饥饿和食物单宁酸对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)食物摄入量和觅食行为的影响

实验室条件下,测定饥饿和食物单宁酸对东方田鼠食物摄入量和觅食行为的影响。结果表明,饥饿使实验个体的食物总摄入量增加,食物摄入率及口量大小随饥饿强度的增大而增加,而觅食频次则无显著改变,实验个体每取食回合的觅食时间呈缓慢增加的趋势,与对照组比较,觅食时间差异不显著。东方田鼠优先选择0%单宁酸食物,次为3%单宁酸食物,而对6%单宁酸食物的摄入量最少。在饥饿条件下,东方田鼠食物摄入率的增加主要源于其口量大小,觅食频次和觅摄食时间对食物摄入量增加的贡献不显著。在饥饿条件下,植食性小哺乳动物并未通过延长觅食时间,降低用于防卫、繁殖活动时间来增加食物摄入量,而是通过增加口量大小,提高其食物摄入率来满足其营养需要。验证了饥饿与植物次生化合物共同作用引起田鼠类动物生理的改变,能影响其食物摄入量及觅食行为的假设。     

食物网结构与功能: 理论进展与展望

食物网刻画了物种间通过捕食而形成的复杂网络关系。阐明食物网结构与功能之间的关系, 既是生态学的基本理论问题, 也是预测全球变化背景下生态系统响应的重要依据。早期关于食物网结构与功能的研究往往是分离的, 或是基于食物链等的简单网络模型, 而近期研究基于复杂食物网模型取得了重要理论进展。本文综述了食物网研究的理论方法和近期进展, 特别介绍了复杂食物网中的结构、多样性和功能的度量指标、结构-多样性-功能之间的关系以及全球变化对食物网结构与功能的影响。本文最后对未来的一些研究方向进行了展望, 包括与功能性状和化学计量学的整合、食物网与其他网络类型的整合以及拓展食物网研究的空间和时间尺度。     

The effect of food and water deprivation on post-stress analgesia in mice and levels of beta-endorphin and dynorphin in blood plasma and hypothalamus

Pain sensitivity of food and/or water-deprived male mice was tested on a hotplate. The most pronounced analgesia ensued in animals given no food and water, and no food but water ad libitum, the least one in water-deprived mice. The magnitude of the rise in pain threshold depended on the duration of deprivation and was correlated with the increase in the blood plasma beta-endorphin level. In the hypothalamus beta-endorphin level increased after 72-h food deprivation only. The level of dynorphin remained unchanged. Naloxone (10 mg/kg) almost completely reversed food or water-deprivation induced analgesia.     

Climate change and food security

Dynamic interactions between and within the biogeophysical and human environments lead to the production, processing, distribution, preparation and consumption of food, resulting in food systems that underpin food security. Food systems encompass food availability (production, distribution and exchange), food access (affordability, allocation and preference) and food utilization (nutritional and societal values and safety), so that food security is, therefore, diminished when food systems are stressed. Such stresses may be induced by a range of factors in addition to climate change and/or other agents of environmental change (e.g. conflict, HIV/AIDS) and may be particularly severe when these factors act in combination. Urbanization and globalization are causing rapid changes to food systems. Climate change may affect food systems in several ways ranging from direct effects on crop production (e.g. changes in rainfall leading to drought or flooding, or warmer or cooler temperatures leading to changes in the length of growing season), to changes in markets, food prices and supply chain infrastructure. The relative importance of climate change for food security differs between regions. For example, in southern Africa, climate is among the most frequently cited drivers of food insecurity because it acts both as an underlying, ongoing issue and as a short-lived shock. The low ability to cope with shocks and to mitigate long-term stresses means that coping strategies that might be available in other regions are unavailable or inappropriate. In other regions, though, such as parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India, other drivers, such as labour issues and the availability and quality of ground water for irrigation, rank higher than the direct effects of climate change as factors influencing food security. Because of the multiple socio-economic and bio-physical factors affecting food systems and hence food security, the capacity to adapt food systems to reduce their vulnerability to climate change is not uniform. Improved systems of food production, food distribution and economic access may all contribute to food systems adapted to cope with climate change, but in adopting such changes it will be important to ensure that they contribute to sustainability. Agriculture is a major contributor of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), so that regionally derived policies promoting adapted food systems need to mitigate further climate change.     

