A new variety ofCortinarius elatior from Japan

Cortinarius elatior var.albipes var. nov., found in the deciduous forest is described and illustrated. It is distinguished from the type variety by having a white stipe and longer spores. The differences betweenCortinarius elatior var.albipes and similar taxa are briefly discussed.     

A new variety of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cortinarius subalboviolaceus</Emphasis> (Sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sericeocybe</Emphasis>) from Japan

Cortinarius subalboviolaceus var. niigatensis var. nov., which grows in deciduous forests, is described and illustrated from Niigata and Gunma prefectures, Japan. It differs from C. subalboviolaceus var. subalboviolaceus mainly in its more distinct violet coloration and somewhat larger size of the basidiocarp.     

A new species ofCortinarius sect.Sericeocybe from Japan

Cortinarius prunicola sp. nov., found in orchards and plantations ofPrunus mume, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its dry and violet-white carpophores, unpleasant odor, and its close association withP. mume in spring and early summer. The differences betweenC. prunicola and similar species are briefly discussed.     

A new species ofCortinarius Sect.Hydrocybe from Japan

Cortinarius laccarioides sp. nov., found in deciduous forests, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its small hygrophanous pileus, greyish red or greyish violet lamellae and stipe, and globose to subglobose basidiospores. The differences betweenC. laccarioides and similar species are briefly discussed.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cortinarius</Emphasis> sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orellani</Emphasis> from Japan

Cortinarius breviradicatus sp. nov., found in deciduous forests, is described and illustrated from Niigata, Japan. It is characterized by its medium-sized to large dark brown basidiocarp, acutely conical pileus, and rooting stipe, and by subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. In addition, the extracting solution from its basidiocarps exhibits a strong fluorescence around 400–430 nm in ultraviolet radiation (250 nm), which was observed in a species of Cortinarius sect. Orellani. The new species belongs to the section Orellani. The differences between the new taxon and similar species are briefly discussed.     

Inoculation of willows (Salix spp.) with ectomycorrhizal fungi on mined boreal peatland

Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi was explored as a means to improve productivity of experimental short-rotation plantations of the willowsSalix viminalis andSalix dasyclados for biomass production on surface-mined peatlands in northern Finland. Both willow species formed ectomycorrhizas withAmanita spp.,Cortinarius purpurascens, Entoloma nidorosum, otherEntoloma spp.,Hebeloma crustuliniforme, H. pusillum, Laccaria bicolor, andPaxillus involutus in greenhouse experiments.Field trials on a mined peatland site revealed (after one growing season) statistically significant growth stimulation after inoculation due to mycorrhiza formation in both willow species: plants inoculated withEntoloma were sometimes twice as large as control plants. However, such effects were observed only in plots receiving normal phosphate fertilization as opposed to low phosphate application, and were not consistent from season to season. With the inoculum of other species (Cortinarius, Hebeloma andPaxillus) some evidence of growth enhancement was found in the field, but these results were sometimes attributable to non-symbiotic effects of inoculation.     

Ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius helodes and Gyrodon monticola with Alnus acuminata from Argentina

Field ectomycorrhizas of Cortinarius helodes Moser, Matheny & Daniele (sp. nov) and Gyrodon monticola Sing. on Alnus acuminata Kunth (Andean alder, aliso del cerro) are described based on morphological and anatomical features. Ectomycorrhizal roots were sampled beneath fruitbodies of C. helodes and G. monticola from two homogeneous A. acuminata forest sites located in Tucumán and Catamarca Provinces in Argentina. C. helodes ectomycorrhizas showed a thick white to beige mantle exuding a milky juice when injured, were bluish toward the apex, and had hyphal strands in the mantle. G. monticola ectomycorrhizas showed some conspicuous features like highly differentiated rhizomorphs, inflated brown cells on the mantle surface, and hyaline and brown emanating hyphae with dolipores. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer provided a distinctive profile for each of the collections of fruitbodies and the mycorrhizal morphotypes.     

(2S)-2-Amino-5-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-hexenoic acid,a new chloroamino acid,and related compounds fromAmanita gymnopus

Combining different chromatography systems, unusual nonprotein amino acids were isolated and unequivocally identified from a small amount (less than 100 g fresh weight) ofAmanita gymnopus fruit body. Without obtaining crystals of these amino acids, on the basis of¹H-NMR determination, high resolution mass spectrometry, chlorine analysis and oxidation with L-amino acid oxidase, one of them proved to be a new chloroamino acid, (2S)-2-amino-5-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-hexenoic acid (G2). The other three were (2S)-2-amino-5-hexenoic acid (G1), (2S)-2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid (G3) and (2S)-2-amino-5-hexynoic acid (G4). Amino acid (G1) was also encountered for the first time in natural products. Amino acid (G3) has been reported from several kinds of fungi belonging toAmanita, subgenusLepidella. The occurrence of amino acid (G4) was already reported fromCortinarius claricolor.Part 23 in the series Biochemical studies of nitrogen compounds in fungi. Part 22, Hatanaka, S. I. et al. 1985. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan26: 61–68.     

