Free and conjugated forms of salicylic acid: Their content and role in the potato

Hydrolysis of conjugated forms of salicylic acid and accumulation of its free form was observed after infection of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) with an incompatible race of phytophthora or treatment with an elicitor (chitosan). Infection of tubers with a compatible race of the pathogen or treatment with a suppressor (laminarin) decreased both the degree of hydrolysis of conjugated forms of salicylic acid and the accumulation of its free form.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 354–357.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Panina, Vasyukova, Ozeretskovskaya.     

Serological evidence of an antibody response in farmed southern bluefin tuna naturally infected with the blood fluke Cardicola forsteri

In this study, adaptive immune response was investigated in farmed southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii, infected with a sanguinicolid Cardicola forsteri. A cohort (Cohort₂₀₀₅) of southern bluefin tuna was sampled between March 2005 and August 2006. Samples were taken at the transfer of wild caught tuna to sea cages and then at regular intervals. Parasite intensity, abundance and prevalence data were recorded. An ELISA was developed to detect and quantify an antibody response against the blood fluke in southern bluefin tuna serum. Intensity and prevalence of the blood fluke were shown to peak in May 2005 at 10.9 flukes per infected fish (SE = 1.72) and 97.5% prevalence and then decreased to low prevalence (10%) and intensity (1.0). There were no significant changes in prevalence or intensity in 2006. Antibody titres and seroprevalence increased from 1.37 U μl⁻¹ and 10% at transfer in March 2005 to reach a peak in December 2005 of 25.86 U μl⁻¹ (SE = 6.26 U μl⁻¹) and 66.66%. No significant changes were observed in antibody titres for the same cohort of fish during 2006. Parasitological and serological values from Cohort₂₀₀₅ were compared to a 2006 cohort (Cohort₂₀₀₆) in March 2006 and August 2006 to determine if prior infection in Cohort₂₀₀₅ elicited any protection against infection in 2006. Although significant differences were not observed in intensities between cohorts it was shown that Cohort₂₀₀₅ had significantly lower abundances and prevalences of blood fluke infection than Cohort₂₀₀₆. Although there was no significant difference in mean antibody titres between cohorts in March 2006, the mean antibody titre of Cohort₂₀₀₆ was significantly greater than that of Cohort₂₀₀₅ in August 2006. No significant differences were observed in seroprevalence. This is one of the few studies to demonstrate the development of acquired resistance in fish against a parasite in an aquaculture environment under natural infection conditions.     

Hybrid and Monosomic Analyses of Smoky Coloration of the Ear in Common Wheat

The results of the hybrid and monosomic analyses of smoky ear coloration in the common wheat variety columbina are reported. The character has been found to be monogenic, and its gene has been located to chromosome 1DS. The smoky ear coloration is determined by an allele of gene Rg2 introgressed to wheat from Aegilops tauschii.__________Translated from Genetika, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2005, pp. 1147–1149.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Pshenichnikova, Bokarev, Shchukina.     

Synthesis of Analogues of Natural Coumarins and Coumarinolignans

3-Aryl-4H-coumarins with the 1,3-benzodioxol, 1,4-benzodioxane, and 1,5-benzodioxepane moieties were synthesized by modified methods.__________Translated from Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2005, pp. 326–330.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ismailova.     

Revision of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera,Braconidae) from Hunan (China), including thirty-six new species and two new genera

