植物抗盐分子机制及作物遗传改良耐盐性的研究进展

盐胁迫是全球农业生产上的一个主要逆境因子。解析耐盐分子机制有助于培育耐盐能力提高的作物新品种。我们综述了植物对盐胁迫的感应及信号传导、主要Na^＋运输体、盐胁迫下的解毒途径以及耐盐途径中涉及到的表观遗传研究。此外,我们还讨论了利用遗传改良手段提高作物耐盐性的研究进展。     

验证胃液消化蛋白质的实验

初中《生物学》教材第 2册在讲述食物的化学性消化这部分内容时 ,由于学生没有学过化学 ,所以对蛋白质的化学性消化学生不易理解。在教学过程中 ,我们采用实验法解释这一过程 ,取得了良好的教学效果。1　制备人造胃液取 10片胃蛋白酶片 ,放入烧杯中 ,用清水溶去药片外面的糖衣 ,然后取出药片 ,放入研钵中研碎 (加少量的水 ) ,加 10 0 m L蒸馏水充分混合 ,并过滤。然后再加 10 0 m L蒸馏水和 2 0 m L3%的盐酸配制成人造胃液备用。2　实验过程　　课前教师取两块形状 ,大小相同的瘦肉条 ,一条浸入盛有清水的大试管甲内 ,另一条浸入盛有人造…     

盐胁迫下苜蓿中盐蛋白的诱导产生

盐胁迫下苜蓿叶片中蛋白质的合成受到抑制,而其离体叶绿体中蛋白质合成增强,ABA阻碍了后者的蛋白质合成。NaCl胁迫下,“松江”和“肇东”两品种的根和叶中均无新多肽出现。在盐敏感的“松江”品种离体叶绿体中,NaGl诱导70,65,60和43kD4种多肽产生,ABA诱导60和17kD两种多肽产生;在较抗盐的“肇东”品种离体叶绿体中,NaGl诱导83,80kD和43kD3种多肽产生,但100mmol/L NaCl并不诱导83kD多肽出现,ABA无明显作用。两品种的43kD多肽和肇东品种的80kD多肽都存在于类囊体膜上,而松江品种的60kD多肽则存在于叶绿体间质中。     

盐胁迫下小麦过氧化物酶同工酶、全蛋白变化的研究

以蛋白质含量不同的两种小麦幼苗为材料,研究了经高浓度的盐胁迫后过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶、全蛋白质的变化。结果表明,植物处于高盐环境时,会诱导或抑制某些同工酶的产生,控制蛋白质的增加和降低,以适应盐胁迫下细胞内特殊的代谢反应,从而达到抵抗盐渍侵害的目的。     

盐生植物耐盐机制概要及其在改良土壤中的作用

土壤盐碱化愈演愈烈,已成为限制我国农业生产和发展的主要原因之一,而盐生植物对于改良重要的后备土地资源——盐碱土地具有重要意义。阐述了盐生植物的种类及其抗盐机理的研究进展,以期为推进盐土农业可持续发展及运用盐生植物改良盐碱土等提供必要的理论依据。     

稻米蛋白营养品质及其遗传改良

稻米富含淀粉,贮藏蛋白易被消化吸收,是人类和牲畜能量及蛋白的主要来源;但其蛋白质和赖氨酸等含量偏低,因而营养不够全面。文章简要介绍了稻米蛋白质与氨基酸营养品质及其遗传改良的研究进展。     

微生物实验中常用细菌染色方法的改良

细菌染色方法是微生物实验中观察细菌形态结构以及掌握细菌代谢、繁殖等情况的常用普及技术。微生物实验中常用的细菌染色法包括其革兰染色法、抗酸染色法等。为进一步提高实验中细菌形态的观测质量,本文就对两种常用细菌染色法进行了改良,据实验结果显示,其改进后方法操作更加简单,更有效起到细菌染色作用及观测作用。     

