薜荔和薜荔榕小蜂的共生

桑科榕属(Ficus)植物都有隐头花序,其瘿花中栖生着榕小蜂科(Agaonidae)昆虫。榕属植物的隐头花序为榕小蜂的生存提供食物和场所,榕小蜂为榕属植物传粉而效力。这类动植物间的密切的共生关系早在1亿多年前已经确立,它们兴衰与共,互为依存,繁衍至今,但人们对这种关系的确切了解却只有二三十年的历史。本文记述的薜荔和薜荔榕小蜂的形态结构、生活史及生物学行为是我国此类共生关系研究的第一例,可作为科研、教学上阐明隐头花序的形成、演化等生物进化辨证法则的实例。     

薜荔榕小蜂产卵和传粉行为

薜荔榕小蜂Blastophaga pumilae是薜荔的传粉昆虫,栖息于薜荔隐头花序中,在其生物学行为中以钻入花序产卵或传粉最为关键。研究表明：薜荔榕小蜂钻入花序平均费时69.48 min,标准差13.26 min;伤残程度很高并能在伤残的情况下完成产卵或传粉;卵的尾丝能起标识作用避免重复产卵;进入雌花序的小蜂具逃离花序的行为但不能实现;1只小蜂平均产528个卵或为1 072.4朵雌花授粉。     

薜荔榕小蜂与薜荔生活期的配合

薜荔榕小蜂(Ｗｉｅｂｅｓｉａｐｕｍｉｌａｅ(Ｈｉｌｌ)Ｗｉｅｂ.)与薜荔(ＦｉｃｕｓｐｕｍｉｌａＬ.)的形态结构特点及其共生关系已有报道[1]。本文仅就在福建泉州市区对薜荔榕小蜂的出飞及其与薜荔在生活期的配合所进行的观察,作一初步分析,为深入研究它们之间的共生关系以及在生产实践上的应用提供基础资料。1　泉州市区的自然条件与地带性植被类型　　泉州市区位于福建省东南沿海,北纬24°49′～25°18′,东经118°29′～118°41′,属南亚热带季风性湿润气候,年均温206℃,最冷月(2月)均温119℃,最热月(7月)均温285℃,年降雨量12525ｍｍ…     

薜荔和爱玉及其传粉昆虫繁殖特性

薜荔(Ficus pumila L．var．pumila)隶属桑科榕属,爱玉(F．pumila L．var．awkeotsanmg Corner)为其变种,它们的花是单性的,雌雄异株。雌花序中着生雌花,雄花序中有瘿花和雄花,每个花序中花的数量极多,达4000～6000朵。薜荔榕小蜂是唯一能进入薜荔和爱玉的隐头花序中产卵或传粉的共生昆虫,自然状态下雌花的结实率分别为82％、83．52％;瘿花的成虫瘿率分别为58．71％、51．32％,因此可形成大量的果实和虫瘿。物候观察表明薜荔和爱玉花期不遇,它们花序中的榕小蜂种群已经生殖隔离。人为的放蜂实验表明,生活于爱玉花序中的榕小蜂,已无法在薜荔花序中繁殖,生殖隔离进一步得到证实;实验同时表明爱玉的花粉亦不能使薜荔雌花结实,宿主两变种间生理上已不亲和。本文从共生双方协同进化的角度出发,探讨了榕树2变种间与传粉昆虫繁殖特性的差异,以及变种产生的主要原因。     

信息化合物对薜荔榕小蜂选择行为的影响

爱玉子和薜荔均为桑科榕属植物,与薜荔榕小蜂保持稳定的共生关系,信息化合物在维系榕树与其传粉小蜂的共生关系中起决定性作用。应用Y型嗅觉仪检测两种来源的薜荔榕小蜂对8种单一信息化合物和芳樟醇、苯甲醇和松油醇组成的混合信息化合物的趋向性反应。实验结果表明:3%和5%芳樟醇、5%的苯乙烯、7%苯甲醇、5%和7%松油醇以及7%金合欢醇对两种来源的薜荔榕小蜂均具有显著的吸引作用,7%苯甲酸甲酯对两种来源的薜荔榕小蜂有显著的趋避作用,香兰醛对两种来源的薜荔榕小蜂的行为没有显著的影响,从而表明信息化合物的种类和浓度均显著影响薜荔榕小蜂的选择行为。5%芳樟醇、3%松油醇和3%苯甲醇的混合信息化合物组合对两种来源的薜荔榕小蜂具极显著的吸引作用,信息化合物之间的交互作用极为显著。两种不同来源的薜荔榕小蜂对信息化合物反应的异同,表明两种不同来源的薜荔榕小蜂与各自宿主之间的化学通讯信号传导上存在差异,同时也表明两种不同来源的薜荔榕小蜂之间存在密切的亲缘关系。在榕树接受期花序的挥发物成分中广泛存在并占较大比例的信息化合物(例如芳樟醇),可能与榕小蜂对寄主的远程定位有关,而近距离的专性定位却是依赖于各种信息化合物严格按一定浓度、比例组成的化学图谱。实验结果为榕-蜂共生体系的化学生态学理论研究和爱玉子高产栽培提供科学依据。     