食品添加剂研究现状及发展趋势

近年来食品添加剂的研究主要集中在新型安全的天然食品添加剂研究、食品添加剂制备中的新技术研究和食品添加剂的检测分析技术研究三个方面。本文概述了我国食品添加剂的现状、发展趋势及该领域的研究热点问题。同时对这两年国家自然科学基金委员会（以下简称基金委）在食品科学学科食品添加剂分支学科资助情况进行了分析,在基金申请中新型天然食品添加剂的研究受关注度较高,而利用生物技术制备天然食品添加剂这一研究热点在今年的申请和资助项目中也有体现。基金委在食品添加剂这一分支学科的资助体现了目前食品添加剂发展的趋势。     

Balancing food availability and hydrodynamic constraint: phenotypic plasticity and growth in Simulium noelleri blackfly larvae

Organisms through phenotypic plasticity can cope with multiple changed environmental conditions. Theory predicts that animals in streams and rivers should be able to balance demands of the needs to obtain food efficiently and to adjust response to hydrodynamic variability. This study examined effects of variations in food availability and current velocity on the feeding structure and growth rate of Simulium noelleri blackfly larvae. The larvae developed larger labral fans and more rays under slow current and low food regimes than in fast current and high food conditions. In both fast and slow current regimes, growth rates were higher and development periods to the final-instar stage were shorter in high food treatments. The estimated flux rates of food particles through labral fans under high food treatments for both fast and slow current regimes were higher than those under low food treatments. Although both food and current velocity appeared to have selected for flexibility of feeding structure and growth rate, food availability was a more important factor for phenotypic and developmental plasticity than current velocity. The results indicate a strong link between environmental changes in food availability and current velocity, phenotypic plasticity, and growth rate of S. noelleri. This study suggests that plasticity of ecomorphs with macroevolutionary significance may play a role in the early evolutionary stages of blackfly larvae.     

The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio)

Access to food is of major importance to the fitness and survival of every individual, particularly in group-living animals, in which individual characteristics and food distribution can affect food intake. Additionally, several species of primates are known to share food under certain conditions. Such unresisted transfer of food from one individual to another appears to be adaptive, for instance as a tool to maintain and reinforce social bonds. In this study, we aimed to test how food retrieval and food sharing varies depending on the social relationship between individuals, and on the characteristics of the food. In six different test conditions, we provided a captive group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio, N = 23) with multiple food items, differing in quality, quantity, density, monopolizability, and effort required to obtain it. We further used behavioral observations to assess individual relationships and possible variations in grooming exchanges linked to food sharing events. Out of 424 events in which food items were retrieved by the subjects, we detected no instances of active food sharing and only 17 of passive food sharing. The way food was retrieved was affected by individual and food characteristics (i.e., quantity, quality, and monopolizability of food): Males and central individuals (i.e., those connected to many partners, and/or having partners with many connections in the social network) were more likely to retrieve food during test conditions. In particular, events of passive food sharing mostly happened when the quality of food was low, and between individuals belonging to the same community (i.e., having close relationships). No other food characteristics affected the probability to share food, and the occurrence of food sharing had no immediate effect on grooming exchanges. Overall, our findings suggest that food sharing is relatively rare in Guinea baboons unless the food has a low quality and individuals form close social bonds.     

