小梅山猪Ghrelin基因的克隆及其在生殖轴的表达

以小梅山母猪为试验材料,通过RT-PCR、克隆及荧光定量,研究Ghrelin在其生长发育不同阶段生殖轴表达情况,旨在探究Ghrelin对动物繁殖性能的影响。结果表明,初生、初情期至性成熟卵巢Ghrelin mRNA表达量呈上升趋势,不同阶段间差异显著(P<0.05)。性成熟时生殖轴不同组织Ghrelin mRNA表达量,卵巢明显高于垂体和下丘脑(P<0.05),而垂体与下丘脑间差异则不显著(P>0.05)。     

Ghrelin与疼痛研究进展

Ghrelin为1999年从大鼠胃粘膜及下丘脑中发现的一种生长激素促分泌素受体(growth hor-mone secretagogue receptor,GHS-Rs)的天然配体,由28个氨基酸残基组成。Ghrelin广泛分布于机体的多个组织器官,如下丘脑、垂体、胃肠道、胰腺、心脏、性腺等。Ghrelin与其受体结合后,具有促进生长激素的释放、增加摄食、刺激胃蠕动和胃酸分泌,改善心血管等多种生物学作用。近年来有研究表明,Ghrelin在中枢神经系统具有广泛分布,并且具有镇痛作用,其主要通过调节与疼痛有关的系统和抑制促炎细胞因子的分泌进而缓解疼痛。现将Ghrelin在疼痛方面的研究做一综述。     

细胞凋亡与哺乳动物生殖

许多与细胞凋亡有关的基因产物与哺乳动物的生殖过程紧密相关,细胞凋亡在雄性缪勒氏管的正常退化,精子发生过程中正常精子的产生,卵泡闭锁,黄体退化,着床前胚胎发育,着床过程中滋养层侵入子宫内膜上皮,子宫内膜蜕膜退化及母体-胎儿免疫耐受等过程中起着至关重要的作用。     

Ghrelin在绵羊体内卵母细胞和早期胚胎的表达

为了明确ghrelin是否参与了卵母细胞成熟及胚胎早期发育进程,本研究利用免疫荧光技术和实时定量RT-PCR技术检测了绵羊卵母细胞和体内早期胚胎中ghrelin蛋白的表达定位和ghrelin mRNA水平相对表达变化规律。免疫荧光染色结果表明,ghrelin蛋白主要分布于卵母细胞胞质内;实时定量RT-PCR结果揭示绵羊卵母细胞和早期胚胎ghrelin mRNA的相对表达量依据发育阶段的不同而呈现一定变化规律,即在成熟卵母细胞,2细胞胚胎期和8细胞胚胎期显著高于未成熟卵母细胞和4细胞胚胎期(P<0.05),囊胚期表达量最高。卵母细胞和早期胚胎中ghrelin蛋白的表达及ghrelin mRNA特定的表达模式,揭示这一新型分子在绵羊卵母细胞成熟以及胚胎早期发育过程中具有潜在的调控作用。     

Ghrelin与内分泌代谢异常

Ghrelin是近年来新发现的一种小分子活性肽, 主要由胃底的X/A 样细胞分泌,是生长激素促分泌物受体(GHS-R)的内源性配体.Ghrelin及其受体也可表达于肠道、胰腺、肾脏、性腺、胎盘、甲状腺、肾上腺、下丘脑、垂体等多种内分泌组织或器官.研究表明,ghrelin与糖代谢、甲状腺疾病、肥胖、多囊卵巢综合征等多种内分泌代谢疾患有关.本文将就ghrelin与内分泌代谢异常的关系的研究进展作简要介绍.     

趋化因子与哺乳动物生殖

趋化因子(chemokine)通过其G蛋白偶联的受体介导白细胞在各种组织内迁移。最近发现,白细胞介素—8(IL-8)、单核细胞趋化蛋白—1(MCP—1)、调节激活的正常T细胞表达和分泌的蛋白(RANTES)、调节生长的原癌基因α(GRO-α)、粒细胞趋化蛋白—2(GCP—2)等趋化因子在卵泡发育、闭锁、排卵、类固醇激素生成、黄体功能、月经周期、着床、子宫颈成熟、早产和子宫内膜异位症等生殖过程中具有重要的调节作用。     

