黔北正安安场志留系的几丁虫

通过对黔北正安安场地区下志留统龙马溪组至韩家店组27件样品的化石分析,获取了几丁虫4属14种共348枚,补充了该区几丁虫的属种多样性,自下而上划分为Conochitina edjelensis间隔带和Eisenackitina daozhenensis延限带。在系统地描述了所获几丁虫属种基础上与前人研究所划分的几丁虫带及组成分子进行了对比,更正了Conochitina sacciformis的延限范围,首次在扬子地区发现大量的Eisenackitina causiata。     

几丁虫简介

在40年代末和50年代初,非洲的撒哈拉地区开始大规模石油勘探,当钻孔取出的岩芯流出了黑色的金子——石油时,专家们迫切需要知道含油层位是什么时代形成的。在取出的岩芯样中,没有发现用肉眼可见的大化石,只有借助于微体化石了。经过酸处理后,在显微镜下,奇迹出现了,许多似花瓶状或近似于瓶状的黑色不透明的微体化石展现在视野中。小化石的出现,石油形成的地质时代得以解决,这些瓶状小化石就是我们现在叫的几丁虫(Chitinozoans)或几丁壳。几丁虫最早是在1931年由埃森纳克从欧洲波罗的海地区距今四亿多年的奥陶-志留系沉积中发现的一群有机壳体命名的。几丁虫的构造,如图所示,外形瓶状,下部的膨大部分叫腹部,上部较细部分叫颈部,颈部的顶端叫颈口,颈口边缘加厚部称颈环,颈和腹     

扬子地台中部兰维恩至兰代洛世几丁虫生物地层

本文系统介绍了湖北宜昌普溪河、黔北遵义和四川酉阳丁市兰维恩世至兰代洛世地层中几丁虫的分布发育规律,指出扬子地台中部兰维恩世至兰代洛世的几丁虫自下而上可划分为Ｃｙａｔｈｏｃｈｉｔｉｎａｊｅｎｋｉｎｓｉ,Ｃｏｎｏｃｈｉｔｉｎａｃｏｎｕｌｕｓ,Ｅｉｓｅｎａｃｋｉｔｉｎａｕｔｅｒ和Ｌａｇｅｎｏｃｈｉｔｉｎａｄｅｕｎｆｆｉ等４个生物带,讨论了各几丁虫生物带的时代意义,此外还对几丁虫化石进行了图示和描述。     

浙江淳安安吉组底部的几丁虫

浙江淳安县大坑坞剖面安吉组底部化石丰富,其中腕足动物组合属于BA3中上部,指示正常浅海底域环境。作者通过分析该层位腕足化石标本的围岩发现一个低分异度的几丁虫组合,包含3属4种,即Ancyrochitina sp.,Belonechitina cf.postrobusta sensu Butcher,Belonechitina sp.,Spinachitina verniersi。该组合具有强烈的奥陶-志留纪过渡色彩,其时代可定为奥陶纪末期至志留纪初期。这是首次在该地区获得奥陶-志留纪过渡地层的几丁虫,有助于开展国际奥陶-志留系界线精细划分对比研究。文中描述了Belonechinacf.postrobusta和Spinachiti-naverniersi。     