Neural and hormonal control of food hoarding

Many animals hoard food, including humans, but despite its pervasiveness, little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying this appetitive behavior. We summarize studies of food hoarding in humans and rodents with an emphasis on mechanistic laboratory studies of species where this behavior importantly impacts their energy balance (hamsters), but include laboratory rat studies although their wild counterparts do not hoard food. The photoperiod and cold can affect food hoarding, but food availability is the most significant environmental factor affecting food hoarding. Food-deprived/restricted hamsters and humans exhibit large increases in food hoarding compared with their fed counterparts, both doing so without overeating. Some of the peripheral and central peptides involved in food intake also affect food hoarding, although many have not been tested. Ad libitum-fed hamsters given systemic injections of ghrelin, the peripheral orexigenic hormone that increases with fasting, mimics food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding. Neuropeptide Y or agouti-related protein, brain peptides stimulated by ghrelin, given centrally to ad libitum-fed hamsters, duplicates the early and prolonged postfood deprivation increases in food hoarding, whereas central melanocortin receptor agonism tends to inhibit food deprivation and ghrelin stimulation of hoarding. Central or peripheral leptin injection or peripheral cholecystokinin-33, known satiety peptides, inhibit food hoarding. Food hoarding markedly increases with pregnancy and lactation. Because fasted and/or obese humans hoard more food in general, and more high-density/high-fat foods specifically, than nonfasted and/or nonobese humans, understanding the mechanisms underlying food hoarding could provide another target for behavioral/pharmacological approaches to curb obesity.     

Environmental temperatures and the incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales

The incidence of food poisoning in England and Wales has been increasing for many years and it is now a major public health problem. Superimposed on this general rising trend is a well-established tendency for the number of cases of food poisoning to rise during the summer when warm weather favours the multiplication of pathogenic micro-organisms. This paper shows that weekly notifications of food poisoning in England and Wales are strongly associated with environmental temperatures, but that there are some important time lags in this relationship. The number of cases of food poisoning in a given week was only weakly correlated with the temperature of that week and the one preceding it. This suggests that factors operating close to the point of consumption within or outside the home are not the principal cause of the rise in food poisoning associated with warm summer conditions. There was a much stronger association with temperatures 2–5 weeks earlier, pointing to the importance of factors operating earlier in the food production or distribution system. The results of this study suggest that the food poisoning problem requires action by food producers and distributors as well as by consumers. Received: 15 May 2000 / Revised: 17 October 2000 / Accepted: 18 October 2000     

Cholecystokinin and bombesin effects on rewarded and nonrewarded operants

Rats were food-rationed (15 g/day) and trained to bar-press for food. In Experiment 1, the animals were injected with cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK, 2 μg/kg), bombesin (BBS, 12 μg/kg), normal saline, or prefed with 20 Noyes 45 mg pellets. The animals were then tested for one hour for bar-pressing responses with food reward. In Experiment 2, the animals were similarly trained, treated, and tested for bar-pressing responses without food reward. The results showed that BBS and prefeeding decreased bar-pressing, rewarded or non-rewarded, but the CCK effect was greatly decreased when food was withheld. It appeared that the CCK effect was more dependent upon the presence of food than the BBS or prefeeding effects. The results were discussed in terms of involvement of the food and reward-related oropharyngeal stimuli for the CCK effect and the drive-related stimuli for the BBS and prefeeding effects.     

Sex differences in food acquisition and aggression in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Competition for food within the social group has been postulated as an important factor affecting primate social organization. This study examined how factors such as sex, aggression, dispersion of food, and amount of difficulty involved in obtaining food affect the distribution of food in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) social groups. Mated pairs of adultC. jacchus were presented with food that was either dispersed or concentrated, and either difficult or easy, to obtain. The number of food pieces obtained, aggressive displays, incidents of physical aggression, and amount of time spent searching for food were recorded for each animal. Neither dispersion nor difficulty in obtaining food had significant effects on the distribution of food or any of the other behaviors examined. The primary factors affecting food distribution were aggression and amount of time spent searching. Females obtained more food than males in all situations because they were more aggressive and apparently more motivated to search for food than were males.     

