β２型混合型。     

心血管药理的一些进展

一、肾上腺素能受体及其阻滞剂关于受体的概念、动力学、机制和研究方法已有综述。肾上腺素能受体分α和β两种。过去有人认为,在非常低温时,蛙或大鼠心脏的变力性β受体可转变成α受体,但这种假说缺乏实验证据。大鼠心有α受体,但在非常低温时似乎不能作为变力作用的媒介。α和β受体的浓度可以改变,但α和β受体不能互相转变。最近从大鼠肝中已经分离出α和β受体,其活性结合部位并非同时在同一个大分子上,因此更旁证α和β受体不能互相转换。在豚鼠、兔、猫与大鼠的心房与心室中可找到突触后有α受体。刺激这些α受体可增强心肌收缩力,但无正性变时作用。在人的心房中也找到α受体。     

用α1D受体高表达细胞膜色谱研究9种配体的生物亲和作用

为了增加细胞膜色谱法的选择性和特异性, 用受体高表达细胞膜色谱法研究9种α₁-肾上腺素受体配体与α_1D-肾上腺素受体亚型(α_1D-AR)的生物亲和作用. 培养稳定表达α_1D-AR的HEK293细胞株, 制备细胞膜固定相, 应用受体高表达细胞膜色谱法研究不同配体与α_1D-AR的结合情况. 结果表明: 9种不同的α₁-肾上腺素受体配体与大鼠α_1D-AR的亲和顺序为: 哌唑嗪, BMY7378, 酚妥拉明, 羟甲唑啉, 5-甲基乌拉地尔, 去甲肾上腺素, 苯肾上腺素, 甲氧明, RS-17053. 受体高表达细胞膜色谱法是一种特异、可靠的生物亲和色谱方法, 可用于α_1D-AR亚型选择性药物的高效筛选.     

丹氏Lie（Zacco temminki）黑色素细胞肾上腺素受体的研究

本文报道了丹氏Ｌｉｅ黑色素细胞肾上腺素受体的特性。实验在６０条鱼上进行,分别在４－１１月随机抽采侧侧黑色斑纹处的鱼鳞。使用苯肾上腺素,甲氧明,肾上腺素,去甲肾上腺素,α２苯甲唑啉,可乐啶等受体激动剂,以及柯楠次硷,育享宾等受体拮抗剂,分析其受体特性。     

去甲肾上腺素对棕色脂肪组织募集反应的调节作用

去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）可引起棕色脂肪组织（ＢＡＴ）的产热作用,也是ＢＡＴ募集反应主要的调节物质。ＢＡＴ中存在的肾上腺素受体（ＡＲ）至少包括α１,α２,β１和β２四型。ＢＡＴ的产热作用主要由β３－ＡＲ介导;其细胞增殖和细胞分化分别由β１－ＡＲ和β３－ＡＲ介导。与ＢＡＴ募集有关的几种转录因子的表达也受ＮＡ的调控,例如ｃ－ｆｏｓ和非成熟细胞Ｃ／ＥＢＰα基因的表达受β－和α１－ＡＲ的调节;Ｃ／ＥＢＰβ和成熟     

Evidence that isoproterenol-induced Ca2(+)-mobilization in rat parotid acinar cells is not mediated by activation of beta-adrenoceptors

The effects of isoproterenol (ISO), a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, on cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in rat parotid acinar cells were examined using the fluorescent Ca2(+)-indicator fura-2. At concentrations up to 1 mM, ISO caused a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i in a dose-dependent manner, while addition of 1 microM ISO, which evokes the maximum amylase secretion, had only a slight effect on [Ca2+]i. There was no such increase in [Ca2+]i with the addition (2 mM) of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, a permeant cyclic AMP analogue. The alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine blocked the ISO-induced [Ca2+]i increase better than the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranol, and the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine. The IC50 value (the concentration which reduces the ISO-induced increase in [Ca2+]i by 50%) of phentolamine was estimated to be 7.6 nM, for propranolol 13.2 microM and for atropine 3.5 microM. The difference in potency between the three antagonists was similar to the difference in blocking the [Ca2+]i increase induced by phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist. These results suggest that the Ca2(+)-mobilization in response to high concentrations of ISO results from an activation of alpha-adrenoceptors rather than beta-adrenoceptors.     

beta-Adrenergic receptor subtypes in melanophores of the marine gobies Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Chasmichthys gulosus.

