X—5树脂吸附和分离萝卜红色素

研究报道了X－5树脂吸附和分离萝卜红色素的方法。试验结果表明：在pH3.0-5.0时,树脂X－5时萝卜红色素具有较强的吸附能力和吸附选择性,其吸附容量为82.6mg/g树脂,吸附平衡时间30min,X－5树脂对产生萝卜异味的萝卜苷几乎不吸附,同时用50％的乙醇溶液洗脱,可获得90.8％以上的萝卜红色素。用该工艺生产的色素产品为深红色粉状,色价比国家标准提高了13倍。     

食用天然色素的提取及其稳定性研究

研究了食用天然色素的一般提取工艺及其理化性质,并实验分析了光、热、酸碱、防腐剂、氧化还原剂对萝卜红色素、郁金香红色素、郁金香黄色素的稳定性影响。     

胭脂萝卜花青素提取及对NCI-N87细胞增殖侵袭的影响

为研究胭脂萝卜花青素的提取工艺,考察了液料比、浸提温度、浸提时间、超声功率、超声时间对花青素提取率的影响。采用MTT实验、细胞侵袭实验研究了花青素对人胃癌细胞NCIN87增殖、侵袭的作用,进一步用免疫印迹分析其对HER2信号通过的影响。结果表明,结合响应面分析得出胭脂萝卜花青素最佳提取工艺为:以1%盐酸乙醇为提取剂,液料比10∶1,40℃浸提2h,400W超声波破碎15min,在此条件下,花青素的最高提取量为3.92mg/g。30μg/ml的胭脂萝卜花青素能显著抑制NCI-N87细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,同时抑制HER2蛋白及Akt的磷酸化水平。     

胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用研究进展

胭脂虫DactylopiuscoccusCosta属同翅目(Homoptera)洋红蚧科(Dactylopiidae)洋红蚧属(Dactylopius),其饲养和应用历史悠久。从干燥的雌性胭脂虫体内可以提取出一种红色色素——胭脂虫红。胭脂虫红主要由胭脂红酸、胭脂酮酸、虫漆酸D、DCⅣ(2-C-α-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷)、DCⅦ(2-C-β-葡萄糖呋喃糖苷)以及Spiroketalcarminic acid等组成,具有极高的稳定性和安全性,应用范围极为广泛,可用于医药、天然色素添加剂和化妆品等领域,价格非常昂贵。鼓励边远地区的农民饲养胭脂虫曾是云南等省份的扶贫工作之一。胭脂虫红质量的高低受多方面因素影响,如个体内在因素(性别、生长发育阶段等)、环境因素(温度、湿度、光照、害虫等)。目前,可采用核磁共振光谱法NMR、高效液相色谱结合二极管阵列和串联质谱与电喷雾电离HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS、三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析、多变量统计分析等技术检测和鉴定胭脂虫红。本文综述了胭脂虫及胭脂虫红色素的应用,以期得到昆虫学业内更广泛的关注。     

水杨酸酰化对胭脂萝卜天竺葵素稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响

为探究水杨酸作为酰化剂对胭脂萝卜天竺葵素的稳定性和抗氧化活性的影响,以保留率为指标,分析光、温度、金属离子、pH及氧化剂对酰化天竺葵素稳定性的影响,探究酰化天竺葵素对羟自由基、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力。结果表明:酰化天竺葵素对光、温度、Al3+、pH的稳定性显著提高,对Fe2+、Mg2+和Zn2+以及氧化剂H2O2的稳定性无显著差影响。酰化天竺葵素对羟自由基、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除能力与未酰化天竺葵素无显著差异。以上结果表明采用水杨酸酰化胭脂萝卜天竺葵素不影响其抗氧化活性,还能提高其对光照、温度、pH及铝离子的稳定性。     

玫瑰茄红色素的研制与应用Ⅲ.三种金属离子的效应

以热带经济植物玫瑰茄(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)的成熟花萼为原料提制而成的玫瑰茄红色素,是一种新的食用天然色素^{[3,10,11,18,19]}。我们已经简要报道过这种色素的提制工艺、理化性质、安全性和着色试验的研究结果^[2],尔后又详细报道了玫瑰茄红色素最优提取条件的选择^[4]和热效应试验^[5]。本文拟报道玫瑰茄红色素对三种金属离子的效应。     

