Nat Immunol:调节性T细胞Tbet、GATA-3转录因子的动态调控与免疫耐受的维持

<正>当接受到特异性的抗原刺激后,CD4+T细胞将会启动激活与分化的进程,从而进入免疫效应阶段。目前已知的效应性CD4+T细胞包括Th1,Th2,Th17,Tfh,以及一类起负向调节作用的"调节性T细胞"(regulatory T cell,Treg)。免疫学领域一致认为,CD4+T细胞的分化方向主要是由几种转录因子分别决定的:T-bet控制T细胞分化成为Th1,GATA-3控制T细胞分化成为Th2,RORγt决定T细胞分化成为Th17,而Treg的代表性转录因子是Fox P3。由于对于每一个T细胞来说,分化的命运只有一     

缺氧条件下效应型记忆型CD4~+ T细胞功能的免疫代谢基础

正效应型记忆型CD4+T细胞(effector memory CD4+T cell,EM CD4+T cell),在含氧量正常的血液和缺氧的组织间循环,进而识别同源抗原,发挥免疫功能。然而,这些细胞的线粒体是如何在氧气含量不断变化的情况下,维持细胞生物能量稳定和抵抗细胞凋亡的呢?本文作者针对这一科学问题进行了研究,作者发现,缺氧状态下,相较于初始T细胞,EM CD4+T细胞能     

IRF4与BATF在LCMV刺激下对CD8~+ T细胞功能有重要影响

<正>丙型肝炎、艾滋病等慢性病毒感染是威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一。由效应CD8+T细胞介导的细胞免疫功能在清除被感染细胞过程中至关重要,而过度的免疫应答也可造成正常组织细胞损伤,二者的平衡受CD8+T细胞功能决定。然而,目前CD8+T细胞功能调控因子及机制尚不清楚。干扰素调节因子4(interferon regulatory factor 4,IRF4)是B细胞成熟及CD4+T细胞亚群维持、分化的关键因子,然而其对     

联合使用低剂量环磷酰胺有效增强热休克蛋白gp96免疫佐剂功能

前期研究发现热休克蛋白gp96作为分子伴侣,能特异结合乙肝病毒(HBV)表位肽,并将结合的多肽交叉呈递给MHCⅠ类分子,从而激活病毒特异性CD8+ T细胞(CTL).在此基础上,研究BALB/c小鼠模型联合低剂量环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)对热休克蛋白gp96免疫佐剂功能的影响.以gp96或其N端片段(N355)与H-2Kd限制的乙肝病毒核心蛋白表位HBcAg87-95作为佐剂联合低剂量CTX免疫BALB/c小鼠.联合使用低剂量CTX的试验组CD8+T细胞、IFN-γ+CD8+T细胞、乙肝抗原特异T细胞比例显著高于未使用CTX的对照组(P＜0.05),且联合使用CTX的试验组CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(T Regulatory Cells ,Treg)比例显著低于单独使用gp96和N355试验组(P＜0.05),说明低剂量的CTX能特异性抑制Treg从而导致T细胞的增加.以上研究表明联合使用低剂量的环磷酰胺能有效增强gp96免疫佐剂功能,这为进一步优化gp96佐剂疫苗的使用提供了依据.     

T细胞表位的确定

确定抗原分子被T细胞所识别抗原分子上的短肽序列,对T细胞表位进行定位对于特异性免疫应答的调节有重要意义。由于CD4~+T细胞表位和CD8~+T细胞表位在各方面性质的诸多不同,对这两种表位进行定位所采取的策略也应该是不同的。运用所选择的效应细胞对合成肽库的筛选是对CD4~+T细胞表位进行定位的有效策略,而对于CD8~+T细胞表位定位,需要通过一些特殊的手法将抗原肽导入细胞后进一步运用效应细胞进行筛选。     

CD4~+ CD25~+调节性T细胞与肿瘤免疫的研究进展

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞是CD4+T细胞的一个重要亚群,具有免疫抑制和免疫无能两大功能。CD4+CD25+T细胞与自身免疫性疾病的发生、移植耐受具有密切关联。近几年的研究表明,CD4+CD25+T细胞与肿瘤的发生发展和转归亦有着密切联系。本文就调节性T细胞的作用机制及特点与肿瘤免疫的关系作一综述。     

病毒特异性CD8+T细胞抗病毒免疫的研究进展

病毒利用宿主细胞核酸和蛋白质装置进行增殖,并与宿主细胞表面的受体结合,感染众多靶细胞c一旦建立感染,抗原呈递细胞通过内源性抗原呈递途径加工、呈递病毒抗原,激活机体免疫应答。病毒特异性免疫主要机制是细胞毒性T淋巴细胞作用,清除病原体和感染的靶细胞．同时CD8^ T细胞分化为记忆T细胞,介导再次免疫应答。     

流感病毒感染诱导T细胞免疫应答的研究进展

A型流感病毒(Influenza A virus,IAV)属正粘病毒科流感病毒属,是造成人畜呼吸道感染的重要病原微生物。随着研究的不断深入,国内外不断发现肺脏效应CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞和调节性T细胞利用多重效应和调节机制控制IAV感染。本文通过查阅流感病毒介导T细胞免疫反应的有关文献,主要对IAV逃逸T细胞免疫的策略、宿主感染IAV过程中T细胞亚群和固有免疫样T细胞产生的免疫反应等方面展开综述,为国内相关领域的研究提供理论依据。     

Notch信号通路调节葡萄糖摄取而控制记忆型CD4~+ T细胞存活

<正>T淋巴细胞能量代谢是近年一大新的热点问题,成为多种自身免疫性疾病、肿瘤及慢性炎症性疾病的研究靶点。此前的研究主要集中于效应性T细胞的能量代谢,关于记忆型T细胞的研究则限于CD8+T细胞,而记忆型CD4+T细胞的能量代谢特点尚不清楚。细胞的能量代谢与功能之间存在相互调节的关系,不同状态下的T淋巴细胞具有不同代谢方式,改变细胞的代谢状态亦将影响其功能。来自日本德岛大学的研究团队近期发现,与利用脂肪酸代谢的记忆型CD8+T细胞不同,记忆型CD4+T细胞     

自然杀伤T细胞抗胞内菌感染的研究进展

自然杀伤T细胞(NKT细胞)是免疫细胞中一类具有特定标记的T细胞亚群,能特异性识别南抗原呈递细胞表面CD1d分子所呈递的糖脂类抗原.活化后的NKT细胞能分泌多种细胞因子,参与机体的天然免疫和获得性免疫反应,还能直接杀伤靶细胞,具有效应细胞的功能.研究发现,NKT细胞在抗胞内菌感染中发挥着重要作用.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.