白龙江中下游浮游动物的初步调查

白龙江是嘉陵江干流上游的一条支流,它发源于甘肃、四川边境岷山北麓的郎木寺。干流流经甘肃的迭部、舟曲、武都、文县和四川的青川、广元等县、市,于昭化汇入嘉陵江,全长576公里。白龙江从武都至昭化为中下游,长200公里。随着白龙江水力资源的开发,将在于流的沙川坝至昭化河段的苗家坝、碧口、麒麟寺、     

四川九寨沟自然保护区浮游动物调查

2002年5～6月、7～8月和2003年7月分3次对九寨沟自然保护区四条主沟的浮游动物多样性进行了调查。结果表明：九寨沟主要水体浮游动物由3门、5纲、11目、20科、34属、71种组成。区系特点以原生动物种类最丰富,有34种,占浮游动物种类组成的47．8％,其中根足纲种类最多,达29种,占全部浮游动物的40．8％;其次为节肢动物有21种,占29．6％;种类最少的类群属轮虫,仅16种,占22．5％。分布以长海、熊猫海、珍珠滩种类最多,数量最大。     

中山市淡水浮游动物区系调查

2005年6～7月和12月对中山市主要淡水水体的浮游动物区系进行了调查。结果表明,中山市主要淡水水体浮游动物由38目92科129属317种组成。区系特点以原生动物最丰富,有30目82科102属263种,占浮游动物物种总数的83%;其次为轮虫,有4目4科19属37种组成,占12%;枝角类和桡足类物种数最少。各样点浮游动物种类在11～168种之间,种类最少的出现在洪奇沥,最多的出现在逍遥谷。研究结果表明,中山市淡水浮游动物资源比较丰富。各区系浮游动物的分布与水体的营养状态密切相关,污染严重的水体,种类数较少,清洁水体,种类数较多。     

三门湾浮游动物的季节变动及微型浮游动物摄食影响

2002年8月、11月、2003年2月和5月,在三门湾进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查。根据采集的浮游动物样品的分析鉴定及海上现场实验结果,对浮游动物的群落组成、生物量、丰度、多样性指数的分布和季节变动及其浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食影响进行研究。结果表明,三门湾浮游动物有67属,89种,16类浮游幼体,主要可划分为4个生态类群：以近岸低盐类群为主,其优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、真刺唇角水蚤Labidocera etwhaeta、捷氏歪水蚤Tortanus derjugini、太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartiapacifica、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausia sinica和百陶箭虫Sagitta bedoti等。半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广布种相对较少。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布趋势除了夏季有所差异外,其它季节基本一致。2月份和5月份,浮游动物生物量和丰度,从湾顶向湾口呈逐渐增加趋势;8月份,湾口区生物量最高,而丰度高值区出现在湾顶部;11月份,生物量和丰度的平面分布相对均匀。浮游动物种类多样性指数有明显的季节变化,其动态变化与浮游动物种数和丰度的变化一致。微型浮游动物对浮游植物存在摄食压力,且有季节变化,摄食率的变化在0．18．0．68d^-1,微型浮游动物的摄食率低于相同季节的浮游植物生长率。微型浮游动物对浮游植物摄食压力的变化范围为16．1％-49．1％d^-1,对初级生产力摄食压力的变化在58．3％-83．6％d^-1。11月份,微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力的摄食压力均出现最高值。     

行船扰动对京杭运河镇江段浮游动物群落的影响

浮游动物作为初级消费者之一,在维持水生态系统健康发挥着关键作用。内河航运作为一种常用的运输方式之一,其带来的水生态环境影响日益引起关注。通过对比京杭运河镇江段干流及其自然支流,探究了行船扰动对河流浮游动物群落的影响。结果表明,行船扰动不仅显著降低了河流浮游动物密度和生物量(P<0.05),而且改变了其群落的季节特征。与自然支流相比,航运干流浮游动物的密度和生物量分别下降79.7%和82.0%;多样性季节变化变弱,Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数季节变异系数降低。此外,行船扰动还改变了浮游动物的季节演替规律,主要优势种由\"长额象鼻溞-颈沟基合溞-无节幼体-角突臂尾轮虫\"的春夏秋冬季节演替规律转变为了\"无节幼体-无节幼体-无节幼体-角突臂尾轮虫\"。研究结论不仅为京杭运河水生态系统保护与修复提供理论支持,也为内河航运的生态环境效应评估提供依据。     