细胞壁在植物生殖生长中的作用

植物细胞壁在生殖生长中起着重要作用,如胼胝质壁启动大小孢子母细胞的分化途径,影响大小孢子的发生和发育,启动花粉萌发和花粉管伸长;固定或稳定胚胎的极性轴,维持胚胎分化状况等。     

产后鳗鲡生殖生理学的研究

产卵后的鳗鲡（Ａｎｇｕｉｌｌａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）可分为顺产鳗鲡（Ｓｍｏｏｔｈｌｙ ｏｖｕｌａｔｅｄ ｅｅｌｓ,ＳＯＥ）和部分产鳗鲡（Ｐａｒｔｌｙ ｏｖｕｌａｔｅｄ ｅｅｌｓ,ＰＯＥ）两种类型,经组织学检查发现,ＳＯＥ性腺中第Ⅳ＾＋＋＋和第Ⅴ时相的卵细胞较多,而ＰＯＥ性腺中第Ⅳ＾＋＋和第Ⅵ时相的卵细胞较多。ＳＯＥ脑部的ｍＧｎＲＨ、血清ＧｔＨ和雌二醇（Ｅ２）的含量均显著高于ＰＯＥ,但ＳＯＥ脑部ｃＧｎＲＨ－Ⅱ及血清睾酮（Ｔ）含量与ＰＯＥ无显著差异。     

Ghrelin发现和结构的研究现状

Ghrelin是生长激素促分泌素受体（growth hormone secretagogue receptor,GHSR）的内源性配体,是1999年由Kojima等人从大鼠胃组织中发现的含28个氨基酸的多肽,主要由胃黏膜泌酸腺X／A样细胞分泌并通过与其特异性受体结合而产生多种生物学效应。本文总结了近几年的文章,旨在通过对Ghrelin的发现和结构的介绍,为以后的相关研究奠定基础。     

Ghrelin 发现和结构的研究现状

Ghrelin是生长激素促分泌素受体(growth hormone secretagogue receptor,GHSR)的内源性配体,是1999年由Kojima等[]人从大鼠胃组织中发现的含28个氨基酸的多肽,主要由胃黏膜泌酸腺X/A样细胞分泌并通过与其特异性受体结合而产生多种生物学效应。本文总结了近几年的文章,旨在通过对Ghrelin的发现和结构的介绍,为以后的相关研究奠定基础。     

Ghrelin和脑功能

Ghrelin是首先从大鼠胃粘膜发现的一种新的脑-肠肽激素,具有促进生长激素释放的作用。它经辛酰化修饰具有生物学活性后可以通过血脑屏障发挥作用。研究发现,Ghrelin及其受体在脑组织(如下丘脑、大脑皮质、脑干、海马等)分布较广泛。近几年来,人们对Ghrelin和脑功能的研究也越来越多。本文就Ghrelin在学习和记忆、睡眠、焦虑、应激及神经保护等脑功能中所发挥的作用作一综述。     

Ghrelin and glucose homeostasis

Ghrelin plays an important physiological role in modulating GH secretion, insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. Ghrelin has direct effects on pancreatic islet function. Also, ghrelin is part of a mechanism that integrates the physiological response to fasting. However, pharmacologic studies indicate the important obesogenic/diabetogenic properties of ghrelin. This is very likely of physiological relevance, deriving from a requirement to protect against seasonal periods of food scarcity by building energy reserves, predominantly in the form of fat. Available data indicate the potential of ghrelin blockade as a means to prevent its diabetogenic effects. Several studies indicate a negative correlation between ghrelin levels and the incidence of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. However, it is unclear if low ghrelin levels are a risk factor or a compensatory response. Direct antagonism of the receptor does not always have the desired effects, however, since it can cause increased body weight gain. Pharmacological suppression of the ghrelin/des-acyl ghrelin ratio by treatment with des-acyl ghrelin may also be a viable alternative approach which appears to improve insulin sensitivity. A promising recently developed approach appears to be through the blockade of GOAT activity, although the longer term effects of this treatment remain to be investigated.     