The subtype of beta-adrenergic receptors in melanophores of the marine gobies Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Chasmichthys gulosus was studied. Pigment of denervated melanophores in isolated, split caudal fins was preliminarily aggregated by incubating the specimens in a physiological saline containing 10 microM phentolamine and 30-100 microM verapamil or 2-10 nM melatonin, and the responses of the melanophores to a beta-adrenergic agonist added to the incubating medium were recorded photoelectrically. The beta-adrenergic agonists noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoproterenol, salbutamol and, dobutamine were all effective in evoking a dispersion of melanophore pigment in the presence of phentolamine and verapamil or melatonin. The pigment-dispersing effect of noradrenaline (beta 1-selective agonist) was inhibited by metoprolol (beta 1-selective antagonist), propranolol,- and butoxamine. Whereas, the effect of salbutamol (beta 2-selective agonist) was hardly inhibited by metoprolol, though it was considerably inhibited by propranolol and ICI-118551. It was estimated that beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors coexist at ratios of 8.6:91.4, in the melanophore of Tridentiger trigonocephalus, and 25:75, in the melanophore of Chasmichthys gulosus, through the analyses of Hofstee plots of the effects of the beta-adrenergic drugs. It was suggested that the relation between the pigment-dispersing effect of a beta-adrenergic agonist on the melanophores and the concentration of the drug follows mass action kinetics, when the effect is mainly caused by the activation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors of the melanophores. However, when it is mainly caused by the activation of beta 1-adrenergic receptors of the melanophores, the relation does not follow mass action kinetics.     

Stimulation of Distinct D2 Dopaminergic and α2-Adrenergic Receptors Induces Light-Adaptive Pigment Dispersion in Teleost Retinal Pigment Epithelium

In the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of lower vertebrates, melanin pigment granules aggregate and disperse in response to changes in light conditions. Pigment granules aggregate into the RPE cell body in the dark and disperse into the long apical projections in the light. Pigment granule movement retains its light sensitivity in vitro only if RPE is explanted together with neural retina. In the absence of retina, RPE pigment granules no longer move in response to light onset or offset. Using a preparation of mechanically isolated fragments of RPE from green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, we investigated the effects of catecholamines on pigment migration. We report here that 3,4-dihydoxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) and clonidine each mimic the effect of light in vivo by inducing pigment granule dispersion. Dopamine had a half-maximal effect at approximately 2 nM; clonidine, at 1 microM. Dopamine-induced dispersion was inhibited by the D2 dopaminergic antagonist sulpiride but not by D1 or alpha-adrenergic antagonists. Furthermore, a D2 dopaminergic agonist (LY 171555) but not a D1 dopaminergic agonist (SKF 38393) mimicked the effect of dopamine. Clonidine-induced dispersion was inhibited by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine but not by sulpiride. These results suggest that teleost RPE cells possess distinct D2 dopaminergic and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors, and that stimulation of either receptor type is sufficient to induce pigment granule dispersion. In addition, forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, induced pigment granule movement in the opposite direction, i.e., dark-adaptive pigment aggregation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Immunolocalization of AQP-5 in rat parotid and submandibular salivary glands after stimulation or inhibition of secretion in vivo

In vitro studies of cultured salivary gland cells and gland slices have indicated that there may be regulated translocation of aquaporin (AQP)-5 between the apical plasma membrane and intracellular compartments of the secretory cells. However, it remains unknown whether AQP-5 in salivary glands is subject to regulated trafficking in vivo. To examine this possibility, we have investigated the subcellular localization of AQP-5 in rat parotid and submandibular glands fixed in vivo under conditions of stimulated or inhibited salivary secretion. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy was used to determine the subcellular distribution of AQP-5 in control conditions following the stimulation of secretion with pilocarpine (a muscarinic agonist) or epinephrine (an alpha-adrenoceptor agonist) or during inhibition of basal secretion with atropine (a muscarinic antagonist) or phentolamine (an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist). Under control conditions, >90% of AQP-5 was associated with the apical plasma membrane of acinar and intercalated duct cells, with only rare gold particles associated with intracellular membrane domains. Pilocarpine treatment dramatically increased saliva production but had no discernible effect on AQP-5 distribution. However, the increased salivary secretion was associated with luminal dilation and the appearance of a markedly punctate AQP-5 labeling pattern due to clustering of AQP-5 at the microvilli (especially evident in the parotid gland) after 10 min of drug injection. No changes in the subcellular localization of AQP-5 were seen in response to epinephrine, atropine, or phentolamine treatment compared with control tissues. Thus AQP-5 is localized predominantly in the apical plasma membrane under control conditions, and neither the onset nor the cessation of secretion is associated in vivo with any significant short-term translocation of AQP-5 between intracellular structures and the apical plasma membrane.     