长江仪征—崇明段的轮虫调查

作者于１９８８年５月－１９９０年７月对长江下游仪征－崇明江段的轮虫进行了调查,发现轮虫１０３种,平均密度１５．６个／升,平均生物量０．０１３１毫克／升。各江段轮虫的种类组成及数量分布差异较大,这与长江口复杂多变的环境有关,其中盐度是造成这种差异的主要因素。     

河口浮游动物生态学研究进展

综述了国内外有关河口浮游动物种类组成、时空分布、生物量及其环境影响因素等方面的若干研究进展。河口地区潮流、径流共存,是陆海相互作用的集中地带,环境因子复杂多变,生态环境敏感脆弱。因此,研究河口浮游动物群落结构的时空变化有助于更好地揭示近海生态系统的特征。河口水域重要的浮游动物有原生动物、轮虫、桡足类、糠虾、水母等。环境因素和人类的活动对浮游动物种类组成和时空分布具有重要影响,河口浮游动物群落结构变化主要受到食物、温度、盐度、动物摄食以及径流等因素的影响,盐度是决定浮游动物分布的关键性非生物因子。近年来的研究表明,微型浮游动物（原生动物,轮虫和无节幼体）在河口生态系统中占有重要地位,是微食物网和传统食物网连接的关键环节。浮游生物网是采集浮游动物样品的主要工具,对研究结果有重要影响,我国许多学者使用浅水Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型浮游生物网（网孔为507μm和169μm）采集样品,导致小型和微型浮游动物（如无节幼体）逃逸,研究结果被严重低估,而这些小型和微型浮游动物是幼鱼的重要开口饵料,因此合适的浮游生物网对于研究浮游动物极其重要。并对今后我国河口浮游动物生态学研究中值得关注的科学问题进行了探讨。     

三峡水库蓄水期长江万州段干支流浮游动物群落特征研究

为探明三峡水库蓄水后浮游动物的群落结构变化,于2017年11月调查了三峡库区长江万州段干、支流的水质情况以及浮游动物种类和组成变化,分析了浮游动物和水体环境因子之间的关系以及长江干流浮游动物的演替情况。结果表明：流经万州城区的长江干、支流水质都已达到富营养化状态,且支流的污染程度比干流更严重。浮游动物共检出28属39种,以原生动物和轮虫为主。长江干流的浮游动物优势种类有5种,支流有9种。典范对应分析发现,硝态氮和总悬浮物是影响冬季浮游动物种群变化最重要的环境因子。分析三峡库区万州及其周边地区长江干流浮游动物的长期演替发现,随着水环境的稳定,水体中原生动物的种类逐渐从喜流水型向喜静水型转变。与2012年同期相比,本次调查中原生动物和轮虫的相对丰度增加,浮游动物生物多样性减少,这可能和水位波动的长期影响和城市水体污染有关。     

西太平洋浮游动物种类多样性

西太平洋区是全球海洋生物种源中心,许多类群的最高物种多样性都出现于该区域,因此,在该区开展种类多样性的研究不仅重要和必要,而且具有在跨国尺度上进行综合管理和相互合作的迫切性。本文在西太平洋的浮游动物样品鉴定分类、编目、文献资料整理和分析的基础上,记录和编入西太平洋10个浮游动物类群2,658种(含亚种),隶属于206科675属,其中水螅水母类99科251属697种,栉水母类12科22属59种,浮游软体动物14科35属86种,介形类8科89属416种,桡足类51科156属908种,糠虾类4科58属202种,磷虾类2科8属56种,十足类8科22属105种,毛颚类5科8属48种,被囊类5科26属81种。     