实验动物和食品安全

本文从食品安全、风险评估、食品毒理学、动物试验和实验动物5个方面对食品安全和实验动物的关系进行了阐述.     

The impacts of Japanese food losses and food waste on global natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions

Japan depends heavily on imports for its food supply. Since 2000, the food self‐sufficiency ratio has remained approximately 40% on a caloric basis. Japanese food wastage (i.e., food losses and food waste) is estimated to have been 6.42 million tonnes (50 kg per capita of wastage) in 2012. These values indicate that food wastage leads to wasted natural resources and excessive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions both in Japan and in countries that export to Japan. This study estimates Japanese food wastage by food item to evaluate impacts on land and water resources and global GHG emissions during the processing, distribution, and consumption phases of the food supply chain while also considering the feed crops needed for livestock production. Despite uncertainties due to data limitations, in 2012, 1.23 million hectares of harvested land were used to produce food that was eventually wasted, and 413 million m³ of water resources were wasted due to Japanese food wastage in agricultural production. Furthermore, unnecessary GHG emissions were 3.51 million tonnes of CO₂ eq. in agricultural production and 0.49 million tonnes of CO₂ eq. in international transportation. The outcomes of the present study can be used to develop countermeasures to food wastage in industrializing Asian countries where food imports are projected to increase and food wastage issues in the consumption stage are expected to become as serious as they currently are in Japan.     

细菌生物被膜与食品生物危害

食源性病原菌生物被膜是威胁食品安全的一个重大隐患。生物被膜一旦在食品加工过程中形成,易引起相当严重的交叉污染和加工后污染,产生极大危害,从而导致一系列严重的健康问题。本文就食源性病原菌生物被膜的分布、形成机制以及防治措施进行了综述。     

MTII attenuates ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding and food intake

Food deprivation triggers a constellation of physiological and behavioral changes including increases in peripherally-produced ghrelin and centrally-produced agouti-related protein (AgRP). Upon refeeding, food intake is increased in most species, however hamsters primarily increase food hoarding. Food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding by Siberian hamsters are mimicked by peripheral ghrelin and central AgRP injections. Because food deprivation stimulates ghrelin as well as AgRP synthesis/release, food deprivation-induced increases in hoarding may be mediated by melanocortin 3 or 4 receptor (MC3/4-R) antagonism via AgRP, the MC3/4-R inverse agonist. Therefore, we asked: Can a MC3/4-R agonist block food deprivation- or ghrelin-induced increases in foraging, food hoarding and food intake? This was accomplished by injecting melanotan II (MTII), a synthetic MC3/4-R agonist, into the 3rd ventricle in food deprived, fed or peripheral ghrelin injected hamsters and housed in a running wheel-based food delivery foraging system. Three foraging conditions were used: a) no running wheel access, non-contingent food, b) running wheel access, non-contingent food or c) a foraging requirement for food (10 revolutions/pellet). Food deprivation was a more potent stimulator of foraging and hoarding than ghrelin. Concurrent injections of MTII completely blocked food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food intake and attenuated, but did not always completely block, food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food hoarding. Collectively, these data suggest that the MC3/4-R are involved in ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food intake, but other neurochemical systems, such as previously demonstrated with neuropeptide Y, also are involved in increases in food hoarding as well as foraging.     

Effect of US identity on elimination and recovery of autoshaped responding with explicitly unpaired and degraded contingency extinction procedures

The depressive effects of noncontingent and explicitly unpaired food unconditioned stimuli (USs) and the recovery from those effects on autoshaped responding were examined in a series of experiments with pigeons. In Experiments 1 and 2, responding to a keylight conditioned stimulus (CS) previously paired with food was depressed equally by explicitly unpaired presentations of either that same food or a different food. Furthermore, responding recovered equally following removal of the explicitly unpaired foods. In contrast, Experiments 3 and 4 showed that noncontingent presentations of a food US depressed responding more to a keylight CS paired with that same food than to a keylight CS paired with a different food. Moreover, removal of the noncontingent foods led to complete recovery but more rapid extinction of responding to the same keylight relative to the different keylight. The implications of these results for understanding the mechanisms underlying depression and recovery of responding following degraded contingency and explicitly unpaired extinction procedures are discussed.     

