改良异硫氰酸胍法提取玛咖(Maca)叶片中总RNA研究

为了获得质量较高的玛咖总RNA,对其总RNA的提取进行了研究。以玛咖无菌苗叶片为材料,通过改良的异硫氰酸胍法提取其总RNA。结果:所提取的总RNA纯度高、完整性好,电泳条带清晰,OD260/OD280值达到1.90±0.03,总RNA的得率达到252.57±1.12μg/g。表明改良的异硫氰酸胍法适合于玛咖叶片中RNA的提取,所提取的总RNA纯度高、完整性好,为进一步的玛咖分子生物学研究打下良好基础。     

一种从苏铁叶片中有效提取RNA的方法

由于苏铁（ Cycas revoluta） 叶片中含有大量的多糖多酚等次生代谢物, 常规RNA 提取方法很难获得优质的RNA。在常规的CTAB 法中加入了硼砂和β- 巯基乙醇来消除多酚和多糖的干扰, 得到了一个从苏铁叶片中有效提取RNA 的方法, 每克鲜叶片可获得约930μg RNA。A260 280 和A260 230 的纳米波长的吸收比值都约为2 , 表明RNA 的质量较好。获得的RNA 可用于Northern blot 和反转录PCR 等分析, 也说明RNA 的质量比较好。此外, 改进的提取方法也适合于含有次生代谢产物的其它植物, 同样可以获得优质RNA。     

斑马鱼总RNA提取和纯化

采取异硫氰酸胍法从斑马鱼的3个样品中提取和纯化RNA,结果表明,RNAA260分别为0、587、0．719、0．151.A260/A280比值分别为1．89、1．92、1．82。电泳条带也清晰可见,可以用于进一步的分子生物学研究。     

槟榔黄化病组织RNA提取方法的比较

为了从发生黄化病的槟榔茎、叶、花中提取到完整的RNA,采用了CTAB法、Trizol法和异硫氰酸胍法提取槟榔黄化病组织RNA。从RNA的完整性、产率和纯度方面对这几种方法进行了比较,结果表明,异硫氰酸胍法所得RNA完整性较好,条带清晰无明显降解,OD260/OD280介于1.8-2.0之间,RNA得率较高,为120μg/g以上,并能成功进行反转录制备cDNA,表明该RNA可以进行后续分子生物学操作。     

一种丹参高质量总RNA的提取方法

高质量RNA的获得是开展丹参分子生物学研究的基础。采用异硫氰酸胍(Guanidine Thiocyanate,GT)法、尿素法、CTAB法、苯酚法和热硼酸改良法等五种方法．以丹参组织培养的幼苗为材料,进行丹参RNA的分离试验,发现所采用的几种方法获得的RNA都有不同程度的降解。分析可能是由于丹参中含有大量的多糖以及各种次生代谢成分造成的。在分析现有结果的基础上对GT法进行了改良,在第二次沉淀前附加低浓度乙醇(10％～20％)沉淀20min对于高质量总RNA的获得效果较好。琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测改良后的GT法无论对于组织培养中幼嫩的根、茎、叶还是大田两年生的丹参根、茎、叶和种子均具有很好的RNA分离效果。mRNA电泳检测发现所得mRNA集中分布在500b～3kb之间且质量较高,完全可以满足丹参各种RNA相关的分子生物学实验要求,为丹参RT—PCR、Northern杂交等分子生物学实验提供了良好的基础。     

三七总RNA提取方法的对比研究

比较利用改进的异硫氰酸胍一步法、异硫氰酸胍高盐法、CTAB法和Thomas’RNA提取法等4种方法提取三七根茎2个部位总RNA的可行性。结果表明,改进的异硫氰酸胍一步法和异硫氰酸胍高盐法能有效地抑制酚类物质、多糖及皂苷等次级代谢产物对总RNA的影响,可从三七根茎中获得质量高、完整性好的总RNA。RT—PCR分析显示提取的总RNA具有反转录活性。这2种方法具有快速、简单、有效的特点。     

改良异硫氰酸胍一步法提取红豆杉细胞RNA

将Chomczynski建立的RNA一步分离法加以适当改进,用以提取红豆杉细胞株E2、TC、H21的总RNA,所获RNA样品的A260/A280比值分别是1.82±0.03、1.85±0.04、1.74±0.03;A260/A230比值分别为2.02±0.03、2.15±0.03、2.03±0.05;得率分别为51.36±0.05μg/g、52.40±0.04μg/g、51.08±0.06μg/g新鲜细胞.变性琼指糖凝胶电泳图谱显示每一样品均具有完好的28S和18S两条亮带.     