生长激素释放肽的结构和功能

生长激素释放肽(growth hormone releasing peptide,Ghrelin,GHRP),是最近发现的可以促进GH分泌的肽激素,主要来源于胃,有28个氨基酸残基,其第三位氨基酸残基(一般是丝氨酸)被脂肪酸修饰,实验证明被修饰的N端是其活性核心部位。该文介绍ghrelin的主要结构和生物学功能。     

Ghrelin 对缺氧复氧状态下脂肪间充质干细胞保护作用的研究

目的:探讨缺氧复氧损伤环境下Ghrelin对脂肪来源的间充质干细胞(AD-MSCs)的保护作用,以寻求AD-MSCs心肌内移植的有利因素。方法:采用胶原酶消化法分离小鼠AD-MSCs,流式细胞术鉴定其标志。建立缺氧/复氧细胞模型,分3组:①对照组;②缺氧/复氧组(H/R);③H/R+Ghrelin(浓度分别为10-9、10-8、10-7mol/L)干预组。MTT法测定各组细胞增殖,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果:流式细胞术结果显示AD-MSCs CD44及CD90阳性,CD34、CD45阴性。AD-MSCs MTT分析显示在缺氧环境中,Ghrelin相比于单纯H/R组能够显著促进AD-MSCs的存活与增殖,并抑制其凋亡(P<0.05)。结论:Ghrelin可以明显提高缺氧复氧环境下AD-MSCs的生存与增殖,抑制缺氧诱导的凋亡发生,有望为心肌梗死的干细胞移植治疗创造新的有利因素。     

Ghrelin 对脑功能的影响

Ghrelin是生长激素促分泌素受体(growth hormone secretagogue receptor,GHSR)的内源性配体,在大鼠胃组织中首次被发现,通过与其特异性受体结合发挥生物学作用。近年来随着对其研究的深入,发现Ghrelin在多种组织中合成分泌,不仅在消化、内分泌等系统产生重要作用,对脑功能也有很大影响,可提高学习记忆能力、影响睡眠、与应激焦虑关系密切并且对脑神经起保护作用。本文总结近几年的文章,旨在通过对Ghrelin对脑功能影响的介绍,为以后的相关研究奠定基础。     

生长激素促释放剂受体配体的研究进展

生长激素促释放剂是一种合成的小分子化合物,它通过生长激素促释放剂受体而起作用,该受体是一种新的G蛋白偶联受体。以前曾认为生长激素促释放剂受体是一种孤儿受体,直到近年来从人和鼠的胃中鉴定到Ghrelin的存在,而改变了这种看法。Ghrelin是包含28个氨基酸残基的肽,在3号位的丝氨酸位点有辛酰化基团。该肽是在X／A样细胞分泌颗粒中发现的,Ghrelin的发现表明促垂体分泌生长激素可能不止受到来自下丘脑的生长激素释放激素的调节,同时还可能受到来自胃和下丘脑的Ghrelin的调节。     

Ghrelin as a target for gastrointestinal motility disorders

The therapeutic potential of ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin receptor (GRLN-R) agonists for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders is based on their ability to stimulate coordinated patterns of propulsive GI motility. This review focuses on the latest findings that support the therapeutic potential of GRLN-R agonists for the treatment of GI motility disorders. The review highlights the preclinical and clinical prokinetic effects of ghrelin and a series of novel ghrelin mimetics to exert prokinetic effects on the GI tract. We build upon a series of excellent reviews to critically discuss the evidence that supports the potential of GRLN-R agonists to normalize GI motility in patients with GI hypomotility disorders such as gastroparesis, post-operative ileus (POI), idiopathic chronic constipation and functional bowel disorders.     

Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin: three pieces of the same puzzle

The major active product of ghrelin gene is a 28-amino acid peptide acylated at the serine 3 position with an octanoyl group, called simply ghrelin. Ghrelin has a multiplicity of physiological functions, affecting GH release, food intake, energy and glucose homeostasis, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, pulmonary and immune function, cell proliferation and differentiation and bone physiology. Nevertheless, recent developments have shown that ghrelin gene can generate various bioactive molecules besides ghrelin, mainly des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin, obtained from alternative splicing or from extensive post-translational modification. Although their receptors have not yet been identified, they have already proven to be active, having intriguingly subtle but opposite physiological actions to ghrelin. This suggests the existence of a novel endocrine system with multiple effector elements which not only may have opposite actions but may regulate the action of each other. In this review, we summarize the steps which lead to the production of the different ghrelin gene products and examine the most significant differences between them in terms of structure and actions.