胭脂虫质量的研究

对云南省北亚热带、南亚热带和中亚热带三种气候类型昆明、景东、禄丰、通海等试验点养殖的3代胭脂虫雌成虫干体长(CL)、千虫重(KCW)、胭脂虫蜡(CW)、胭脂红酸(CA)研究表明:Ⅰ类(约88000头/kg)和Ⅱ类(约127000头/kg)胭脂虫与国外养殖的(70000～140000头/kg)一致,胭脂红酸含量平均为18.56%,与国外资料报道的17%～24%相吻合;胭脂虫的千虫重和胭脂红酸含量均与试验点、养殖方式、收虫季节无显著性差异,而与胭脂虫的类别呈显著性差异。将商品流通的胭脂虫分为四级,加工用胭脂虫分为三级,并初步提出胭脂虫的质量指标。     

中国淡水胭脂藻属植物形态及分子系统发育分析

以云南省玉溪市和河南省焦作市新采集的2株淡水胭脂藻标本为材料, 对其进行形态特征观察和分子系统发育分析, 联合我国已报道的其他胭脂藻序列信息, 构建该属植物可靠的系统发育关系。根据其现代地理分布模式, 对胭脂藻属进行了祖先地理起源重建。基于rbcL、psbA和UPA序列, 利用贝叶斯法、最大似然法和邻接法构建的系统发育树高度一致, 研究中的标本与鸡公山胭脂藻H. jigongshanensis聚合为一个独立分支, 并得到了很高的支持率, 根据分子生物学证据, 将其鉴定为鸡公山胭脂藻。通过研究中所采集2株鸡公山胭脂藻的形态特征比较, 发现传统的形态分类特征包括藻体高度和细胞直径, 在不同的环境条件下是可变的, 不适合作为胭脂藻属植物种类鉴定的依据。对于胭脂藻属这一形态结构较为简单的类群, 必须借助分子生物学证据和系统发育分析手段对其进行种类鉴定和系统发育分析。分子系统发育分析结果表明, 中国特有种鸡公山胭脂藻H. jigongshanensis形成单系类群, 其与日本胭脂藻H. japananense亲缘关系较近, 所有淡水胭脂藻种类形成一个独立的聚类群, 与海洋种类遗传差异较大。祖先地理重建的分析结果表明, 淡水胭脂藻的祖先起源地位于北美洲, 然后逐渐向东加勒比海区域、拉丁美洲和欧亚大陆扩散, 形成现代地理分布模式。胭脂藻属独特的种类地理分布特点, 可能与其较为古老的起源时间和漫长的进化历史相关, 同时淡水胭脂藻在北美洲区域起源时间较早, 进化历史漫长, 遗传多样性大, 这与该地理区域分布的种类H. angolensis为多系类群是相一致的。     

日本红叶蘖叶片红色素研究

本文报道我们对日本红叶小蘖（Ｂｅｒｂｅｒｉｓｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉｉｖａｒ．ａｔｒｏｐｕｒｐｕｒｅａｄｌｅｎａｕｈ）新鲜叶片中红色素的研究结果。研究表明,叶片中膏状红色素含量占叶片鲜重的１８．７％,并且嫩叶比老叶中红色素含量高得多,可达２５％。这种红色素溶于水,用１％盐酸化乙醇容易将它从叶片中浸提出来,浸提液中的黄色和绿色等杂色素,可以用萃取或层析的方法除去。根据纯化后红色素溶液在不同条件下光谱和色谱的变化,来检验色素的稳定性。结果显示,在ｐＨ５以下时,该色素颜色几乎不随ｐＨ改变而变化;而当ｐＨ大于５时,溶液变为黄褐色,红色素氧化变质。该红色素在ｐＨ等于３的乙醇溶液中,耐加热,耐氧化,但耐光性较差;然而该色素在ｐＨ等于３的水溶液中却耐光照。经初步试验分析表明,日本红叶小蘖叶片中的红色素是甲基花青素－３,５－双葡萄糖苷,无毒性,是一理想的天然红色素资源亟待开发利用,可望用于某些食品、化妆品和药物糖衣的着色。金属离子钠、钾、钙、镁等对该色素无不良影响,但铁离子则会引起该色素褪色,需在应用时注意。     