长江口北支水域浮游动物的研究

依据2003年7月(丰水期)和2004年1月(枯水期)对长江口北支水域环境调查资料,研究了长江口北支水域浮游动物分布变化成国.结果表明,丰水期浮游动物生物量较高,平均为234.38 mg·m^-3,涨、落潮时分别为141.3和327.40mg·m^-3;枯水期为188.81 mg·m^-3,涨、落潮时变化不大,分别为184.69和192.93 mg·m^-3;涨潮时长江口北支西侧水域生物量高于东侧,落潮时则相反;潮汐对种类数的影响不明显;多样性指数(H')值涨潮大于落潮.丰水期涨潮时北岸生物量高于南岸,落潮时相反,而枯水期两岸差别不如丰水期明显.长江口北支浮游动物分布的变化与长江口门外浮游动物数量季节变动和潮流携带有关,与长江径流关系不明显.柯氏力通过潮夕作用,是长江口北支南北两岸生物量差异形成的重要原因.     

Zooplankton feeding on seston in the Rhone River plume area (NW Mediterranean Sea) in May 1988

In the Rhone delta area the seston concentration was maximum in the plume waters where small-sized particles dominated, while marine waters were characterized by large particles. The food conditions were optimal for grazers in the interface layer, where the high chlorophyll concentration contrasted with the low values found under the plume.The mesozooplankton specific composition did not show marked difference in and outside the plume. No special pattern for particle size selection by grazers appeared in the plume, contrary to marine waters, where largest particles were the most intensively grazed. The calculations of specific ingestion and filtration rates show that the plume waters (particularly at the salinity interface) were more favourable to zooplankton feeding than the marine ones (outside and under the plume). Nevertheless, taking into account the high level of seston biomass in the whole area studied, the daily grazing pressure of mesozooplankton was very low.     

Zooplankton of two arms in the Morava River floodplain in Slovakia

The species composition, seasonal dynamic of biomass and density of zooplankton were studied in two arms with a different hydrological regime. The samples were collected in two hydrologically different years — extremely wet in 2002 and extremely dry in 2003. In the first arm the mean annual chlorophyll-a concentration was 31.6 μg L⁻¹ (2002) and relatively high 64.7 μg L⁻¹ during 2003. Mean seasonal zooplankton wet biomass was low and varied: 11.6 g m⁻³ (2002) and 2.93 g m⁻³ (2003). Total zooplankton density was high (7,370 N L⁻¹) in 2002, when rotifers predominated in an open water zone and contributed up to 81% of the total zooplankton biomass and 83% of the total zooplankton density. In medial and littoral zone, in total, 22 cladoceran and 15 copepod species were identified. In the second arm the mean annual concentration of chlorophyll-a was high: 74.8 μg L⁻¹ (2002) and 61.4 μg L⁻¹ (2003). Mean seasonal zooplankton wet biomass varied from 92.5 g m⁻³ (2002) and 44.10 g m⁻³ (2003). In 2002 the planktonic crustaceans predominated; their mean biomass was 87.1 g m⁻³ and B. longirostris formed more than 91% of this value. In 2003, the zooplankton density was high (15,687 N L⁻¹), when rotifers contributed up to 94% of this value. The boom of rotifers (58,740 N L⁻¹) was recorded in June 2003. In total, 45 cladoceran and 14 copepod species were recorded in the medial and littoral zones. During observation we concluded that the structure of zooplankton, particularly species composition, abundance, biomass and seasonal dynamics are affected by the fluctuation of water levels in the arms of the rivers’ inundation areas. This unstable hydrological regime prevented the development of planktonic crustaceans.     

Ecological zonation of the hyperhaline estuary of the Casamance River (Senegal): Foraminifera,zooplankton and abiotic variables

Due to a long-lasting drought afflicting the Sahel, the Casamance River has been transformed into a hyperhaline estuary, with salinities up to 170% at a distance of 210 km from the sea. Foraminifera and zooplankton populations both show a marked decrease in the number of species in increasingly confined water, the distribution of species being closely related to the evolution of abiotic variables. Our three-prong study allowed us to identify six zones, upwards from the sea. The uppermost ones are characterized by drastic conditions which considerably reduce the number of species. Therefore, the populations of Foraminifera, zooplankton and even fish become oligo or mono specific. The Casamance River appears to fit quite well into the general rules concerning hyperhaline environments. However, it shows some peculiar features which are: the large dimensions of the hyperhaline estuary (over 230 km long and over 5 km wide in the lower course); peak salinities among the highest known for a permanently open estuary (up to 170%); and water remaining trapped inside the river for several years.     