几丁虫研究现状及展望

几丁虫是古生代海洋中一类重要的微体生物化石,迄今已有近百年的研究历史。作为一类有效的生物地层工具,几丁虫在奥陶纪和志留纪生物地层研究中发挥着重要作用,为早古生代油气-矿产资源勘探提供可靠的地层对比资料,还为一些重大地质-环境-生物事件的全球对比提供可靠依据,特别是那些缺乏笔石和牙形类的地层。然而,随着现代古生物学的快速发展以及几丁虫资料的不断积累,几丁虫研究目前正遭遇着瓶颈期,主要体现在:(1)受制于有限的技术手段及尚未形成规范的研究标准,不少早期建立的几丁虫分类单元存在着明显的问题,如描述简单、展示标本过少、光学显微成像无法很好地揭示壳表的形态特征等,使得后期相关属种的鉴定存在争议;(2)在全球古生物数据不断被数字化和可视化的进程中,几丁虫相关工作进展迟缓。目前尚未能对全球的几丁虫数据进行有效汇总,影响了几丁虫宏演化及生物地层学研究,同时也使得几丁虫古生物地理学与古生态学这类薄弱研究环节一直未能形成突破;(3)几丁虫的生物学属性近来虽有进展,但仍有争论,亟待寻求新的证据及思路以解决这一问题。为了能有效地解决这些问题,促进几丁虫学科的持续发展,建立一个涵盖系统分类、鉴定特征、标本影像、...     

西昆仑地区志留系温泉沟群的疑源类和几丁虫

西昆仑地区处于中亚腹地的高寒缺氧地带,区域地质研究程度较低。下志留统温泉沟群中-下部轻变质的碎屑岩中一直未发现可靠的化石证据。最近,在温泉沟地区志留纪地层中发现较丰富的Leiosphaeridia,Flo-risphaeridium,Conochitina,Ancyrochitina,Desmochitina,Eisenackitina,Rhabdochitina,Cyathochitina,Lag-enochitina和?Eremochitina属等疑源类和几丁虫化石分子,为温泉沟群中-下部轻变质碎屑岩的时代确定提供了重要的微体化石方面依据。     

湖北兴山古洞口下奥陶统几丁虫

系统分析兴山古洞口下奥陶统,包括南津关组、分乡组、红花园组及大湾组底部的几丁虫微体生物化石。鉴定几丁虫5属14种,含早奥陶世特征种Eremochitina baculata,早中奥陶世常见种Conochitina decipiens,以及华南上扬子区早奥陶世常见属种Euconochitina fenxiangensis和Lagenochitina chongqingensis。E.baculata是北冈瓦纳地区弗洛早中期的特征带化石,本文的材料为该种在华南的首次确切报道,且产出层位略低,为特马豆克期。在华南,常见于特马豆克晚期的带化石Euconochitina symmetrica在该剖面的同时段地层中暂未被发现,但形态上与之高度相似的Euconochitina fenxiangensis在该时段大量出现。比较以往发表的数据后发现,E.fenxiangensis在华南的分布广泛且产出层位较为稳定,较之E.symmetrica更易获得,或可将其作为特马豆克晚期至弗洛初期区域内地层对比的一个有效卡尺。     

南京江宁坟头组几丁虫化石及其时代意义

一、前言坟头群自1956年由潘江从高家边组分出以后,时代问题争议颇多。依据多种无脊椎动物化石确定的时代意见,目前已趋于一致;而依据脊椎动物化石确定的时代意见,近来仍有不少分歧。几丁虫类一部分是浮游的,一部分是底栖的。在缺乏笔石的非碳酸岩地层中,浮游几丁虫在地层划分、对比,尤其在解决壳相和笔石相地层对比方面所起的作用已日趋重要。笔者     

上扬子地区早奥陶世几丁虫生物地层及生物古地理

基于鄂西、黔北、川南及滇东一些地区早奥陶世地层中几丁虫（１０属３１种）地质地理分布的分析，指出上扬子地台迄今发现有可靠证据的几丁虫的最低产出层位。初步建立了该区早奥陶世（特马豆克统底部至Ｎｅｍａｇｒａｐｔｕｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ带底部）９个几丁虫组合，并阐明了这些组合在地质及古生物地理方面的意义。     

长江三峡东部早奥陶世早期的几丁虫

该文介绍了国内外关于早奥陶世早期的几丁虫研究现状,描述了峡东地区早奥陶世早期分乡组的几丁虫3属6种:Conochitina symmetrica,Conochitina cf.pomoti,Conochitina sp.A,Conochitina sp.B,Lagenochitina cf.combazi,Cyathochitina sp.。根据共生的笔石和牙形石以及这些几丁虫在世界其它地区的地质分布,讨论了其时代与对比问题。指出了长江三峡东部早奥陶世早期的几丁虫面貌与世界各地同期几丁虫生物古地理的亲缘关系。     