豆科植物田著农杆菌转化的研究

本文报道一个简便的豆科植物田著的转化试验。田蓄子叶外值体能被含非致瘤性的Ti质"Y.载体 的根癌农杆菌感染。该载体带有一个嵌合的npr-II基因和胭脂碱合成酶基因。卡那霉素抗性愈伤组 织经胭脂碱测定、N P T-11酶活性检测和DNA分子杂交试验证明外源基因已导入了田蔷细抱。     

Effects of copper on the tyrosinase of liver pigment cells from Rana esculenta L

1. The liver pigment cells of R. esculenta L. constitute a peculiar pigment cell system of histiocytic nature and contain a tyrosinase-like activity localized in the protein component of melanosomes. 2. The effects of addition and/or removal of Cu on the DOPA-oxidase activity of the system were studied. 3. It was concluded that: (a) this tyrosinase behaves as a Cu-enzyme; (b) Cu could be involved in the regulation of the enzyme activity; and (c) mixtures of apoenzyme and active enzyme coexist in the melanosomes.     

Effect of pH and nitrogen source on pigment production by Monascus purpureus

The effect of pH and nitrogen source on pigment production by Monascus purpureus 192F using glucose as the carbon and energy source, was studied in pH-controlled, batch fermentor cultures using HPLC analysis to determine individual pigment concentrations. A maximum of four pigments were detected in fungal extracts. These were the yellow pigments monascin and ankaflavin, the orange rubropunctatin and the red pigment monascorubramine. Monascorubramine was present as the major product in all instances. Fungal growth and ankaflavin synthesis were favoured at low pH (pH 4.0), whereas production of the other pigments was relatively independent of pH. The nature of the nitrogen source affected fungal growth and pigment production, independent of pH. Ammonium and peptone as nitrogen sources gave superior growth and pigment concentrations compared to nitrate. Ankaflavin was not detected in nitrate cultures. The highest red pigment production was obtained using a glucose-peptone medium at pH 6.5, due to the secretion of red pigments into the medium under these conditions. Correspondence to: M. R. Johns     

Microspectrophotometric analysis of malarial pigment

The absorption spectra of pigment granules in erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium vivax were examined by microspectrophotometry. Our investigations show that individual pigment granules in infected erythrocytes are different and that gradual transitional stages are found from hemoglobin to a compound with a symmetric absorption spectrum with a maximum at 442 nm. This compound is likely to be the “pure” malaria pigment. The exact nature of this pigment is not clear from the absorption curves; it is certainly not chemically pure hematin or bilirubin.     

HP17, a new pigment-like antibiotic produced by a new strain of Spirillospora

Spirillospora strain 719 produces several antibiotics. On solid and liquid media, a deep red pigment is formed and diffuses throughout the culture. It was extracted with methanol from the mycelium cake and from the fermentation broth after precipitation at pH 2 and purified using TLC and HPLC. Its u.v. absorption spectrum and its physicochemical characteristics place this antibiotic in the 3.3.2.2.8 of the Berdy et al. classification. In most respects, it resembles proteinaceous pigment from Spirillospora 1655 and 1309-b that was studied and named spirillomycin. However, HP17 differs from spirillomycin principally in molecular weight and chemical nature.     

The pineal gland of the horse. Morphological and histochemical results. (With notes on the donkey and mule pineal)

The horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. Particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. Even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. A great number of pinealocytes are positive for the Masson- Hamperl reaction, and for Gomori- Bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phloxine and Gomori's paraldehyde-fuchsin. Along the connective septa, many brown- blackish pigmented cells were present; their pigment was positive for the Lillie and the Masson-Fontana reactions for the determination of melanin pigment. Another type of pigmented cells, carrying a brown yellowish pigment of lipofuscin nature was present, particularly in older animals, along the connective septa.     