A new species and a new variety of Cortinarius sect. Defibulati from Niigata,Japan

 A new species and a new variety of Cortinarius sect. Defibulati are described and illustrated from Niigata, Japan. Cortinarius rugosolilacinus sp.nov., found in deciduous forests, is most similar to Cortinarius livido-ochraceus (=C. elatior), but differs mainly in its longer basidiospores, slender basidiocarp, and pale violet lamellae in the button stage. Cortinarius pseudosalor var. niigatensis var. nov., found in deciduous forests, is distinguished from the type variety by its brown to dark brown pileus with a wrinkled surface even when young. The differences between the two taxa and similar species are briefly discussed. Received: September 5, 2001 / Accepted: May 23, 2002     

内蒙古地区白桦外生菌根形态类型及分子鉴定

以内蒙古不同地区白桦外生菌根为材料,采用形态解剖学方法和分子生物学手段对与白桦共生的外生菌根真菌多样性进行全面的调查,并经对所测序列与GenBank和Database比对。结果显示:在内蒙古地区与白桦共生的外生菌根真菌共13种,其中担子菌7种,子囊菌4种,分别来自于丝膜菌属、丝盖伞属、蜡壳耳属、毛革菌属、滑菇属和空团菌属、块菌属、地怀菌属。其中,菌根类型T₈和T₁₁未能提出其总DNA,根据其外生菌根形态类型并参照Agerer体视显微镜菌根图谱和Haug菌根图谱进行比较,分类鉴定为荷顿氏疣柄牛肝菌和白桦外生菌根真菌一种。结果表明,内蒙古地区白桦外生菌根真菌多样性相对较高,且与利用地上子实体鉴定的外生菌根真菌种类有一定的区别。     

Antibiotic N", N""-Dibenzyleremomycin with a Reduced 1,2-Peptide Bond

Eremomycin derivatives with benzylated amino groups of both residues of eremosamine and with (R) or (S)-2-amino-4-methylpentyl substituted for N-methyl-D-Leu, the first amino acid residue of its heptapeptide, were synthesized in order to study the role of the peptide bond between the first and second amino acid residues of the heptapeptide moiety of the antibiotic in its interaction with the precursors of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and the exhibition of its antibacterial activity. Comparison of the antibacterial activities of N",N"-dibenzyleremomycin, de-(N-methyl-D-Leu)-N",N"-dibenzyleremomycin, and its N-(2-amino-4-methylpentyl)-derivative (1,2-deoxo-N",N"-dibenzyleremomycin) demonstrated that cleavage or replacement of the first amino acid residue by the corresponding aminoalkyl residue results in a decrease in its antibacterial activity towards both vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant strains of microorganisms.     

毛茛科六新种

该文描述了毛茛科六新种：(1)托里乌头,与阿尔泰乌头近缘,区别为其茎和叶无毛,总状花序极密集,雄蕊花丝多有1或2小齿。(2)门源翠雀花,与大通翠雀花近缘,区别为其茎极短,花序总状,退化雄蕊瓣片不分裂。(3)云台山铁线莲,与裂叶铁线莲近缘,区别为其叶为二回羽状复叶,花较小,雄蕊花丝呈黑色,无脉。(4)黑丝铁线莲,与前种云台山铁线莲在亲缘关系上极为相近,区别为其小叶较小,多呈狭卵形或披针形,聚伞花序也较小,通常只具3花。(5)五台山毛茛,与砾地毛茛相似,区别为其基生叶被柔毛,花瓣蜜槽具鳞片,心皮具短而粗的花柱和小柱头。(6)靖西铁线莲,与宝岛铁线莲在亲缘关系上接近,区别为其茎疏被短柔毛,小叶卵形或狭卵形,不分裂,聚伞花序有1~3花,萼片较大(长1.7~2 cm,宽0.5~0.7 cm)。     

Pollen-ovule patterns in tribeTrifolieae (Leguminosae)

Relative pollen and ovule production in the genera of the legume tribeTrifolieae is explored particularly as to howMedicago with its explosive pollination mechanism compares with its allies.Medicago produces much larger, although much fewer pollen per ovule than the other five genera in the tribe; this is interpreted as a consequence of its highly specialized, irreversible pollination mechanism, which allows only one effective exchange of pollen with pollinators.Melilotus andTrifolium produce a comparatively large quantity of pollen; this can be related to their floral characteristics requiring abundant pollen to achieve fertilization. InMedicago andTrigonella, annuals convert a higher proportion of pollen grains and ovules into seeds than perennials.     