重庆城口大塘口下奥陶统红花园组和湄潭组下部的几丁虫

文中图示和描述了重庆城口大塘口奥陶系红花园组和湄潭组下部营盘段的几丁虫计 6属, 17种。其中包括 7个未定种和 3个新种 (Conochitinadatangkouensissp. nov., C. wengxigouensissp. nov., Rhabdochitinachenk ouensesp. nov. )。讨论了几丁虫的地理和地层分布特点及其与笔石生物带的关系,阐明了红花园组和湄潭组下部营盘段不同笔石带(A. filiformis, D. bifidus和A. suecicus笔石带)中几丁虫的组合特征,并与国外同期地层几丁虫组合进行了对比。     

Chitinozoan zonation of the Late Ordovician and the Early Silurian of the island of Anticosti, Québec, Canada

A reappraisal of chitinozoan distribution across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on the Island of Anticosti has led to the recognition of a new zone, the Ancyrochitina ellisbayensis biozone, in the uppermost part of the Ellis Bay Formation. This biozone lies between the well defined Upper Ordovician Spinachitina taugourdeaui biozone and the lowest Silurian (Rhuddanian) Plectochitina nodifera biozone of the Becscie Formation. The occurrence of such diagnostic species as P. nodifera, Belonechitina postrobusta, Conochitina electa and Ancyrochitina ramosaspina in the Lower Silurian of Anticosti points to a close similarity to faunas in Estonia and north Latvia and indicates an age ranging from the Parakidograptus acuminatus to the Coronograptus cyphus in terms of graptolite zones. The chitinozoan biozonation harmonizes with that based on conodonts and, to a lesser extent, with the known graptolite faunal succession. Five new species: Ancyrochitina ellisbayensis sp. nov., Clathrochitina postconcinna sp. nov., Conochitina gunriveris sp. nov., Clathrochitina perexilis sp. nov., Bursachitina basiconcava sp. nov. and three species in open nomenclature are described.     

Ultrastructural studies of some chitinozoan vesicles

Four species of Ordovician Chitinozoa from Öland, Sweden, Cyathochitina stentor, Desmochitina minor, Lagenochitina esthonica , and Lagenochitina tumida , have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. There is very great variation in the vesicle wall ultrastructure of the specimens studied. The texture of the vesicle wall can be homogeneous or granular and can also contain denser zones. Ultrastructures such as pore canals and 'empty spaces' have been revealed. The systematic affinity of the Chitinozoa is discussed, and it is concluded that chitinozoans display typical metazoan structures represented in eggs and egg capsules of marine invertebrates and possibly also in fish.     

甘肃董湾晚新近纪地层及中新统/上新统界线

古地磁测年表明,甘肃董湾晚新近纪剖面代表了7.3～3.5 Ma间的连续风成古土壤堆积。在74.8 m厚的剖面上,发现了小哺乳动物化石层位40个,共产出小哺乳动物39种。根据小哺乳动物组合特点,董湾剖面可以划分出4个生物地层带,Ⅰ+Ⅱ带为晚中新世晚期,相当于保德期;Ⅲ+Ⅳ带为上新世早期,相当于榆社期早期。中新统/上新统界线(5.33 Ma)位于剖面距顶部35.5 m处,比以鼢鼠Mesosiphneus最早出现为标志的生物地层Ⅲ带的底界低2 m。由于榆社阶底界直接对应于中新统/上新统界线,该剖面因其良好的地层和生物条件可被推荐为榆社阶界线层型的候选剖面。     

Additional trilobite fauna from the basal part of the Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5, Kunzam La (=Parahio) Formation,Parahio Valley,Spiti (Northwest Himalaya), India and its biostratigraphic significance