爱玉及其传粉昆虫的共生关系

爱玉是榕属攀援灌木,其隐头花序中生活着薜荔榕小蜂,爱玉一年两次开花,雌雄株比1：2,雌花序中平均有5503朵雌花。雄花序中平均有6308朵瘿花,自然状态上结实率和成虫瘿率分别为83.52%,51.33%。薜荔榕小蜂一年两代,1只雌蜂进入花序平均可产约600个卵或使1391朵雌花受粉结实,爱玉依赖薜荔榕小蜂传粉,否则不能结实;薜荔榕小蜂是惟一能进入花序的传粉者并依靠爱玉花序得以栖息,二者在形态结构。生理功能上高度互适,生活史上完全吻合衔接。生态策略上紧密协调,构成复杂而又精细的共生体系。     

薜荔榕小蜂对薜荔和爱玉子雌花期榕果挥发物的行为反应

薜荔和爱玉子均属雌雄异株桑科榕属植物,两者互为原变种与变种的关系,分别与薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂(二者互为隐存种)建立了专性共生关系,榕树榕果挥发物在维系传粉小蜂与其寄主的共生关系上起着重要作用。利用Y型嗅觉仪测定薜荔榕小蜂(薜荔和爱玉子的传粉小蜂)对薜荔和爱玉子雌花期榕果挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:(1)雌花期果型的大小对薜荔榕小蜂行为反应无显著影响,薜荔大、小果型雌花期雌(雄)榕果挥发物对其传粉小蜂均具有强烈的吸引作用;(2)榕果挥发物浓度影响薜荔榕小蜂行为反应,薜荔、爱玉子雌花期雌(雄)榕果挥发物对其传粉小蜂的吸引作用均可能存在阈值反应,即榕果挥发物浓度未超过阈值时,雌花期榕果挥发物对传粉小蜂的吸引作用与挥发物浓度成正相关关系,而一旦超过阈值,榕果挥发物对传粉蜂的吸引作用显著下降,表明寄主榕果挥发物浓度影响传粉小蜂的寄主定位;(3)薜荔传粉小蜂对低浓度爱玉子雌花期雌(雄)榕果挥发物、爱玉子传粉小蜂对低浓度薜荔雌花期雌(雄)榕果挥发物均既无趋向也无驱避行为;薜荔传粉小蜂对高浓度的爱玉子雌花期雌(雄)榕果挥发物表现为显著的驱避行为,而爱玉子传粉小蜂对高浓度薜荔雌(雄)雌花期榕果挥发物表现为显著的趋向行为,因此,薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂存在寄主专一性不对称现象,爱玉子传粉小蜂进入薜荔雌(雄)果内传粉或产卵的可能性较大,而福州地区的薜荔传粉小蜂可能难以进入爱玉子雌(雄)果内传粉或产卵。本研究结果将为榕-蜂共生体系的化学生态学理论研究以及爱玉子栽培提供科学依据。     