毛茛科五新种

描述了毛茛科五新种:(1)托里乌头,与阿尔泰乌头近缘,区别为其茎和叶无毛,总状花序极密集,雄蕊花丝多有1或2小齿。(2)门源翠雀花,与大通翠雀花近缘,区别为其茎极短,花序总状,退化雄蕊瓣片不分裂。(3)云台山铁线莲,与裂叶铁线莲近缘,区别为其叶为二回羽状复叶,花较小,雄蕊花丝呈黑色,无脉。(4)黑丝铁线莲,与前种云台铁线莲在亲缘关系上极为相近,区别为其小叶较小,多呈狭卵形或披针形,聚伞花序也较小,通常只具3花。(5)五台山毛茛,与砾地毛茛相似,区别为其基生叶被柔毛,花瓣蜜槽具鳞片,心皮具短而粗的花柱和小柱头。     

Adaptive photosynthetic strategies of the Mediterranean maquis species according to their origin

In consideration of their origin the adaptive strategies of the evergreen species of the Mediterranean maquis were analysed. Rosmarinus officinalis L., Erica arborea L., and Erica multiflora L. had the lowest net photosynthetic rate (P_N) in the favourable period [7.8±0.6 mol(CO₂) m^–2s^–1, mean value], the highest P_N decrease (on an average 86 % of the maximum) but the highest recovery capacity (>70 % of the maximum) at the first rainfall in September. Cistus incanus L. and Arbutus unedo L. had the highest P_N during the favourable period [15.5±5.2 mol(CO₂) m^–2s^–1, mean value], 79 % decrease during drought, and a lower recovery capacity (on an average 54 %). Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea latifolia L., and Pistacia lentiscus L. had an intermediate P_N in the favourable period [9.2±1.3 mol(CO2) m^–2s^–1, mean value], a lower reduction during drought (on an average 63 %), and a range from 62 % (Q. ilex and P. latifolia) to 39 % (P. lentiscus) of recovery capacity. The Mediterranean species had higher decrease in P_N and stomatal conductance during drought and a higher recovery capacity than the pre-Mediterranean species. Among the pre-Mediterranean species, P. latifoliahad the best adaptation to long drought periods also by its higher leaf mass per area (LMA) which lowered leaf temperature thus decreasing transpiration rate during drought. Moreover, its leaf longevity determined a more stable leaf biomass during the year. Among the Mediteranean species, R. officinalis was the best adapted species to short drought periods by its ability to rapidly recover. Nevertheless, R. officinalis had the lowest tolerance to high temperatures by its P_N dropping below half its maximum value when leaf temperature was over 33.6°C. R. officinalismay be used as a bioindicator species of global change.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

地黄C3H基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

香豆酸-3-羟化酶属于植物中最大的蛋白酶细胞色素P450家族之一,在植物生命活动中发挥着重要作用。为了解地黄香豆酸-3-羟化酶基因RgC3H合成毛蕊花糖苷的功能,该研究基于地黄代谢组学分析获得KEGG途径中的C3H,采用多重比对在NCBI中获得同源基因的一个保守序列,并基于该保守序列和地黄SRA数据库,采用电子克隆和RT-PCR克隆技术获得地黄C3H基因全长CDS(RgC3H),对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:RgC3H基因全长为1 530 bp,且编码一个含509个氨基酸、分子量为57.91 kD、无信号肽的蛋白质; 基于氨基酸序列的结构分析显示,RgC3H有一个保守区域-P450结构域; 系统进化分析结果显示,RgC3H与芝麻和猴面花的C3H基因具有很高的同源性。上述结果为进一步研究RgC3H基因在地黄毛蕊花糖苷生物合成途径中的作用奠定了基础。     

Progress on the genetics of the N2-fixing actinorhizal symbiont Frankia

The actinomycete Frankia is of fundamental and ecological interests for several reasons including its wide distribution, its ability to fix nitrogen, differentiate into sporangium and vesicle (specialized cell for nitrogen-fixation), and to nodulate plants from about 24 genera. Here, we present a review on the genetics performed so far on Frankia. At the end of July 2001, 293 kbp of Frankia DNA sequences were found in the databases. Thirty five percent of these sequences corresponded to full gene or gene cluster sequences. These genes could be divided according to their role into 6 key activities: gene translation (rrnA and tRNA ^pro gene), proteolysis (pcr genes), assimilation of ammonium (glnA and glnII), protection against superoxide ions (sodF), nitrogen fixation (nif cluster), and plasmid replication. We present a review of these genetic islands; their function, expression, localization and particular properties are discussed. A comparative analysis of Frankia nif genes from various strains and species is presented. An improved nomenclature for some of these genes is suggested to avoid conflicts. Frankia plasmids DNA sequences are also presented. The novel trends in Frankia genetics are described.