Adrenergic stimulation of adrenocortical secretion in immature fowl

In 5-6-week-old cockerels the circulating corticosterone concentration was significantly increased in birds i.m. injected 30 and 60 min previously with adrenaline (0.33 mg/kg), noradrenaline (0.33 mg/kg) or a beta-adrenergic agonist (isoprotorenol, 1 mg/kg), but was reduced in birds pretreated with an alpha-adrenergic agonist (phenylephrine, 1 mg/kg). The stimulation of corticosterone secretion induced by a 30 min period of forced exercise (0.04 km/hr; 0 degree incline) was potentiated by noradrenaline, isoprotorenol and phentolamine pretreatment. In response to exogenous adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH, 8 i.u./kg), administered i.v., the increase in the plasma corticosterone concentration was elevated above that in the controls in birds pretreated with adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoprotorenol or phentolamine (an alpha antagonist administered at 1 mg/kg). The corticosterone response to ACTH was suppressed by phenylephrine pretreatment. These results demonstrate that both basal and stimulated levels of adrenocortical activity may be subtly regulated by adrenergic mechanisms acting at a site(s) within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.     

Evidence for the involvement of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in mediating the decrease of food intake during repeated treatment with amphetamine

Repeated treatment with amphetamine (AMPH), a well-known anorectic agent, into animals could induce anorexia on day 1 and produce a gradual reversion of food intake (tolerant anorexia) on the following days. It is unknown whether these feeding changes are related to dopamine (DA) and/or noradrenergic neurotransmission. Thus, the present study investigated the subtype of receptor mediating AMPH-induced anorexia. Daily food intake was measured after various drugs were given. Pretreatment with haloperidol, an antagonist of DA receptors, may lead to inhibition of AMPH-induced anorexia. However, pretreatment with the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine, and the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, failed to modify the action of AMPH, suggesting the involvement of DA receptors but not adrenoceptors in the action of AMPH-induced anorexia. Furthermore, pretreatment with SCH 23390 at a dose sufficient to block D(1) receptors or pimozide at a dose sufficient to inhibit D(2) receptors blocked AMPH-induced anorexia, indicating the involvement of D(1) and D(2) receptors. In a study of tolerant anorexia, repeated treatment with the D(1)/D(2) agonist apomorphine, but not the D(1) agonist SKF 38393 or D(2) agonist quinpirole, induced an AMPH-like tolerant feeding response, providing evidence for conjoint action of D(1) and D(2) receptors in the effect. The present results suggest that both D(1) and D(2) receptors are involved in anorexia and tolerant anorexia induced by chronic intermittent administration of AMPH.     

Vertebrate melanophores as potential model for drug discovery and development: A review

Drug discovery in skin pharmacotherapy is an enormous, continually expanding field. Researchers are developing novel and sensitive pharmaceutical products and drugs that target specific receptors to elicit concerted and appropriate responses. The pigment-bearing cells called melanophores have a significant contribution to make in this field. Melanophores, which contain the dark brown or black pigment melanin, constitute an important class of chromatophores. They are highly specialized in the bidirectional and coordinated translocation of pigment granules when given an appropriate stimulus. The pigment granules can be stimulated to undergo rapid dispersion throughout the melanophores, making the cell appear dark, or to aggregate at the center, making the cell appear light. The major signals involved in pigment transport within the melanophores are dependent on a special class of cell surface receptors called G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Many of these receptors of adrenaline, acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, endothelin and melatonin have been found on melanophores. They are believed to have clinical relevance to skin-related ailments and therefore have become targets for high throughput screening projects. The selective screening of these receptors requires the recognition of particular ligands, agonists and antagonists and the characterization of their effects on pigment motility within the cells. The mechanism of skin pigmentation is incredibly intricate, but it would be a considerable step forward to unravel its underlying physiological mechanism. This would provide an experimental basis for new pharmacotherapies for dermatological anomalies. The discernible stimuli that can trigger a variety of intracellular signals affecting pigment granule movement primarily include neurotransmitters and hormones. This review focuses on the role of the hormone and neurotransmitter signals involved in pigment movement in terms of the pharmacology of the specific receptors.     