The species of the subfamily Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Hunan (Oriental China) are revised and illustrated. Thirty-six new species are described: Apodesmia bruniclypealis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Apodesmia melliclypealis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Areotetes albiferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Areotetes carinuliferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Areotetes striatiferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Coleopioides diversinotum Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Coleopioides postpectalis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Fopius dorsopiferus Li, van Achterberg & Tan, sp. n., Indiopius chenae Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opiognathus aulaciferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opiognathus brevibasalis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius crenuliferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius malarator Li, van Achterberg & Tan, sp. n., Opius monilipalpis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius pachymerus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius songi Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius youi Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Opius zengi Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma acuticlypeata Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma angiclypeata Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma antenervalis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma depressiclypealis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma flavisoma Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma nigrisoma Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma protuberator Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma rugulifera Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Li & van Achterberg,Phaedrotoma striatinota Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Phaedrotoma vermiculifera Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis latipennis Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis longicaudifera Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis maculosa Li, van Achterberg & Tan, sp. n., Rhogadopsis obliqua Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Rhogadopsis sculpturator Li & van Achterberg, sp. n., Utetes longicarinatus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n. and Xynobius notauliferus Li & van Achterberg, sp. n. Areotetes van Achterberg & Li, gen. n. (type species: Areotetes carinuliferus sp. n.) and Coleopioides van Achterberg & Li, gen. n. (type species: Coleopioides postpectalis sp. n. are described. All species are illustrated and keyed. In total 30 species of Opiinae are sequenced and the cladograms are presented. Neopius Gahan, 1917, Opiognathus Fischer, 1972, Opiostomus Fischer, 1972, and Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913, are treated as a valid genera based on molecular and morphological differences. Opius vittata Chen & Weng, 2005 (not Opius vittatus Ruschka, 1915), Opius ambiguus Weng & Chen, 2005 (not Wesmael, 1835) and Opius mitis Chen & Weng, 2005 (not Fischer, 1963) are primary homonymsandarerenamed into Phaedrotoma depressa Li & van Achterberg, nom. n., Opius cheni Li & van Achterberg, nom. n. andOpius wengi Li & van Achterberg, nom. n., respectively. Phaedrotoma terga (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n.,Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) and Biosteres pavitita Chen & Weng, 2005, are reported new for Hunan, Opiostomus aureliae (Fischer, 1957) comb. n. is new for China and Hunan; Xynobius maculipennis(Enderlein, 1912) comb. n. is new for Hunan and continental China and Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n. is new for Hunan. The following new combinations are given: Apodesmia puncta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Apodesmia tracta (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Areotetes laevigatus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma improcera (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma amputata (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma larga (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma osculas (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma postuma (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma rugulosa (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Phaedrotoma tabularis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis apii (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis dimidia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis diutia (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis longuria (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis pratellae(Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis pratensis (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis sculpta (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n., Rhogadopsis sulcifer (Fischer, 1975) comb. n., Rhogadopsis tabidula(Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Xynobius complexus (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Xynobius indagatrix (Weng & Chen, 2005) comb. n., Xynobius multiarculatus (Chen & Weng, 2005) comb. n.The following (sub)genera are synonymised: Snoflakopius Fischer, 1972, Jucundopius Fischer, 1984, Opiotenes Fischer, 1998, and Oetztalotenes Fischer, 1998, with Opiostomus Fischer, 1971; Xynobiotenes Fischer, 1998, with Xynobius Foerster, 1862; Allotypus Foerster, 1862, Lemnaphilopius Fischer, 1972, Agnopius Fischer, 1982, and Cryptognathopius Fischer, 1984, with Apodesmia Foerster, 1862; Nosopoea Foerster, 1862, Tolbia Cameron, 1907, Brachycentrus Szépligeti, 1907, Baeocentrum Schulz, 1911, Hexaulax Cameron, 1910, Coeloreuteus Roman, 1910, Neodiospilus Szépligeti, 1911, Euopius Fischer, 1967, Gerius Fischer, 1972, Grimnirus Fischer, 1972, Hoenirus Fischer, 1972, Mimirus Fischer, 1972, Gastrosema Fischer, 1972, Merotrachys Fischer, 1972, Phlebosema Fischer, 1972, Neoephedrus Samanta, Tamili, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 1983, Adontopius Fischer, 1984, Kainopaeopius Fischer, 1986, Millenniopius Fischer, 1996, and Neotropopius Fischer, 1999, with Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1862.     

Genetic demographic study of Shors in Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast: Changes in the marriage migration structure

The changes in the marriage structure with respect to the age at marriage, ethnicity, and spouses’ birthplaces during the period of time corresponding to two generations have been analyzed in the rural population of Shors of Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast. In general, the Shor population had a high assortative marriage rate with respect to these parameters in the period studied, although there was a temporary tendency to wards its decrease. The ages of marriage for both the male and the female Shor populations in the years 2000–2005 were significantly older than in 1940–1945 and 1970–1975. The age-assortative marriage rate was r = 0.60 in 1940-1945, r = 0.73 in 1970–1975, and r = 0.66 in 2000–2005. The birthplace-assortative marriage rate decreased from 79.63% in 1970–1975 to 70.64% in 2000–2005. The ethnic assortative marriage rate of Shors steadily decreased during the time interval studied; it was 96.92, 89.95, and 80.98% in 1940–1945, 1970–1975, and 2000–2005, respectively, for the total rural population of Tashtagolskii raion.     

Differentiation between acetate and higher volatile acids in the modeling of the anaerobic biomethanation process

