共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
生态系统服务是生态系统提供的商品和服务,是人类生态和发展的物质基础和基本条件,是人类拥有的关键自然资本。概述了生态系统服务的内涵及类型,介绍了当前国内外有关生态系统服务及自然资本的价值理论、价值评估的各种方法及其类型;评述了研究的主要进展,存在的主要问题、难点和研究的主要趋向。认为生态系统服务及自然资本的价值评估研究是建立生态-环境-经济综合核算体系(可持续发展核算体系)的重要内容和关键环节,完善价值评估的理论与经济技术方法是生态系统服务价值评估研究亟待解决的问题。 相似文献
2.
In this article, our objective is to introduce economics as a tool for the planning, prioritization, and evaluation of restoration projects. Studies that develop economic estimates of public values for ecological restoration employ methods that may be unfamiliar to practitioners. We hope to address this knowledge gap by describing economic concepts in the context of ecological restoration. We have summarized the most common methods for estimating the costs and benefits of restoration projects as well as frameworks for decision analysis and prioritization. These methods are illustrated in a review of the literature as it applies to terrestrial restoration in the United States, with examples of applications of methods to projects. Our hope is that practitioners will consider collaborating with economists to help ensure that restoration costs and benefits are identified and understood. 相似文献
3.
4.
William E. Cooper 《人类与生态风险评估》1998,4(4):931-937
The integration of Risk Assessment and Risk Management is a necessary step in environmental regulation. The compromises involved in the Risk Management process can not be allowed to violate the scientific integrity of the Risk Assessment. The inclusion of a cost/benefit analysis necessitates the valuation of ecological processes. These values are based on the costs of replacement in volume, in kind, and in place. The Risk Management is then presented as a Rolling Stewardship where Risk Management is balanced with Cash Management. 相似文献
5.
城市生态系统是社会-经济-自然复合生态系统。城市生态系统修复的实质是协调好城市复合生态系统的自然过程、经济过程和社会过程之间的关系,促进复合生态系统的各方面协调高效可持续发展。以城市绿地、城市湿地、城市废弃地三类主要的城市生态空间为对象,论述了城市生态系统修复的研究进展,提出当前城市生态系统修复存在以人工修复技术为主、自然修复不足、机理和量化研究缺乏、理论和应用脱节、管理机制不健全、复合生态系统理论体现不足等问题。梳理了当前城市生态系统修复的研究热点,包括城市生态系统修复机理、城市生态资产与生态系统服务、城市生态系统质量和健康、问题导向的生态修复、面向人类福祉的生态修复、生态修复多学科融贯,以及新方法和新技术的应用等几个方面。提出了城市生态修复与管理的相关对策和建议,可为我国城市生态系统修复的研究和实践提供参考。 相似文献
6.
构建国土空间修复与保护识别体系可以有效实现区域生态系统修复与保护,然而,当前国土空间生态修复与保护研究和规划缺乏从系统性和完整性的角度识别关键生态修复与保护区。因此构建了系统的生态修复与保护空间识别方法,以实现区域协调发展、保障区域生态安全。基于该方法,以北京市为例,通过评估生态系统服务、生态系统质量和生态问题,构建生态修复与保护空间格局。研究结果表明:(1) 2000—2015年生态系统服务和质量退化区主要集中在平原区和密云水库北部,面积为760.4 km~2;生态系统质量低下区主要分布在西南部山区和东北部山区,面积为4925 km~2;水土流失问题区零星分布在山区,面积为130.1 km~2;基于以上三者的北京生态修复建议区总面积5606 km~2。(2)建议北京生态保护区6391 km~2,主要分布在北部山区和西南部山区,保护了79.63%的水源涵养功能,74.97%的土壤保持功能,58.79%的洪水调蓄功能和60.3%的自然栖息地。本研究构建的生态修复与保护空间识别方法体系,为北京生态修复和保护规划与生态安全格局构建提供科学依据,还可以为其他地区的生态修复与保护规划提供参考。 相似文献
7.
生态系统服务价值的市场转化问题初探 总被引:4,自引:6,他引:4
为生态系统服务寻找建立特定的、真实的市场环境,将生态系统服务的间接价值转化为直接的经济价值,既有利于区域经济的发展,又可促进人们对生态系统服务功能的维持和保护。提出了生态系统服务价值的市场转化(率)概念,即生态系统服务价值市场转化是指为生态系统服务价值寻找建立特定的、真实的市场环境,使一些生态系统服务能够像普通商品一样进入市场流通,转化为直接的经济价值;而生态系统服务价值市场转化率(Cr)就是能够进入市场流通的服务价值(Va)占生态系统总服务价值(Vg)的比例。阐述了市场转化(率)的应用意义。在此基础上分析了全球及我国各类生态系统服务价值的市场转化情况,并提出了将来的发展思路。 相似文献
8.