棉花叶绿体基因RNA编辑位点的测定及分析

陆生植物叶绿体RNA编辑是转录后基因表达调控的一种重要方式。该文在预测棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）叶绿体基因RNA编辑位点的基础上,选取中棉10（CRRI 10）为实验材料,采用PCR、RT-PCR及测序等方法,确定CRRI 10的27个叶绿体蛋白编码基因共有55个编辑位点,均是C→U的转换。与棉种柯字310（C310）的编辑位点比对后发现,CRRI 10多出accD-468和rpoC1-163两个编辑位点,同时缺失psbN-10。利用生物信息学分析这3个位点,rpoC1-163和psbN-10的编辑可能会改变各自蛋白的二级结构。对CRRI 10中55个编辑位点上游的顺式作用元件（？30–？1）分析显示,共有8组顺式作用元件的相似性达到60%或以上,推测各组中的编辑位点可能由相同的反式作用因子来识别。     

广东苏铁及中国东南部几种苏铁的研究

本文对华东南(台湾,广东,海南)产的广东苏铁、台东苏铁及海南苏铁的形态学、解剖学和分类学问题、以及这几种苏铁的亲缘关系进行了讨论。本文附有检索表及图。     

非洲菊花瓣RNA提取方法的改进

利用异硫氰酸胍一步法和植物总RNA提取试剂盒（RNeasy Plant Mini Kit）提取非洲菊（Gerbera hybrida）花瓣中总RNA时存在多糖的干扰。实验中利用异硫氰酸胍一步叶提取总RNA,在RNA沉淀后,再次加入适量变性液,冻融2次,再加热至45℃使RNA完全溶解;试剂盒提取时,适当延长各提取步骤的离心时间,并增加DEPC H2O溶解RNA的时间。通过以上操作方法的改进可排除多糖的干扰,得到高质量的总RNA。为进一步利用Northern杂交技术研究非洲菊中花色素苷基因的表达,进行花色改良提供了方便、有效的实验手段。     

The mitochondrial genome of the gymnosperm Cycas taitungensis contains a novel family of short interspersed elements, Bpu sequences, and abundant RNA editing sites

The mtDNA of Cycas taitungensis is a circular molecule of 414,903 bp, making it 2- to 6-fold larger than the known mtDNAs of charophytes and bryophytes, but similar to the average of 7 elucidated angiosperm mtDNAs. It is characterized by abundant RNA editing sites (1,084), more than twice the number found in the angiosperm mtDNAs. The A + T content of Cycas mtDNA is 53.1%, the lowest among known land plants. About 5% of the Cycas mtDNA is composed of a novel family of mobile elements, which we designated as "Bpu sequences." They share a consensus sequence of 36 bp with 2 terminal direct repeats (AAGG) and a recognition site for the Bpu 10I restriction endonuclease (CCTGAAGC). Comparison of the Cycas mtDNA with other plant mtDNAs revealed many new insights into the biology and evolution of land plant mtDNAs. For example, the noncoding sequences in mtDNAs have drastically expanded as land plants have evolved, with abrupt increases appearing in the bryophytes, and then in the seed plants. As a result, the genomic organizations of seed plant mtDNAs are much less compact than in other plants. Also, the Cycas mtDNA appears to have been exempted from the frequent gene loss observed in angiosperm mtDNAs. Similar to the angiosperms, the 3 Cycas genes nad1, nad2, and nad5 are disrupted by 5 group II intron squences, which have brought the genes into trans-splicing arrangements. The evolutionary origin and invasion/duplication mechanism of the Bpu sequences in Cycas mtDNA are hypothesized and discussed.     