This paper presents a model for the single-stage completely-mixed anaerobic digestion of complex substrates containing no volatile acids. In the model, volatile acids produced by the acidogenic bacteria are no longer considered together. Acetate is assumed to be representative of the substrate and propionate and butyrate act only as inhibitors for the methanogenic bacteria.Nomenclature ···0 represents factors associated with the influent - ···1 represents factors associated with the acidogenic bacteria - ···2 represents factors associated with the methanogenic bacteria - Q hydraulic flow (1/d) - V reactor liquid volume (1) - T temperature of the mixed liquor (° C) - S microorganisms concentration (mg/1) - L volatile solids concentration (mg VS/1) - Lb biodegradable volatile solids concentration (mg VS/1) - VA2 acetate concentration (mg/1) - VA3 volatile acids with 3 to 5 carbon atoms concentration (mg/1) - methane rate production (1 CH₄/1_digester.d) - Km saturation coefficient (mg/l) - Ki inhibition coefficient (mg/l) - specific growth rate (1/d) - maximum specific growth rate (1/d) - b biological decay coefficient (1/d) - Arrhénius coefficient (–) - yield of acidogenic bacteria per mg of biodegradable matter consumed (mg S₁/mg L_b) | (mg S₂/mg VA2) - yield of methanogenic bacteria per mg of VA2 consumed - yield of methane production per mg of S₂ formed (1 CH₄/mg S₂) - proportion of VA2 produced per mg of S₁ biosynthetised - proportion of VA3 produced per mg of S₁ biosynthetised - Y_sp volume of CH₄ produced per g of volatile solids eliminated     

Comparative Morphological Analysis of Different Hepatoid Glands: Histological Variants and the Morphofunctional Unit

Three groups can be recognized among hepatoid glands: glands synthesizing protein alone, glands synthesizing protein and hydrophobic lipids and/or melanin, and intermediate glands. Histological variants (seven in total) can be recognized within each group. Different possible combinations of hepatoid glands with other derivatives of hair follicles are considered. The first definition of the morphofunctional unit of hepatoid glands is proposed.__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 428–434.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shabadash, Zelikina.     

Photoperiodic and temperature responses in the growth and tetrasporogenesis ofGigartina acicularis (Rhodophyta) from Ireland

Gigartina acicularis is an intertidal, perennial red alga which reaches its northern distributional limit in the north-eastern Atlantic on the Irish coast. It has only rarely been found with reproductive structures in the British Isles. Plants isolated vegetatively from field-collected plants near the northern distributional limit in Ireland formed tetrasporangia, the tetraspores of which gave rise to plants which formed gametangia and carposporophytes at 16°C, . Sporelings grown from the carpospores of these plants formed tetrasporangia at all daylengths tested (16-8 h) at 13–20°C; but there was a quantitative photoperiodic response in the numbers of plants forming tetrasporangia, and in the numbers of sori formed, at 13–16°C. Only one in 20 plants became fertile at 16°C, and , but 16 in 20 plants reproduced at 16°C, . At 20°C, and , all plants formed tetrasporangia, and formation was most rapid the long-day regime. No tetrasporangia were formed at 9–10°C, regardless of daylength. Apical elongation of these plants also appeared to show a quantitative photoperiodic response at 16°C, 1 h light breaks in a 16 h night giving more or less a long-day response. This effect was apparent about 4 weeks before the formation of the first tetrasporangia. There would therefore appear to be quantitative photoperiodic control of tetrasporogenesis in the Irish strain ofG. acicularis. Temperature and photoperiodic control of reproduction in this species only partially accounts for the observed rarity of reproductive structures in populations of this species near the northern limit of its distribution.Paper presented at the Seaweed Biogeography Workshop of the International Working Group on Seaweed Biogeography, held from 3–7 April 1984 at the Department of Marine Biology, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (The Netherlands). Convenor: C. van den Hoek.     

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Thraustochytrid-like Microorganism that Efficiently Produces Docosahexaenoic Acid

A thraustochytrid-like microorganism (strain 12B) was isolated from the mangrove area of Okinawa, Japan. On the basis of its ectoplasmic net structure and biflagellate zoospores we determined strain 12B to be a novel member of the phylum Labyrinthulomycota in the kingdom Protoctista. When grown on glucose/seawater at 28 °C, it had a lipid content of 58% with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n−3) at 43% of the total fatty acids. It had a growth rate of 0.38 h⁻¹. The DHA production rate of 2.8 ± 0.7 g l⁻¹ day⁻¹ is the highest value reported for any microorganism. Received 7 October 2005; Revisions requested 7 October 2005; Revisions received 15 November 2005; Accepted 15 November 2005     

Influence of Agitation on the Removal of Nonylphenol by the White-rot Fungi Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera sp. BOL 13

Bjerkandera sp. BOL 13 removed 95% of nonylphenol (at 9.7 mg nonylphenol l⁻¹ day⁻¹) from aqueous medium after 5 days of incubation in agitated cultures. This removal rate decreased 2.5-fold in static cultures. By comparison, Trametes versicolor removed nonylphenol at 2.8 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹ under conditions of static incubation, probably due to the action of laccase, but no growth was recorded in the agitated bottles. Received 4 August 2005; Revisions requested 18 August 2005 and 27 September 2005; Revisions received 22 September 2005 and 3 November 2005; Accepted 7 November 2005     

Functional Significance and Weight Properties of the Shell in Some Mollusks

Functional, morphological, and weight properties of the shell are discussed for many gastropods and bivalves living under various conditions.__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 479–505.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Alyakrinskaya.     