运用实地调研和理论分析的方法对中国生态资源价值化体系的变迁进行分析,并进一步提出耦合生态资本和社会资本的生态资源价值化理论框架。按照价值化的逻辑总结出价值化两条路径:流量价值化和存量价值化,并通过梳理科技文献指出现有研究的不足:流量价值化缺乏\"生态视角\"和存量价值化缺乏\"整体视角\"。对比分析了不同时期中国生态资源价值化变迁的特点,发现计划经济时期国家通过生态资源的公有和单要素管理,实现流量、存量的管控和生态资源收益的合理分配;在市场化改革前期,生态资源使用权与所有权的收益逐步分离,激励了社会资本带动生产力发展,但也造成了生态危机和贫富差距拉大等问题;在市场化后期,各地不断实践探索全生态要素治理,通过政府市场社会多方位联动追求共同富裕和生态文明目标的实现。指出生态资源价值体系与社会历史进程的关系,揭示了其背后社会资本与生态资本的耦合关系。最后,提出在市场化改革后期需要坚持\"公共性\"政党的领导,并在耦合社会资本与生态资本这一思想指导下构建的县镇村三级联动的生态资源价值化框架。研究结论为乡村振兴背景下中国生态资源价值化体系提供理论指导,为中国共产党领导下生态文明思想的人民性提供政治经济学的解释。 相似文献
9.
科学有效的理论基础是推进山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程顺利实施的保障。探讨了生态系统服务理论在山水林田湖草生态保护修复中的应用,以“压力-状态-响应”为主线构建了不同时空尺度上山水林田湖草与生态系统服务之间的关系认知框架,分析了山水林田湖草系统修复工程中生态系统服务研究的关键问题:(1)山水林田湖草系统修复工程区主要生态系统服务的时空演变规律与驱动机制;(2)山水林田湖草系统修复工程区多种生态系统服务之间的权衡与协同关系;(3)山水林田湖草系统修复工程区生态系统服务集成与生态系统管理策略;(4)山水林田湖草系统修复工程调控及其尺度效应;(5)探索优质生态产品价值实现机制,阐述了生态系统服务理论在山水林田湖草系统修复中的现实意义,以期有效推动山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程从科学到实践的深入。 相似文献
10.
James A. Fitzsimons Simon Branigan Chris L. Gillies Robert D. Brumbaugh Jun Cheng Bryan M. DeAngelis Laura Geselbracht Boze Hancock Andrew Jeffs Tein McDonald Ian M. McLeod Bernadette Pogoda Seth J. Theuerkauf Marine Thomas Stephanie Westby Philine S.E. zu Ermgassen 《Conservation Science and Practice》2020,2(6):e198
Widespread global declines in shellfish reefs (ecosystem-forming bivalves such as oysters and mussels) have led to growing interest in their restoration and protection. With restoration projects now occurring on four continents and in at least seven countries, global restoration guidelines for these ecosystems have been developed based on experience over the past two decades. The following key elements of the guidelines are outlined: (a) the case for shellfish reef restoration and securing financial resources; (b) planning, feasibility, and goal setting; (c) biosecurity and permitting; (d) restoration in practice; (e) scaling up from pilot to larger scale restoration, (f) monitoring, (g) restoration beyond oyster reefs (specifically mussels), and (h) successful communication for shellfish reef restoration projects. 相似文献
11.
全球范围内关键生态系统服务的减少使人类社会面临巨大的威胁,生物多样性是生态系统提供各种产品和服务的基础。生态恢复工程对退化的生态系统服务和生物多样性进行修复,对于缓解人类环境压力具有非常重要的意义。长期的理论和实践工作形成了多种生态恢复措施:(1)单纯基于生态系统自我设计的自然恢复方式,(2)人为设计对环境条件进行干预,反馈影响生态系统的自我设计,(3)人为设计对目标种群和生态系统进行直接干预和重建。这3类恢复方式可以在不同程度上定向的影响生态系统的恢复进程,反映了人类对生态系统的低度、中度和高度介入。哪种恢复方式和介入程度能够实现更好的恢复效果,是生态恢复学中的一个关键问题,但到目前为止,虽广有争议,却无定量的分析和结论。针对这个空白,通过对ISI Web of Knowledge数据库中生态恢复相关文献的整合分析,基于数学统计的方法定量比较在不同条件下低度介入(自然恢复)、中度介入(环境干预)和高度介入(直接干预)3种恢复方式对生态系统服务与生物多样性的恢复效果。论文从4个方面展开研究:(1)低度、中度、高度介入生态恢复方式的划分,(2)比较3大类介入方式对生态系统服务和生物多样性恢复效果的差异,(3)不同气候条件、生态系统类型和恢复时间等背景因素的影响,(4)生物多样性恢复和生态系统服务恢复之间的关系。研究结果揭示了不同生态恢复方式的适用条件,以及对生物多样性和生态系统恢复相互关系的作用,对生态恢复实践中恢复方式的选择有指导作用。对未来的研究也有启示意义,如针对特定生态系统服务或具体研究问题进一步探索低度、中度和高度介入生态恢复方式的作用规律和机制;将地区的社会经济水平、生态系统的受损程度等因素纳入生态恢复方式的考察,以最优化生态恢复成本-效率等。 相似文献
12.