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Hevea brasiliensis reveals genome rearrangement, RNA editing sites and phylogenetic relationships

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is an economical plant and widely grown for natural rubber production. However, genomic research of rubber tree has lagged behind other species in the Euphorbiaceae family. We report the complete chloroplast genome sequence of rubber tree as being 161,191 bp in length including a pair of inverted repeats of 26,810 bp separated by a small single copy region of 18,362 bp and a large single copy region of 89,209 bp. The chloroplast genome contains 112 unique genes, 16 of which are duplicated in the inverted repeat. Of the 112 unique genes, 78 are predicted protein-coding genes, 4 are ribosomal RNA genes and 30 are tRNA genes. Relative to other plant chloroplast genomes, we observed a unique rearrangement in the rubber tree chloroplast genome: a 30-kb inversion between the trnE(UUC)-trnS(GCU) and the trnT(GGU)-trnR(UCU). A comparison between the rubber tree chloroplast genes and cDNA sequences revealed 51 RNA editing sites in which most (48 sites) were located in 26 protein coding genes and the other 3 sites were in introns. Phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast genes demonstrated a close relationship between Hevea and Manihot in Euphorbiaceae and provided a strong support for a monophyletic group of the eurosid I.     

RNA editing in an untranslated region of the Ginkgo chloroplast genome.

mRNAs in plant cell organelles can be subject to RNA editing, an RNA processing step altering the identity of single nucleotide residues. In higher plant chloroplasts, editing proceeds by C-to-U conversions at highly specific sites. All known plastid RNA editing sites are located in protein-coding regions and, typically, change the coding properties of the mRNA. To gain more insight into the evolution of editing, we have determined the molecular structure and RNA editing pattern of the psbE operon of the primitive seed plant Ginkgo biloba. We report here the identification of altogether four sites of C-to-U editing, two of which are unique to Ginkgo and have not been found in other species. Surprisingly, one of the sites is located in an intercistronic spacer, thus being the first chloroplast editing site detected outside a protein-coding region. This indicates that the plastid editing machinery can operate also in untranslated regions and without having apparent functional consequences.     

The evolution of chloroplast RNA editing

RNA editing alters the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule so that it deviates from the sequence of its DNA template. Different RNA-editing systems are found in the major eukaryotic lineages, and these systems are thought to have evolved independently. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of data on C-to-U editing sites in land plant chloroplasts and propose a model for the evolution of RNA editing in land plants. First, our data suggest that the limited RNA-editing system of seed plants and the much more extensive systems found in hornworts and ferns are of monophyletic origin. Further, although some eukaryotic editing systems appear to have evolved to regulate gene expression, or at least are now involved in gene regulation, there is no evidence that RNA editing plays a role in gene regulation in land plant chloroplasts. Instead, our results suggest that land plant chloroplast C-to-U RNA editing originated as a mechanism to generate variation at the RNA level, which could complement variation at the DNA level. Under this model, many of the original sites, particularly in seed plants, have been subsequently lost due to mutation at the DNA level, and the function of extant sites is merely to conserve certain codons. This is the first comprehensive model for the evolution of the chloroplast RNA-editing system of land plants and may also be applicable to the evolution of RNA editing in plant mitochondria.     

Computational prediction of RNA editing sites

MOTIVATION: Some organisms edit their messenger RNA resulting in differences between the genomic sequence for a gene and the corresponding messenger RNA sequence. This difference complicates experimental and computational attempts to find and study genes in organisms with RNA editing even if the full genomic sequence is known. Nevertheless, knowledge of these editing sites is crucial for understanding the editing machinery of these organisms. RESULTS: We present a computational technique that predicts the position of editing sites in the genomic sequence. It uses a statistical approach drawing on the protein sequences of related genes and general features of editing sites of the organism. We apply the method to the mitochondrion of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. It correctly predicts over 90% of the amino acids and over 70% of the editing sites.     

高等植物叶绿体RNA编辑研究进展

RNA编辑普遍存在于陆生植物中,在高等植物叶绿体中以C→U的替换为主,可能是叶绿体产生功能蛋白的重要方式。近年来,使用体外分析、叶绿体转化和紫外交联等技术,使叶绿体RNA编辑机制的研究取得较大进展。本文对这些新的进展进行了概述,并对高等植物叶绿体RNA编辑研究中有待解决的问题进行了展望。     

Expanding genome capacity via RNA editing

RNA editing, which results in the creation of RNA molecules that differ from the template from which they were made, is a highly specific process. Alterations include converting one base to another, removal of one nucleotide and substitution of another, deletion of encoded residues, and insertion of non-templated nucleotides. Such changes have marked effects on gene expression, ranging from defined amino acid changes to the de novo creation of entire open reading frames. Editing can be regulated in a developmental or tissue-specific manner, and is likely to play a role in the etiology of human disease.