Relationship between cardiac output and oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise

The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between the rapidity of increased gas exchange (i.e. oxygen uptake ) and increased cardiac output ( ) during the transient phase following the onset of exercise. Five healthy male subjects performed multiple rest-exercise or light exercise (25 W)-exercise transitions on an electrically braked ergometer at exercise intensities of 50, 75, or 100 W for 6 min, respectively. Each transition was performed at least eight times for each load in random order. The was obtained by a breath-by-breath method, and was measured by an impedance method during normal breathing, using an ensemble average. On transitions from rest to exercise, rapidly increased during phase I with time constants of 6.8–7.3 s. The also showed a similar rapid increment with time constants of 6.0–6.8 s with an apparent increase in stroke volume (SV). In this phase I, increased to about 29.7%–34.1% of the steady-state value and increased to about 58.3%–87.0%. Thereafter, some 20 s after the onset of exercise a mono-exponential increase to steady-state occurred both in and with time constants of 26.7–32.3 and 23.7–34.4 s, respectively. The insignificant difference between and time constants in phase I and the abrupt increase in both and SV at the onset of exercise from rest provided further evidence for a cardiodynamic contribution to following the onset of exercise from rest.     

Chronobiological Characteristics of the Development and Course of Gestosis during the First Pregnancy

The regularities of the development and the course of gestosis were studied as dependent on the seasonal and individual annual rhythms of the woman. It was revealed that the maximum prevalence of this complication took place in the fourth quarter of the woman’s individual annual cycle and in winter. The results can be used for early prevention of gestosis in obstetric practice.__________Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2005, pp. 92–95.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalent’eva, Barbarash.     

Properties of Soil Native and Ortho- and Pyrophosphate-Modified Ferro-Humic Complexes and Their Effect on Solubility and Toxicity of the Products of Exogenous Zn Binding

The properties of soil ferro-humic sorbent complexes proved to determine the degree of exogenous Zn binding and the toxicity of Zn-compounds for soil microbiota. The properties of ferro-humic complexes were profoundly altered under the action of phosphate anions as potential ligands. Distinct properties of ferro-humic complexes modified by ortho- and pyrophosphates were revealed.__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 364–374.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kudeyarova, Guzev.     

Contribution of the Endogenous Opioid System to Regulation of Heart Resistance to the Arrhythmogenic Effect of Short-term Ischemia and Reperfusion

Preliminary selective blockade of µ, δ₁, δ₂, κ₁, and κ₂ opioid receptors proved to have no effect on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during a 10-min coronary occlusion and subsequent reperfusion in ket-amine-anesthetized rats. We propose that the endogenous opioid system has no considerable role in regulation of heart resistance to the arrhythmogenic effect of short-term local ischemia and subsequent reperfusion.__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 453–459.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Maslov, Lishmanov, Budankova, Stakheev, Solenkova, Barzakh, Oeltgen, Gross, Chang.     

The importance and place of the photosynthetic carbon sequestration in the organic branch of its global cycle

Results of comparative analysis of turnover times and the capacity of major global pools of organic carbon are presented; the place of photosynthetic carbon sequestration is defined; concept of its catalytic role in the regulation of the organic branch of the global carbon cycle is ground. Concept of reservoir-flux model of photosynthetic carbon sequestration and of the net photosynthetic production at the territory of Northern Eurasia is suggested.Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2005, pp. 81–89.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Voronin, Black.     

Vertical Distribution of Radiolarians and Their Role in Epipelagic Communities of the East Pacific Rise and the Gulf of California

Vertical distribution of different groups of radiolarians and mesozooplankton (l = 0.2–3.0 mm) and the contribution of radiolarians to total biomass of bathometer-sampled zooplankton were studied in the epipelagic East Pacific Rise and the Gulf of California during 49th cruise of R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” (September–October, 2003). The production of the symbiotic algae of acantharians and colonial radiolarians as well as their contribution to the total primary production were evaluated. The proportion of all radiolarian groups in the total zooplankton biomass was shown to range from 1.4 to 11.5%. The contribution of zooxanthellae to the total primary production was not great in the studied region and equaled 0.1–1.2 and 0.3–0.7% for colonial radiolarians and acantharians, respectively.__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 339–348.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zasko, Rusanov.     

Fluctuations of the antianxiety effect of valerian and Grandaxin during daytime wakefulness in humans with different chronotypes

Young people with the morning and the evening chronotypes proved to differ in the anxiety level at the beginning and the end of daytime wakefulness. The antianxiety effects of valerian and Grandaxin differed in the morning and the evening and depended on the chronotype of a subject.Translated from Fiziologiya Cheloveka, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, pp. 135–137.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Arushanyan, Mastyagina, Mastyagin, Popova.