薜荔榕小蜂幼虫虫龄的划分

【目的】薜荔Ficus pumila. var.pumila既是热带和亚热带植物生态系统的关键树种,也是城市垂直绿化的重要树种。薜荔榕小蜂Wiebesia pumilae是薜荔的专性传粉蜂。榕小蜂幼虫长期生活于隐头花序内的虫瘿中,虫体小,龄期长,观测困难。本研究旨在建立榕小蜂幼虫虫龄的划分标准,探讨确定隐蔽性昆虫幼虫龄数和龄期的可靠方法。【方法】共采集447头不同龄期的薜荔榕小蜂幼虫,对幼虫头壳宽、第3节宽、体长和周长4个形态指标进行测量,利用频次分布法确定幼虫龄数,并用众数龄期测定法计算各龄幼虫的龄期。【结果】幼虫头壳宽、第3节宽、体长和周长的频次分布均呈5个峰,表明幼虫发育龄数为5龄。因第3节宽的变异系数大于20%,不适合作为虫龄划分的指标。回归分析表明幼虫头壳宽、体长和周长的测量值与虫龄之间均呈极显著正相关性(P<0.01),由于体长测量值与虫龄回归曲线的判定系数(R²)最高,因此体长为分龄的最佳测量指标,其回归方程为y=0.14e^0.55x(P<0.01,R²=0.97)。夏季薜荔榕小蜂1-5龄幼虫的...     

薜荔榕小蜂出飞节律与光因子的关系

本文论述薜荔榕小蜂（Ｗｉｅｂｅｓｉａｐｕｍｉｌａｅ）从薜荔（ＦｉｃｕｓＰｕｍｉｌａ）的隐头花序中出飞的节律和光因子对此节律的影响。实验结果表明了光线是小蜂建立昼夜律的决定性因素之一,清晨漫射迸花序的第一束＊光线是节律起始点,在实验条件下,小蜂的节律可以补颠倒,但是节律一旦启动则不再改变．每个隐头花序平均出飞１１９０只雌蜂,持续８ｄ,以第３天为最多,一天中的出飞高峰９：００前后．     

基于28S, COI和Cytb基因序列的薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂分子遗传关系研究

薜荔和爱玉子均属于桑科榕属植物,二者为同一物种的原变种与变种的关系,早期研究认为这两种榕树与同一种传粉榕小蜂(Wiebesia pumilae (Hill))建立了稳定的互利共生关系,但近期在形态学、生态学、传粉生物学等方面对二者的研究结果表明,薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂之间可能发生了遗传分化。实验用核糖体28SrDNAD1-D3区、线粒体Cytb及COI基因部分序列,对采自福建3个不同样地的薜荔传粉小蜂和3个不同品系的栽培爱玉子的传粉小蜂进行分析,结果表明:(1)薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂的核糖体28S序列的碱基组成中A,T,G,C 4种含量较平均,C+G的平均含量(56%)稍高于A+T的含量(44%)。线粒体Cytb序列中A+T的含量(76.1%)明显高于C+G的含量(23.9%),COI序列中A+T的含量(71.9%)也明显高于G+C的含量(28.1%),这是膜翅目昆虫线粒体基因的普遍特征。在薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的线粒体Cytb及COI基因中,密码子第三位点A+T的含量最高。(2)比较薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的3种分子标记的变异范围显示,28S进化速度较Cytb及COI序列慢,比较保守,更适合科、亚科等较高分类单元的研究。薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的亲缘关系较近,采用Cytb与COI序列进行分析更为精确。(3)用Cytb及COI序列对薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的遗传距离进行分析显示,薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.0054,爱玉子传粉小蜂个体间的Cytb遗传距离为0.0164;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体之间的Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.1385;COI序列的薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间遗传距离为0.0048,爱玉子传粉小蜂各样本间平均遗传距离为0.0102;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体间COI序列平均遗传距离为0.1896,两群体间的遗传距离(差异大于10%以上)明显大于群体内各样本之间的遗传距离,表明薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间已经发生了很大的遗传分化,其变异水平达到了种间分化水平,即薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂为两个不同的种。     