Zooplankton Dynamics in the Hyper‐Eutrophic Nakdong River System (Korea) Regulated by an Estuary Dam and Side Channels

Zooplankton in the main channel of the Nakdong River and in three tributaries was sampled from June 1994 to September 1995. Planktonic rotifers (Brachionus spp., Keratella spp., and Polyarthra spp.), cyclopoid nauplii and small cladocerans (Bosmina longirostris) were numerically dominant. There was considerable longitudinal variation of zooplankton biomass in the main channel as well as spatial heterogeneity among the major tributaries. In the middle region of the main channel, between river kilometer (RK) 170 and 150 above the estuary dam, total zooplankton abundance sharply increased from less than 100 ind. L^—1 to more than 1,000 ind. L^—1. In a downstream direction toward the estuary dam, phytoplankton biomass increased while total zooplankton biomass decreased. However, as shown by the increasing transport of zooplankton biomass, zooplankton was diluted in the reach of the estuary dam. Advective effects from major tributaries appear to be the contributory factor for the higher zooplankton biomass in the middle region. Overall, rather the external factors (flushing, retention) than internal factors (e.g., phytoplankton) appear to be responsible for changes in zooplankton abundance toward the river mouth.     

The Planktonic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-IBI): An approach for assessing lake ecosystem health

Using historical (1970) and more recent (1996) Lake Erie plankton and trophic status data, we developed a Planktonic Index of Biotic Integrity (P-IBI) to measure changes in lake ecosystem health. We used discriminant analysis to determine phytoplankton and zooplankton community characteristics (metrics) that distinguished among levels of impairment. Traditional measures of lake trophic status classes (i.e., oligotrophic, mesotrophic, eutrophic), such as chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations, were used to classify sites on a gradient of impairment. We then judged the ability of plankton metrics to distinguish among trophic status classes. Because of the temporal variability found in plankton communities, we conducted analyses on a monthly basis (May–September). For June, July and August we found five unique metrics that could distinguish among trophic status classes. The P-IBI showed an increase in water quality in Lake Erie between 1970 (<3 = eutrophic) and the mid-1990s (1996 and 1997) (3–4 = mesotrophic) (which reflected mean (±standard error) total phosphorus concentrations (μg/L) 1970 > 1996; western basin (41.53 ± 2.68 > 29.75 ± 1.39), eastern basin (14.84 ± 0.82 > 7.74 ± 0.28) and mean (±standard error) chlorophyll a concentrations (μg/L) uncorrected for pheophytin 1970 > 1996; western basin (12.58 ± 1.82 > 5.40 ± 0.22), central basin (5.90 ± 0.36 > 3.17 ± 0.54), and eastern basin (5.17 ± 0.38 > 1.67 ± 0.18)), with declining water quality in the late 1990s (1998 and 1999) (3) and 2002 (<3). We recommend that the techniques used in creating the P-IBI be investigated for determining ecosystem health of other lakes.     

River flow influence on the fish community of the Tagus estuary (Portugal)

The influence of river flow on the fish community was assessed for the Tagus estuary (Portugal), based on sampling surveys carried out between 1979 and 2002. Four estuarine areas were sampled using similar fishing gear and effort in all the years considered in this study (1978–1980; 1995–1997; and 2001–2002). According to river freshwater flow values, sampling years were classified as wet (mean value of 714 m³ s⁻¹, sd = 110 m³ s⁻¹) or dry (mean value of 164 m³ s⁻¹, sd = 19m³ s⁻¹). Species richness varied between 22 and 39 according to the year, but no significant differences were related to river flow. The number of species per ecological guild was also similar in wet and dry years. Fish assemblage was dominated by marine occasional, estuarine resident and marine-estuarine opportunist species that represented near 90% of all fish species. The highest densities were represented by estuarine resident species. Fish density in dry and wet years differed significantly (mean density of 10.51 individuals 1,000 m⁻² and 3.62 individuals 1,000 m⁻², respectively), and the major differences were registered for estuarine resident, marine-estuarine opportunist and catadromous species. These differences probably reflected the estuarine habitat availability and also differences in fish densities in some estuarine areas under different flow conditions. The multivariate ordination analyses performed outlined both seasonal and spatial variation trends in fish distribution and abundance. The estuarine longitudinal gradient and its relationship with species distribution were less evident in dry years. Relationships between species abundance and river flow were different according to species, which is probably due to different needs in the timing and magnitude of river flow. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Impact of hydrology on aquatic communities of floodplain lakes along the Daugava River (Latvia)