Oyster populations in Chesapeake Bay, USA, declined precipitously over the past three decades, and on-going efforts to restore the native oysters to former abundance were considered to be ineffective. Maryland and Virginia natural resource agencies proposed the introduction of a non-native Asian oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) that is resistant to diseases affecting the native oyster and well adapted to the Chesapeake Bay environment. Numerous stakeholders raised concerns about potential adverse consequences of an introduction of a non-native species into a new environment. In response, state and federal agencies determined that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should be prepared to address the environmental consequences of such an introduction as well as of seven other oyster restoration alternatives, including several involving only the native oyster. Preparation of an Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) of the proposed action as well as all alternatives was an integral element of EIS preparation. This series of articles describes several different analyses that contributed to and collectively comprised the ERA conducted as input to the EIS. The final article of this series in HERA describes how the ERA and EIS findings were taken into account in the final decision on the preferred restoration alternative by state and federal agencies. 相似文献
13.
Adam T. Cross Paul G. Nevill Kingsley W. Dixon James Aronson 《Restoration Ecology》2019,27(5):924-928
The United Nations' recent declaration of a Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) conveys the immense scales of degradation we face and the urgency of ecological recovery. Yet it speaks predominantly to productivity‐based approaches that may poorly balance conservation and development goals. As a result, it overlooks or distorts the very real potential for the holistic restoration of natural and cultural ecosystems to achieve lasting social and human health and well‐being benefits, and help stem the grotesque loss of biodiversity and ecosystem health in these times. There is need for a profound paradigm shift to address the prevailing economic and political climate that is keeping our world and biosphere on their current ominous trajectory. Such a paradigm shift could be based on the idea of a “restorative culture.” Practically, this could proceed by coupling the foundational philosophies and modus operandi of restoration ecology with public health medicine. The outcome would be an era of more healthy and more science‐ and knowledge‐driven sustainable restoration and local redevelopment. A restorative culture would recognize the fundamental linkages between ecosystems and human health, and consider biodiversity as fundamental to personal, community, and cultural well‐being and resilience. This requires public–private and community and individual partnerships at city, township, and watershed scales, as well as progressive industry champions working in collaboration with governments and the United Nations. 相似文献
14.
京津冀地区地处蒙古高原向华北平原过渡地带,是华北平原关键的生态屏障,在区域生态安全格局上具有重要的地位。结合地面观测、遥感监测、模型模拟和GIS空间分析技术,构建了一套京津冀地区生态系统关键服务的生态本底图谱,分析和评估了京津冀地区生态系统结构与防风固沙、水源涵养、土壤保持等关键服务的时空变化特征,并对气候变化和生态工程等驱动因素进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区生态系统类型以农田为主,占全区面积的49.7%。2000—2015年,聚落面积明显增加,农田面积大量减少,森林、草地、水体与湿地面积微弱减小。(2)多年平均生态系统防风固沙量、水源涵养量和土壤保持量分别为5.61×108 t、74.58×108 m3、7.98×108 t,燕山-太行山森林生态区的生态系统关键服务量最高,西北草原生态区其次,京津唐和华北农业生态区较低。(3)2000—2015年,防风固沙量、水源涵养量均呈不显著上升趋势,增幅分别0.11 t hm-2 a-1、0.03×10 相似文献
15.
The Bonn Challenge, a global effort to begin restoring 350 million hectares of degraded forest landscapes by 2030, was launched in 2011. To date countries have committed to restore more than 60 million hectares as part of the Bonn Challenge. As global decision‐makers, governments, and communities join the effort to restore degraded land, new questions about the economics of restoration have emerged. Critics argue that restoration takes too long, costs too much, and produces too few benefits to justify public or private expenditures. This paper addresses these concerns by presenting a methodology for valuing the net benefits of large‐scale ecosystem restoration initiatives by estimating the net benefit of achieving the Bonn Challenge. This paper also estimates the net benefit of achieving the Bonn Challenge restoration target under different social discounting regimes, different valuations of public goods, and different time horizons to see how they affect the argument for investing society's scarce resources in restoration. The results suggest that achieving the Bonn Challenge would generate a net benefit of between U.S.$0.7 and U.S.$9 trillion. The results show that restoration can create benefits that exceed its costs and that the value of these benefits might differ depending on the discount rate. The results show that lower social discount rates correspond to higher restoration rates. This suggests that the Bonn Challenge target is more likely to be met when a low social discount rate is used to discount the benefits and costs of restoration. 相似文献
16.