聚果榕传粉榕小蜂传粉与产卵之间的权衡

【目的】榕树(Ficus)依赖专性榕小蜂(Agaonidae)传粉,同时为传粉榕小蜂提供繁衍后代的场所,两者形成动植物间经典的协同进化关系。在雌花期果内,榕小蜂需在有限的存活时间内完成传粉和产卵,而传粉榕小蜂如何在传粉与产卵之间进行权衡仍然是悬而未解的问题。本研究旨在明确传粉榕小蜂——一种栉颚榕小蜂Ceratosolen sp.在雌雄同株的聚果榕Ficus racemosa雌花期果内的行为活动及繁殖模式。【方法】借助测微尺测量聚果榕榕果雌花花柱长度与传粉榕小蜂(Ceratosolen sp.)产卵器长度,通过显微视频记录传粉榕小蜂在雌花期果内搜索、传粉及产卵行为;结合单果控制性引蜂试验,测定不同阶段榕小蜂个体大小、孕卵量、携粉量,以及雄花期最终繁殖的榕小蜂后代和榕果种子数量。【结果】聚果榕雌花花柱长度存在树间变异,榕小蜂产卵器长度比绝大多数的雌花花柱长,说明该小蜂可以产卵于大部分的雌花子房里。通常个体大的榕小蜂孕卵量更多,但个体大小与携粉量之间相关性不显著。观察发现,榕小蜂进入雌花期榕果内,前6 h集中产卵,可产下孕卵量的95%,平均搜索用时27 s,产卵用时46 s,此期间传粉行为少见,花粉筐中携带花粉量亦无明显变化;榕小蜂进果后6-24 h,主要执行传粉,其行为主动,连贯高效,单次传粉用时平均为2 s,最终可传完携粉量的80%。控制引蜂试验也证实榕小蜂进入榕果内前6 h主要执行产卵繁殖后代,之后6-24 h主要执行传粉以繁殖榕树种子。【结论】在雌雄同株的聚果榕雌花期榕果内,榕小蜂先产卵、后传粉。本研究首次展示了传粉榕小蜂在聚果榕雌花期榕果内的产卵和传粉行为,并获得与行为相匹配的产卵量和传粉繁殖量,反映了具主动传粉行为的榕小蜂在传粉和产卵之间存在时间和数量上的权衡。     

热带雨林片断化对榕小蜂和榕树物种的影响

榕树是热带雨林生态系统中的一类关键物种。榕树必须依靠榕小传数值和获得有性繁殖;而榕小蜂的幼虫又必须依靠榕树瘿花为食才能生长生长和繁衍后代,因此二者间有着密切的共生关系。研究表明：在西双版纳热带雨林榕小蜂科有３属１７种分布。热带十麻片断化使榕小蜂和榕树的种类呈明显下降趋势;片断热带雨林面积的大小二对二得的物种娄和个体数有明显的影响。     

母代雌蜂数、进果时间及非传粉小蜂对传粉榕小蜂后代数量及性比的影响

【目的】对性比的研究有助于我们理解自然界生物的选择压力及其所产生的原因和结果,榕树和榕小蜂之间的互惠共生关系以及生物学和生态学特性使其成为研究性比和局域配偶竞争模型（local mate competition）的理想材料。本研究旨在探明榕小蜂性比调节和进化机制。【方法】对分布于西双版纳地区的鸡嗉子榕Ficus semicordata进行了人工控制性放蜂实验。测定了母代雌蜂数量及其进果时间间隔、非传粉小蜂Sycoscapter trifemmensis数量对传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen gravelyi后代数量（成蜂数量）和性比的影响,并分析了小蜂后代数量和性比的相关性。【结果】在榕果发育期一致的前提下,随着母代雌蜂数量的增加,每头雌蜂的平均后代数量明显下降(P<0.001),后代性比显著升高(P<0.001),后代数量和性比呈显著负相关(P<0.05);随着雌蜂进果间隔的延长,后代数量亦呈现下降趋势,且性比增大,放2头雌蜂和3头雌蜂的处理呈同样趋势,但差异均不显著(P=0.87; P=0.49),小蜂后代数量与性比无显著相关性(P=0.86)。此外,非传粉小蜂数量与传粉小蜂后代数量呈显著负相关(P<0.001),与传粉小蜂性比呈正相关(P<0.001),小蜂后代数量和性比同样呈现显著负相关(P<0.001)。【结论】本实验模拟了自然界中榕 蜂的相互作用,所得结果有助于我们理解自然状态下榕小蜂性比调节模式和机制,以及榕 蜂互利共生系统的进化机制。     

Genetic and physiological data suggest demographic and adaptive responses in complex interactions between populations of figs (Ficus pumila) and their pollinating wasps (Wiebesia pumilae)