During July 2004, various limnological characteristics of 24 floodplain lakes and reservoirs have been explored along the Middle Daugava for the first time in order to reveal possible impact of the long-term mean annual flooding frequency on their phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrozoobenthos and macrophyta communities. Obtained data series were analysed by Spearman’s rank correlation method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method and Renkonen’s similarity test. UPMGA method was used for single linkage clustering of the lakes based on the abundance of phyto- and zooplankton taxa. Low similarity between the obtained cluster trees and hydrological grouping was stated indicating minor impact of the flooding hydrology on summer plankton communities of these lakes. Significant correlation between the flooding frequency and several physicochemical and biological parameters was found. Six main factors, which explain observed variations, were extracted by PCA. Significant negative impact of hydrological connectivity on zooplankton species diversity as well as positive impact on Oligochaeta density was stated, whereas other biotic parameters were affected by local factors, such as lake morphology, internal loading of nutrients from sediments, throphic interactions as well as local source of dissolved organic matter.     

Influence of environmental characteristics on the distribution of ciliates in the River Henares (Central Spain)

We studied the composition, distribution and dynamics of ciliated protozoan communities as well as their relationships with the physical-chemical characteristics of their environment in the River Henares (Central Spain).A total of 67 species belonging to 54 genera were identified. Thirty-four species were subjected to statistical treatment using absence-presence data. Principal component analysis reduced the number of variables to two factors which accounted for 84.73% of total variance. The first axis grouped non-conservative variables, which strongly depended on biological activity. This axis was identified with nutrient status and pollution level. In contrast, the second factor included conservative variables, poorly influenced by the activity of organisms. This axis was identified with the water mineral content. From the arrangement of different species of ciliates with regard to these two factors, and using non-hierarchic cluster analysis, we established three different groups with respect to each factor.The saprobiological characterization of the different sampling points indicated that three different stretches can be distinguished in all seasons, and we propose some tentative relationshps between chemical and biological variables which characterize the different levels of saprobity in this river.     

Study of the Effect of Different Techniques on Diversity of Freshwater Hyphomycetes in the River Nile (Upper Egypt)

Four different techniques were applied, lead mapping of Eucalptus rostrata; randomly leaf sampling; Millipore filtration; spores in foam, for the study of aquatic hyphomycets communities in the River Nile. Triscelophorus monlosporus, Anguilospora longissima, Flagellospora curvula and Tetracladium marchalianum were the dominant species in all the techniques used. Aquatic hyphomycetes diversity was high by using leaf mapping (23 species) and randomly leaf sampling (30 species) but it was low by using Millipore filtration (11 species) and spores in foam (8 species) techniques.     

Colonization processes of diatoms on artificial substrates in the River Danube near Budapest (Hungary)

Periphyton was collected from sand-blasted slides exposed in the main channel of River Danube at Gö (1669 rkm). Samples were taken from 21 May to 23 November in 1984. Three to four days after placing the substrates into the river the first traces of an observable coating appeared. The formation of the algal coating in the Danube presented certain periodical features. From time to time, an essential decrease in the number of individuals could be observed, which generally coincided with changes in the struc- ture of the community. This could be traced well, by grouping the algae according to morphological categories and following the temporal changes affecting these categories. The early phase of the colo- nization process is dominated by relatively large araphid and biraphid diatoms. In the second phase small bi- and monoraphid species are dominant. Finally, the medium size mono- and biraphid algae are dominating.