实验动物皮肤病原真菌检测方法的改良

目的对实验动物皮肤病原真菌2种培养方法进行了比较。方法将采集到的3只皮肤真菌感染病兔样品经由沙氏平皿法和沙氏试管斜面培养法分别进行培养。结果在3只真菌感染病兔中应用试管斜面法我们只检测到1例皮肤病原真菌阳性,而采用沙氏平皿法3例阳性全部检出。结论结合临床检测经验,我们认为本研究的沙氏平皿法优于沙氏试管斜面法,在实验动物皮肤病原真菌常规检测中具有推广应用价值。     

南通沿海滩涂耐盐植物重金属抗性内生细菌的筛选及生物多样性

【目的】沿海滩涂耐盐植物重金属抗性内生细菌的筛选及其促生长潜在能力的研究有助于我们获得一些能够耐受并促进耐盐植物在被Cd2+、Pb2+、Hg2+、Cu2+,Zn2+等重金属离子污染的贫瘠的沿海滩涂上正常生长的菌株,达到既能够利用广袤的滩涂生物资源产生经济价值又能够净化生态环境的目的。【方法】以江苏南通沿海滩涂地区的4种耐盐植物为材料,采用稀释平板涂布法从中分离得到45株内生细菌,从中挑取23株代表性的菌株,对其进行抗重金属Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Zn2+,Hg2+的活性筛选;固氮、解磷、吲哚乙酸(IAA)的产生、1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶活性等促生指标以及NaCl耐受能力的筛选。【结果】发现分离所得的大多数细菌能够耐受高浓度的Cu2+以及Pb2+,但是对Cd2+、Zn2+,Hg2+的耐受能力则较弱;26.1%的细菌具有固氮能力,21.7%的细菌具有解磷能力,60.9%的细菌能够产生IAA,39.1%的细菌含有ACC脱氨酶。对他们进行16S rRNA基因鉴定后发现,他们分属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、喜盐芽胞杆菌属(Halobacillus)、海洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)共8个属,显示了丰富的多样性。其中菌株KLBMP 2432以及菌株KLBMP 2447为潜在的新种。【结论】沿海滩涂地区的耐盐植物内生细菌具有丰富多样的生物多样性以及促生长能力,且存在潜在的新种资源,并对重金属Cu2+,Pb2+具有较强的抗性。     

神经行为学实验Narrow-Alley Test及Corner Test改良: Narrow-Alley Corner Test

目的改良传统的Narrow-alley Test及Corner Test,增强实验的可操作性和结果的可靠性。方法用Narrow-alley Test、Corner Test及改良后的Narrow-alley Corner Test检测三组SD大鼠:脑出血 GCSF治疗组;脑出血 生理盐水安慰治疗组;正常对照组。结果(1)与Narrow-alley Test及Corner Test结果一致,正常大鼠在Narrow-alleyCorner Test实验装置中向左、向右"站立转身"的几率接近,而脑损伤大鼠则趋向沿损伤同侧作"站立转身"。(2)Narrow-alley Corner Test不须反复刺激大鼠,减少了人在实验现场对动物活动的影响,增强了实验的可操作性和结果的可信度。结论Narrow-alley Corner Test是一种可操作性强、结果可靠的神经行为学检测方法。     

Dual salt precipitation for the recovery of a recombinant protein from Escherichia coli

When considering worldwide demand for biopharmaceuticals, it becomes necessary to consider alternative process strategies to improve the economics of manufacturing such molecules. To address this issue, the current study investigates precipitation to selectively isolate the product or remove contaminants and thus assist the initial purification of a intracellular protein. The hypothesis tested was that the combination of two or more precipitating agents will alter the solubility profile of the product through synergistic or antagonistic effects. This principle was investigated through several combinations of ammonium sulfate and sodium citrate at different ratios. A synergistic effect mediated by a known electrostatic interaction of citrate ions with Fab' in addition to the typical salting-out effects was observed. On the basis of the results of the solubility studies, a two step primary recovery route was investigated. In the first step termed conditioning, post-homogenization and before clarification, addition of 0.8 M ammonium sulfate extracted 30% additional product. Clarification performance measured using a scale-down disc stack centrifugation mimic determined a four-fold reduction in centrifuge size requirements. Dual salt precipitation in the second step resulted in >98% recovery of Fab' while removing 36% of the contaminant proteins simultaneously.     