To study interactions between host figs and their pollinating wasps and the influence of climatic change on their genetic structures, we sequenced cytoplasmic and nuclear genes and genotyped nuclear microsatellite loci from two varieties of Ficus pumila, the widespread creeping fig and endemic jelly fig, and from their pollinating wasps, Wiebesia pumilae, found in Taiwan and on nearby offshore islands. Great divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) with no genetic admixture in nuclear markers indicated that creeping‐ and jelly‐fig wasps are genetically distinct. Compared with creeping‐fig wasps, jelly‐fig wasps also showed better resistance under cold (20 °C) than warm (25 and 30 °C) conditions in a survival test, indicating their adaptation to a cold environment, which may have facilitated population expansion during the ice age as shown by a nuclear intron and 10 microsatellite loci. An excess of amino acid divergence and a pattern of too many rare mtCOI variants of jelly‐fig wasps as revealed by computer simulations and neutrality tests implied the effect of positive selection, which we hypothesize was associated with the cold‐adaptation process. Chloroplast DNA of the two fig plants was completely segregated, with signs of genetic admixture in nuclear markers. As creeping‐ and jelly‐fig wasps can pollinate creeping figs, occasional gene flow between the two figs is thus possible. Therefore, it is suggested that pollinating wasps may be playing an active role in driving introgression between different types of host fig.     

Sugar secretion and ant protection in Ficus benguetensis: Toward a general trend of fig–ant interactions

The relationship between plants and ants is often mediated by the presence of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract ants and provide rewards by protecting plants from herbivores or parasites. Ficus trees (Moraceae) and their pollinators (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) are parasitized by many nonpollinating fig wasp species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) that decrease the reproductive output of the mutualistic partners. Previous studies have shown that ants living on and patrolling Ficus species can efficiently deter parasitic wasps. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of EFNs on figs of Ficus benguetensis and test the hypothetical protection service provided by ants. Figs in different developmental stages were collected from Fu-Yang Eco Park, Taipei, Taiwan. Sugars on the fig surface were collected and analyzed through high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Moreover, ants were excluded from the figs to determine the effect of ants on the nonpollinating fig wasps. We identified three oligosaccharides whose relative proportions varied with the fig developmental phase. In addition, results showed that the ant-excluded figs were heavily parasitized and produced three times less pollinators than did the control figs. Finally, the specific interactions of Ficus benguetensis with ants and the relationship between figs and ants in general are discussed.     

Host-plant species conservatism and ecology of a parasitoid fig wasp genus (chalcidoidea; sycoryctinae; arachonia)

Parasitoid diversity in terrestrial ecosystems is enormous. However, ecological processes underpinning their evolutionary diversification in association with other trophic groups are still unclear. Specialisation and interdependencies among chalcid wasps that reproduce on Ficus presents an opportunity to investigate the ecology of a multi-trophic system that includes parasitoids. Here we estimate the host-plant species specificity of a parasitoid fig wasp genus that attacks the galls of non-pollinating pteromalid and pollinating agaonid fig wasps. We discuss the interactions between parasitoids and the Ficus species present in a forest patch of Uganda in context with populations in Southern Africa. Haplotype networks are inferred to examine intraspecific mitochondrial DNA divergences and phylogenetic approaches used to infer putative species relationships. Taxonomic appraisal and putative species delimitation by molecular and morphological techniques are compared. Results demonstrate that a parasitoid fig wasp population is able to reproduce on at least four Ficus species present in a patch. This suggests that parasitoid fig wasps have relatively broad host-Ficus species ranges compared to fig wasps that oviposit internally. Parasitoid fig wasps did not recruit on all available host plants present in the forest census area and suggests an important ecological consequence in mitigating fitness trade-offs between pollinator and Ficus reproduction. The extent to which parasitoid fig wasps exert influence on the pollination mutualism must consider the fitness consequences imposed by the ability to interact with phenotypes of multiple Ficus and fig wasps species, but not equally across space and time.     

Genome‐wide sequence data suggest the possibility of pollinator sharing by host shift in dioecious figs (Moraceae,Ficus)

The obligate mutualism of figs and fig‐pollinating wasps has been one of the classic models used for testing theories of co‐evolution and cospeciation due to the high species‐specificity of these relationships. To investigate the species‐specificity between figs and fig pollinators and to further understand the speciation process in obligate mutualisms, we examined the genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of four closely related fig‐pollinating wasp species (Blastophaga nipponica, Blastophaga taiwanensis, Blastophaga tannoensis and Blastophaga yeni) in Japan and Taiwan using genome‐wide sequence data, including mitochondrial DNA sequences. In addition, population structure was analysed for the fig wasps and their host species using microsatellite data. The results suggest that the three Taiwanese fig wasp species are a single panmictic population that pollinates three dioecious fig species, which are sympatrically distributed, have large differences in morphology and ecology and are also genetically differentiated. Our results illustrate the first case of pollinator sharing by host shift in the subgenus Ficus. On the other hand, there are strict genetic codivergences between allopatric populations of the two host–pollinator pairs. The possible processes that produce these pollinator‐sharing events are discussed based on the level and pattern of genetic differentiation in these figs and fig wasps.     