Colin Creighton Vishnu N. Prahalad Ian McLeod Marcus Sheaves Matthew D. Taylor Terry Walshe 《Ecological Management & Restoration》2019,20(3):182-191
Three case studies spanning tropical, subtropical and temperate environments highlight the minimum potential benefits of investing in repair of coastal seascapes. Fisheries, a market benefit indicator readily understood by a range of stakeholders from policymakers to community advocates, were used as a surrogate for ecosystem services generated through seascape habitat restoration. For each case study, while recognising that biological information will always remain imperfect, the prospects for seascape repair are compelling. 相似文献
17.
海洋生态系统服务的研究进展 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
综合了国际和国内对海洋生态系统服务的研究成果,总结归纳了海洋生态系统服务在基础理论、价值评估和应用研究等3个方面的进展.在众多的定义中,Daily(1997)的定义得到了生态学家们的普遍认可,而MA(2003)的概念更倾向于管理中应用.目前对生态系统服务的分类并不一致,MA的分类体系更为实用和便于评估.对海洋生态系统服务还缺乏系统的基础理论研究和适用的分类体系.在价值评估方面,多位学者对生态系统服务的社会价值与生态价值进行了探讨.尽管有多种技术方法可以了解人们的支付意愿,但对于不具有市场的服务价值的评估方法还有待进一步完善.应用研究主要集中在人类活动与生态系统服务之间的关系,以指导生态系统服务的管理与可持续利用.对如何更好地将生态系统服务的理论应用于实际管理和政策制定作了探讨与展望. 相似文献
18.
19.
文化服务是一种重要的生态系统服务类型,也是连接生态系统和社会系统的重要桥梁。以浙江省武义县南部生态公园为研究对象,以规划应用为导向,以Sol VES模型为基础,以专家调查法为补充,以价值指数(VI)评估生态系统文化服务价值,结果表明:(1)武义县南部生态公园中部及北部生态系统文化服务价值较高,东北部存在一条价值较高的生态系统文化服务带;(2)牛头山、延福寺、柳城畲族镇—十里荷花等是生态系统文化服务价值较高的热点地区;(3)受访专家认为美学、文化遗产、康养、消遣娱乐价值较为重要,教育、宗教与精神价值重要程度相对较低;(4)6种生态系统文化服务价值均与距道路、水体距离呈负相关关系,林地对应的VI范围最广,农田、水域对应的VI相对较高。将评估结果应用于武义县南部生态公园总体规划,为其提出空间布局与环境要素改善等方面的建议。通过本研究发现,SolVES模型与专家调查法相结合是一种适用于规划应用的文化服务价值评估方法,可为管理决策提供知识和技术支持。 相似文献
20.
目前国内外对自然资本价值核算的理论与方法尚未取得共识,无疑制约了自然资本核算在生态环境保护中积极作用的发挥。基于此,本文分别从自然资本内涵及其价值核算理论基础、国内外自然资本存量与流量核算方法实证研究、自然资本货币化价值核算的合理性等方面对已有文献进行梳理与分析,发现目前自然资本核算研究主要集中在生态产品的功能量与价值量核算而缺少生态资产货币价值量核算的研究;当前采用的生态产品价值量核算的生态系统类型系数表、本地化生态过程模型、能值当量替换三种方法在精度适用性、应用推广性和计算便捷性上各有优劣,尚待进一步的深入研究;最后对自然资本货币核算的一些争论进行了分析。通过上述研究和分析,提出如下新认识:(1)自然资本相关概念尚不统一,已经形成的认识包括:自然资本具有一定的稀缺性和使用价值,资本可分为存量资本(又称生态资产)和流量资本(又称生态系统服务);(2)自然资本核算技术繁多,研究成果的横向比较性较差,需要通过标准化核算技术方法和建立生态环境资源数据库等措施,进一步提高核算结果的准确性和可比性;(3)相比于基于生态系统类型价值系数方法和基于非市场化货币的当量替代方法,基于本地化参数的生态系统服务过程方法更能够反映本地生态环境特征,评估分析的准确度更高,生态管理抓手更多;(4)尽管自然资本货币核算理论和实践应用仍存在一些争论,但各国政府和各类组织都在推动自然资本核算工作,自然资本的探索性核算成果已在各国生态补偿和生态损害修复等方面发挥积极作用。 相似文献