Role of endothelin in alpha-adrenoceptor coronary vasoconstriction

It has been proposed that alpha-adrenoceptor vasoconstriction in coronary resistance vessels results not from alpha-adrenoceptors on coronary smooth muscle but from alpha-adrenoceptors on cardiac myocytes that stimulate endothelin (ET) release. The present experiments tested the hypothesis that the alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary vasoconstriction that normally occurs during exercise is due to endothelin. In conscious dogs (n = 10), the endothelin ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonist tezosentan (1 mg/kg iv) increased coronary venous oxygen tension at rest but not during treadmill exercise. This result indicates that basal endothelin levels produce a coronary vasoconstriction at rest that is not observed during the coronary vasodilation during exercise. In contrast, the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine increased coronary venous oxygen tension during exercise but not at rest. The difference between the endothelin blockade and alpha-adrenoceptor blockade results indicates that alpha-adrenoceptor coronary vasoconstriction during exercise is not due to endothelin. However, in anesthetized dogs, bolus intracoronary injections of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine produced reductions in coronary blood flow that were partially antagonized by endothelin receptor blockade with tezosentan. These results are best explained if alpha-adrenoceptor-induced endothelin release requires high pharmacological concentrations of catecholamines that are not reached during exercise.     

β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Melanophores of the Marine Gobies Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Chasmichthys gulosus

The subtype of β-adrenergic receptors in melanophores of the marine gobies Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Chasmichthys gulosus was studied. Pigment of denervated melanophores in isolated, split caudal fins was preliminarily aggregated by incubating the specimens in a physiological saline containing 10 μM phentolamine and 30–100 μM verapamil or 2–10 nM melatonin, and the responses of the melanophores to a β-adrenergic agonist added to the incubating medium were recorded photoelectrically. The β-adrenergic agonists noradrenaline, adrenaline, isoproterenol, salbutamol and, dobutamine were all effective in evoking a dispersion of melanophore pigment in the presence of phentolamine and verapamil or melatonin. The pigment-dispersing effect of noradrenaline (β₁-selective agonist) was inhibited by metoprolol (β₁-selective antagonist), propranolol, and butoxamine. Whereas, the effect of salbutamol (β₂-selective agonist) was hardly inhibited by metoprolol, though it was considerably inhibited by propranolol and ICI-118551. It was estimated that β₁- and β₂-adrenergic receptors coexist at ratios of 8.6:91.4, in the melanophore of Tridentiger trigonocephalus, and 25:75, in the melanophore of Chasmichthys gulosus, through the analyses of Hofstee plots of the effects of the β-adrenergic drugs. It was suggested that the relation between the pigment-dispersing effect of a β-adrenergic agonist on the melanophores and the concentration of the drug follows mass action kinetics, when the effect is mainly caused by the activation of β₂-adrenergic receptors of the melanophores. However, when it is mainly caused by the activation of β₁-adrenergic receptors of the melanophores, the relation does not follow mass action kinetics.     

Sensitivity and adrenoceptor affinity in the mesenteric artery of the deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertensive rat

This study examines vascular reactivity to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in mineralocorticoid (deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA-salt) hypertensive and normotensive rats. The rats were anesthetized and the mesenteric artery was excised and cut helically into strips that were mounted in a muscle bath for the measurement of isometric force development. Addition of norepinephrine, epinephrine, phenylephrine, methoxamine, or clonidine to the bath caused contractions in all arteries. Arteries from hypertensive rats were more sensitive (lower ED50 values) to each of the agonists than arteries from normotensive rats. alpha-Adrenoceptor affinity for phentolamine (Schild analysis; norepinephrine as the agonist) in hypertensive arteries was not significantly different from that in normotensive arteries. Maximal force generation to clonidine was greater in hypertensive arteries than in normotensive arteries. These results demonstrate an augmented vascular sensitivity to several alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in DOCA hypertensive rats. This change in sensitivity is independent of a change in affinity for the adrenoceptor antagonist, phentolamine. It may be that a change in receptor number or an alteration in a post-receptor activation event accounts for this enhanced adrenoceptor responsiveness in mineralocorticoid hypertension.