榕树-传粉者共生体系的协同进化与系统学研究进展及展望

 榕树-传粉者共生体系是目前植物与昆虫协同进化研究中的典型模式之一。国内外已经开展了大量的相关研究,从不同方面探讨了其特殊的一一对应的共生关系。榕树-传粉者的专一性互惠共生关系中蕴含了与系统发育有关的多因子协同进化的机理,因此,进行系统发育研究将有助于更好地揭示榕树-传粉者的协同进化历史和理解二者的专一性互惠共生关系。本文简单地介绍了目前榕树及其传粉者共生体系的研究状况之后,论述了榕树-传粉者协同进化的系统发育分子生物学研究成果。同时针对国际上在榕属植物的传统的系统与分类研究中存在的一些分歧及榕树传粉者亚科分类不匹配等问题,回顾了榕属的分类研究进展及其与传粉者的关系。最后,结合我国榕树与传粉者共生体系的研究状况对我国榕属的重新分类和系统发育研究作了展望。     

Phylogenetic analyses suggest a hybrid origin of the figs (Moraceae: Ficus) that are endemic to the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan

The Ogasawara Islands are oceanic islands and harbor a unique endemic flora. There are three fig species (Ficus boninsimae, F. nishimurae and F. iidaiana) endemic to the Ogasawara Islands, and these species have been considered to be closely related to Ficus erecta, and to have diverged within the islands. However, this hypothesis remains uncertain. To investigate this issue, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of the Ogasawara figs and their close relatives occurring in Japan, Taiwan and South China based on six plastid genome regions, nuclear ITS region and two nuclear genes. The plastid genome-based tree indicated a close relationship between the Ogasawara figs and F. erecta, whereas some of the nuclear gene-based trees suggested this relationship was not so close. In addition, the phylogenetic analyses of the pollinating wasps associated with these fig species based on the nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial cytB genes suggested that the fig-pollinating wasps of F. erecta are not sister to those of the Ogasawara figs These results suggest the occurrence of an early hybridization event(s) in the lineage leading to the Ogasawara figs.     

中国榕小蜂触角感受器形态特征及进化适应性分析

【目的】榕树与传粉榕小蜂体系是协同进化、专性传粉的经典系统,每种榕树上一般还生活有种类丰富、数目众多的非传粉榕小蜂。在选择压力下,榕小蜂为在榕果内生存产生了明显的适应性形态。触角感受器是昆虫通讯系统的单元,其形态是反映生态和进化适应性的最佳特征之一。本文旨在对中国部分传粉和非传粉榕小蜂的触角感受器的形态多样性和进化适应性进行系统研究。【方法】对来源于海南和云南15种榕树上24种榕小蜂54个型的触角感受器形态进行了扫描电镜观察,基于现有的分子系统发育树,对传粉榕小蜂触角感受器的形态特征进行了性状演化分析,并对榕小蜂的形态特征进行了进化适应性分析。【结果】榕小蜂触角感受器普遍存在雌雄二型现象。雌蜂触角感受器种类有毛状、锥状、板状、刺状、钟形、腔锥状和栓锥状等,数目丰富,并且进果产卵的传粉雌蜂和果外产卵的非传粉雌蜂之间、进果产卵的传粉雌蜂和进果产卵的非传粉雌蜂之间在形态上存在差异。传粉雄蜂和不具有雄性多型现象的非传粉雄蜂触角感受器极为退化,具有雄性多型的非传粉雄蜂触角感受器形态在种内不具有显著差异。性状演化分析表明进化路径相当复杂,可能存在多次独立进化过程。触角感受器的形态类型与其进化适应性相关。【结论】榕小蜂触角感受器类型多样,形态变化丰富,并为适应榕果内的生存而产生了进化适应性特点。雌蜂和雄蜂在榕果内受到了完全不同的选择压力,行使不同的生态功能,从而产生了不同的适应性形态。不同的适应性形态可能与雌蜂不同的产卵行为、雄蜂不同的交配策略具有一定联系。该文是首次对中国榕小蜂触角感受器形态进行系统研究的报道,有助于更好地理解榕小蜂的形态特征、进化路线、行为策略和生态关系。