A case of multiple sclerosis improvement following removal of heavy metal intoxication

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease of the central nervous system (CNS) provoking disability and neurological symptoms. The exact causes of SM are unknown, even if it is characterized by focal inflammatory lesions in CNS accompanied by autoimmune reaction against myelin. Indeed, many drugs able to modulate the immune response of patients have been used to treat MS. More recently, toxic metals have been proposed as possible causes of neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study is to investigate in vivo the impact of heavy metal intoxication in MS progression. We studied the case of a patient affected by MS, who has been unsuccessfully treated for some years with current therapies. We examined his levels of toxic heavy metals in the urine, following intravenous "challenge" with the chelating agent calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).The patient displayed elevated levels of aluminium, lead and mercury in the urine. Indeed, he was subjected to treatment with EDTA twice a month. Under treatment, the patient revealed in time improved symptoms suggestive of MS remission. The clinical data correlated with the reduction of heavy metal levels in the urine to normal range values. Our case report suggests that levels of toxic metals can be tested in patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases as MS.     

Monitoring with lichens – Conductivity methods assess salt and heavy metal damage more efficiently than chlorophyll fluorescence

In the lab, we exposed three foliose lichen species, Lobaria pulmonaria, Parmelia sulcata and Xanthoria aureola, to 0, 0.01, 0.2, and 0.6 M NaCl in combinations with copper and zinc (0, 10, 100, 500 μM). High salt concentrations adversely affected the lichen membrane integrity as measured by conductivity methods, whereas the potential photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) was tolerant. High light was necessary to reduce Fv/Fm in thalli exposed to salt, whereas high light did not aggravate the conductivity. The seashore species X. aureola was much more resistant to salt than the old forest species L. pulmonaria. With respect to Cu and Zn, used concentrations had no (P. sulcata, X. aureola) or small (L. pulmonaria) effects on Fv/Fm. However, both heavy metals substantially increased conductivity in all species, consistent with membrane damage. Thus, the conductivity method detected high salt, high copper and high zinc stress much more efficiently than did the chlorophyll fluorescence method. This suggests that membrane integrity of the mycobiont is more sensitive to salt and heavy metal stress than potential photosystem II efficiency of its autotrophic partners.     

The introduction of specific sites for heavy metal binding in a crystalline protein

Heavy metal derivatives of the galactose binding protein of Salmonella typhimurium were obtained by the treatment of crystals with carbon disulfide under anaerobic conditions, followed by exposure to mercury-containing reagents. Carbon disulfide reacts with protein amino groups to give a metastable dithiocarbamate, which is susceptible to covalent derivatization by mercurials. The number of amino groups which react for any particular crystalline protein will depend on the pH, the composition of the crystal mother liquor, and the steric accessibility limitations imposed by crystal packing. Direct reaction with protein crystals, rather than solution derivatization followed by purification and subsequent crystallization, is used to promote isomorphism of the derivative crystal with the native and to limit the number of available sites. For the S. typhimurium galactose binding protein, carbon disulfide treatment, followed by reaction with 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, resulted in binding at two sites at pH 8.0. Similar treatment with dimercury acetate gave one binding site for the dimercurial at the same pH. Both derivatives were isomorphous with the native crystal to a resolution of at least 3.5 A. These heavy atom derivatives have been used to produce an interpretable electron density map of the protein at 3-A resolution.     

中性粒细胞吞噬功能试验的注意事项及改进方法

中性粒细胞(小吞噬细胞)吞噬功能实验是医学免疫学中的一个必修实验,该实验涉及到很多学科知识的应用。阐述了该实验进行过程中需要注意的事项及改进方法。     

动物生物化学实验教学的探索与实践

为培养高素质的人才,教学理念必须发生转变,教学的目的不仅是传授知识,重要的是对学生进行科学思维能力的训练和创新能力的培养。为此,我们课程组在动物生物化学实验教学中,从培养学生的主观能动性出发,对实验教学方法、实验教学内容优化等方面进行了一些探索性改革,以提高动物生物化学实验的教学效果。