Studies on the insect visual pigment sensitive to ultraviolet light: Retinal as the chromophoric group

1. The nature of the chromophoric group of the ultraviolet visual pigment of the neuropteran Ascalaphus macaronius Scop. was investigated. Analysis of the carotenoid content of the retina by the reaction with SbCl₃ indicated the presence of retinal.

2. Thin-layer chromatography of ethanol-ether extracts from retinae on silica gel demonstrated the presence of retinal isomers with R_F values corresponding to all-trans-retinal and II-cis- and/or 13-cis-retinal. Other retinal isomers and retinol were not detected.

3. Thermal denaturation released retinal from the ultraviolet visual pigment A and its photoproduct B. Analysis of the compounds resulting from thermal denaturation indicated that all-trans-retinal was predominately released. Formation of cattle rhodopsin from cattle opsin and ultraviolet visual pigment A denatured by Ag⁺ indicated that the stereoconfiguration of retinal in the native pigment is II-cis.

4. As a consequence of the retinal nature of the chromophore, the ultraviolet visual pigment of A. macaronius was designated “rhodopsin 345”, and photoproducts B and C correspond to acid and alkaline metarhodopsin, respectively. The stereoconfiguration of retinal in rhodopsin 345 and metarhodopsin, as well as the linkage of the chromophore in respect of the hypsochromic shift of rhodopsin 345, were discussed.     

Pigment movements in fish melanophores: Morphological and physiological studies

Summary The ultrastructure of the melanophores of Pterophyllum scalare was studied with respect to changes in cell shape during melanosome migration and the number and distribution of microtubules within the cell extensions. Cells were fixed with pigment fully aggregated or fully dispersed. All measurements were carried out on cross sections of cell processes, i.e. sections cut perpendicular to the long axis of the cell extensions. Cross sections of processes of melanophores with dispersed pigment are more or less ovoid in shape, and microtubules are arranged predominantly just below the cell membrane. These microtubules exhibit a relatively constant centre-to-centre spacing of about 55–65 nm. Processes of melanophores with aggregated pigment seem to be collapsed; their volume is substantially decreased but their circumference equals that of dispersed melanophores. The number of microtubules is reduced, and their regular arrangement is lost. The differences in microtubule number associated with the aggregated or dispersed state occur irrespective of the nature of the agent inducing dispersion or aggregation. In addition, apparent insertion of microtubules into the plasma membrane of the cell processes and associations of microtubules with cytoplasmic densities in the cell centre are described.The results indicate a rapid disassembly and assembly of microtubules associated with pigment movements. The possible role of microtubule associations with cell membrane and densities as sites of microtubule polymerization is briefly discussed.This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

链霉菌-ZLT产生的蓝色素性质研究

报道了一株链霉菌产生的蓝色素的性质。研究表明,该色素水溶性好,具有较高的热稳定性;低pH条件下,抗氧化还原能力较强。大多数所测试的金属离子基本不影响色素的性质。中性条件下色素耐日光,碱性条件下耐紫外光。     

叶绿体色素提取、分离及理化性质测定实验的改进

分析了《植物生理学》修订本[1]教材中实验"叶绿体色素提取、分离及理化性质测定"中存在的问题,提出了相应的改进建议。     

Study of Chemical Structure and of Photochemical Activity of Abiogenic Flavin Pigment

A product with molecular mass of 500–550 Da was isolated from a pigmented material formed by thermolysis (185°C) of a mixture of glutamic acid, glycine, and lysine (the optimal molar ratio of 8:3:1). After purification by chromatography the spectra of absorption and luminescence as well as IR- and PMR-spectra of the isolated pigment were studied. Based on the obtained data, the pigment was identified as a structural analogue of biological flavins: isoalloxazine heterocycle with two hydroxyl groups as well as a substitute of the amino acid nature. Like natural flavins, the abiogenic pigment photosensitized in solution both anaerobic and aerobic reactions of electron transfer from donors (ascorbate, Na₂-EDTA) to acceptors (redox- sensitive dyes, nicotinamide, Mo(IV) ), with the rate practically identical to that in the case of use of riboflavin. The ability of abiogenic flavin and riboflavin to photosensitize redox reactions was preserved after absorption of their molecules on particles of clay minerals (kaolinite, bentonite, celite) ; however, the absorption affected the rate of individual photochemical reactions.