Additional Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5, trilobite fauna comprising Peronopsis sp., Eosoptychoparia cf. Spinosa Gaotanaspis cf. pingzhaiensis and Gaotanaspis cf. transversa have been recorded just immediately above the known Oryctocephalus indicus biozone (Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5) in the Parahio valley section (Spiti region). The FAD of Peronopsis and LAD of Gaotanaspis are used to establish a Peronopsis–Gaotanaspis concurrent biozone immediately above the Oryctocephalus indicus biozone. The first records of Gaotanaspis cf. pingzhaiensis and G. transversa from the Cambrian of Spiti region and the other faunal elements are correlated with the Peronopsis taijiangensis biozone of the Kaili Formation (South China). The stratigraphic thickness from the base of the O. indicus biozone to the top of the Peronopsis–Gaotanaspis concurrent biozone in the Kunzam La (=Parahio) Formation and its comparison to the Kaili Formation (South China) indicate a possible stratigraphic condensation in the basal part of the Cambrian Series 3, Stage 5 of the Parahio valley (Spiti). Sedimentological and sequence stratigraphic analysis supports this contention.     

华南贵州早奥陶世红花园组的镰箭类牙形刺

本文描述了产自华南贵州下奥陶统红花园组(桐梓红花园标准剖面,沿河甘溪剖面和贵阳黄花冲剖面)的四个镰箭类牙形刺种:Drepanoistodus sp.cf.nowlani,Paltodus sp.cf.P.subaequalis,Paltodus sp.A和Paroisto-dus sp.。D.sp.cf.nowlani为红花园组常见种,但另三种则相对稀少。在红花园组标准剖面,Paltodus sp.cf.P.subaequalis最低出现于该组底部,证实此层位为晚特马豆克期。文中详细图示了产于瑞典下奥陶统的两个带化石种:Paltodus deltifer和Paroistodus proteus,以及瑞典镰箭刺属的三个常见种:Drepanoistodus forceps,D.basiovalis和D.sp.cf.D.suberectus。通过与瑞典材料的详细对比,我们认为华南以前关于P.proteus和P.deltifer两种的记述多有误,须重新厘定。     

Integrated Silurian Chitinozoan and Graptolite Biostratigraphy of the Banwy River Section, Wales

The succession of 38 upper Llandovery–lower Wenlock chitinozoan taxa from graptolitic horizons in the Banwy River section (Powys, Wales) is described. Five new species are named: Bursachitina nestorae Conochitina leviscapulae Conochitina mathrafalensis Belonechitina cavei Belonechitina meifodensis . A further ten taxa are described under open nomenclature. Seven chitinozoan biozones are recognized in the Banwy River section, three of which ( Cingulochitina bouniensis Conochitina acuminata Salopochitina bella ) are new. The base of each biozone is correlated with the graptolite biostratigraphical scheme as follows: Angochitina longicollis Biozone — upper spiralis Biozone; Conochitina acuminata Biozone — lowermost lapworthi Biozone; Margachitina banwyensis Biozone — upper lapworthi Biozone; Margachitina margaritana Biozone — lowermost insectus Biozone; Cingulochitina bouniensis Biozone — upper murchisoni Biozone; Salopochitina bella Biozone — upper firmus Biozone. The succession of chitinozoan biozones in the Banwy River section is compared with that in other sections which have graptolite biostratigraphical control. This has highlighted the following: (1) the correlation of the base of the dolioliformis Biozone with the graptolite biozonation is imprecise; (2) E. dolioliformis is recorded only from levels after the first A. longicollis in Sweden (although this may reflect previously unrecognized synonymies); (3) the longicollis Biozone may be diachronous, its base correlating with levels low in the Telychian in Sweden, Norway and Estonia and with the upper Telychian spiralis Biozone in Wales and the Prague Basin; (4) data herein and from the Prague Basin indicate that the base of the margaritana Biozone correlates with a level low in the insectus Biozone.