City Level of Income and Urbanization and Availability of Food Stores and Food Service Places in China

Objective

The contribution of unhealthy dietary patterns to the epidemic of obesity has been well recognized. Differences in availability of foods may have an important influence on individual eating behaviors and health disparities. This study examined the availability of food stores and food service places by city characteristics on city level of income and urbanization.

Methods

The cross-sectional survey was comprised of two parts: (1) an on-site observation to measure availability of food stores and food service places in 12 cities of China; (2) an in-store survey to determine the presence of fresh/frozen vegetables or fruits in all food stores. Trained investigators walked all the streets/roads within study tracts to identify all the food outlets. An observational survey questionnaire was used in all food stores to determine the presence of fresh/frozen vegetables or fruits. Urbanization index was determined for each city using a principal components factor analysis. City level of income and urbanization and numbers of each type of food stores and food service places were examined using negative binomial regression models.

Results

Large-sized supermarkets and specialty retailers had higher number of fresh/frozen vegetables or fruits sold compared to small/medium-sized markets. High-income versus low-income, high urbanized versus low urbanized areas had significantly more large-sized supermarkets and fewer small/medium-sized markets. In terms of restaurants, high urbanized cities had more western fast food restaurants and no statistically significant difference in the relative availability of any type of restaurants was found between high- and low-income areas.

Conclusions

The findings suggested food environment disparities did exist in different cities of China.     

Microbial food chains and food webs

Mathematical models for simple microbial food chains and food webs in continuous culture are developed and analyzed. A model for competition of two microbial species for a single scarce resource is also presented as a degenerate case of the food web model. Two models for food chains are developed. The first is based on a model of microbial growth (Monod's) that is widely mentioned and used at the present time. The second is based on a generalization of that model that recent experimental results on microbial food chains seem to require. Experimental data for microbial food webs are almost entirely lacking but a tentative model having what are felt to be the right properties is developed and analyzed. The results obtained from these models seem to be consistent in most circumstances with current ecological thinking on community dynamics.     

MTII attenuates ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding and food intake

Food deprivation triggers a constellation of physiological and behavioral changes including increases in peripherally-produced ghrelin and centrally-produced agouti-related protein (AgRP). Upon refeeding, food intake is increased in most species, however hamsters primarily increase food hoarding. Food deprivation-induced increases in food hoarding by Siberian hamsters are mimicked by peripheral ghrelin and central AgRP injections. Because food deprivation stimulates ghrelin as well as AgRP synthesis/release, food deprivation-induced increases in hoarding may be mediated by melanocortin 3 or 4 receptor (MC3/4-R) antagonism via AgRP, the MC3/4-R inverse agonist. Therefore, we asked: Can a MC3/4-R agonist block food deprivation- or ghrelin-induced increases in foraging, food hoarding and food intake? This was accomplished by injecting melanotan II (MTII), a synthetic MC3/4-R agonist, into the 3rd ventricle in food deprived, fed or peripheral ghrelin injected hamsters and housed in a running wheel-based food delivery foraging system. Three foraging conditions were used: a) no running wheel access, non-contingent food, b) running wheel access, non-contingent food or c) a foraging requirement for food (10 revolutions/pellet). Food deprivation was a more potent stimulator of foraging and hoarding than ghrelin. Concurrent injections of MTII completely blocked food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food intake and attenuated, but did not always completely block, food deprivation- and ghrelin-induced increases in food hoarding. Collectively, these data suggest that the MC3/4-R are involved in ghrelin- and food deprivation-induced increases in food intake, but other neurochemical systems, such as previously demonstrated with neuropeptide Y, also are involved in increases in food hoarding as well as foraging.