历山自然保护区勺鸡的生态观察

历山自然保护区勺鸡的生态观察樊龙锁,李孔瑞,薛红忠山西历山国家级自然保护区沁水０４８２１１勺鸡（Ｐｕｃｒａｓｉａｍａｃｒｏｌｏｐｈａ）为国家二级保护鸟类。１９９２年和１９９３年的４－７月,在山西历山国家级自然保护区对勺鸡的生态进行了调查,现报道如下。...     

关山林区勺鸡生态的初步研究

关山林区的勺鸡栖息于海拔１６００－２０００ｍ的密林中。繁殖期为４月中下旬至６月上旬。巢营于地面,呈碗形,外径２５０ｍｍ×２７０ｍｍ,内径２１０ｍｍ×２３０ｍｍ,深５２ｍｍ,多分布于林下阳坡上。每巢产卵６－９枚,平均卵重３６．２ｇ,卵径平均为３４．２ｍｍ×４７．２ｍｍ。卵色浅棕,具栗褐色斑点。勺鸡食性分析表明,勺鸡为杂食性,但以植物性食物为主。主要天敌有鹰、蛇、狐、猫、鼬等。野外采卵进行孵化试验,孵     

越冬期勺鸡集群行为的观察

观察了2001～2004年冬季分布于历山保护区的勺鸡的集群行为行。野外共观察120次,见到勺鸡1034只,其中95．3％的个体营集群生活,环境的异质性和天敌的捕食压力可能是导致勺鸡等雉类冬季集群的重要因素。     

历山自然保护区勺鸡栖息地调查

历山自然保护区勺鸡栖息地调查＠王毅琴＠薛印平￥山西历山国家级自然保护区￥山西省机械施工公司勺鸡,栖息地,繁殖期,越冬期历山自然保护区勺鸡栖息地调查王毅琴薛印平（山西历山国家级自然保护区沁水０４８２１１）关键词勺鸡栖息地繁殖期越冬期勺鸡（Ｐｕｃｒａｓｉａｍ...     

秦岭西麓勺鸡巢及卵的初步观察

2006年在秦岭西麓林区,观察到4个勺鸡巢呈典型的深碗形,开口向上,圆形或近圆形,巢深8.60±0.33cm,巢口外径为21.50±0.41cm,巢口内径为14.75±0.96cm,巢材厚度为2.5～4.0cm。巢材质主要由枯叶、枯草及勺鸡自身掉落的羽毛构成。勺鸡卵近似椭球体,卵壳呈淡黄色,并伴有紫褐色斑点,平均长径为49.85±2.48mm;平均短径为36.00±1.41mm;窝卵数4～6枚。在秦岭西部山区,勺鸡喜欢选择栖息于1861～2100m之间的阔叶林或针阔混交林生境。由于森林的过度开发与人为捕猎,勺鸡野外生存状况不容乐观,亟需制定有效的措施加以保护。     

天津八仙山国家级自然保护区野生勺鸡集群模式和时空活动规律

2017年6月至2021年8月,基于红外相机技术在天津八仙山国家级自然保护区对野生勺鸡（Pucrasia macrolopha）开展集群模式和时空活动规律研究,研究期间共筛选出野生勺鸡独立有效照片218张,从中辨认出野生勺鸡266只次。研究发现：野生勺鸡呈现7种集群模式,以一雄一雌模式为主（χ²=29.722,df=6,P<0.001）;野生勺鸡呈昼行性活动,冬季核密度曲线为单峰型,其余3个季节均为双峰型,其活动高峰时间为,春季07:00～09:00时和14:00～16:00时,夏季08:00～10:00时和12:00～14:00时,秋季07:00～09:00时和15:00～17:00时,冬季10:00～12:00时;勺鸡的日活动节律存在性别差异,其活动特点呈明显错峰现象,其中,秋季的日活动强度存在显著性别差异（日活动曲线的重叠面积比Δ=0.665 5,P<0.001）;勺鸡在春、夏、秋3个季节的活动均偏向集中在10～20℃温度区段和600～799 m海拔区段,而冬季的活动偏向集中在﹣9～0℃温度区段和800～999 m海拔区段,不同温度区段的活动强度（Friedman：χ²=0.231,df=3,P>0.05）和不同海拔区段的活动强度（Friedman：χ²=5.615,df=3,P>0.05）均无显著季节差异。本研究为今后野生勺鸡的生态监测和保护管理提供了科学参考。     

勺鸡的生态观察

勺鸡是一种分布较广的高山鸟类,安徽有二个亚种,在西部金寨、霍山一带的为大别山亚种Pucrasia macrolopha joretiana,在皖南山区的为东南亚种P.m.darwini;前者背羽黑纹粗阔,只有2条,尾下复羽两侧边缘略带栗色;后者背羽有4条黑纹,尾下复羽两侧的栗色较为浓著。关于勺鸡的生态,国内所见之专题研究甚少,大别山亚种的则未见报道。我们自1976年3月至1980年5月,在金寨县长岭公社和霍山县漫水河公社,对勺鸡大别山亚种的生态进行了初步研究,现将结果整理报道如下。     

我国马鸡属三种的生态调查暨亲缘关系的研讨

褐马鸡Crossoptilon mantchuricum、藏马鸡Crossoptilon crossoption和蓝马鸡Crossoptilon auritum隶属于鸡形目Galliformes、雉科Phasianidae、马鸡属Crossoptilon,是我国雉科鸟类中的特有属。其中褐马鸡和藏马鸡已被列入世界濒危物种(King,1981)。褐马鸡属于国家一级保护动物,后两者为国家二级保护动物。1982—85年在河北、山西、四川、云南等省进行三种马鸡的野外考察。现就其生态学进行比较分析并探讨其亲缘关系。地理分布及垂直分布一、地理分布(图1)褐马鸡见于山西省北部,河北省西北部,分布范围狭小,且与其他两种马鸡间断分布。蓝…     

黑水鸡繁殖生态的初步观察

我们于1981年至1983年的5—10月,在太原市南郊区（东经112°40＇—112°60＇、北纬37°10＇—37°40＇、海拔700—800米）对黑水鸡（Gallinula chloropus）的繁殖习性进行了初步观察,现报道如下。 （一）迁徙和数量 黑水鸡在本区为夏候鸟,每年5月中旬迁来。迁来时多为单个在香蒲（Typha latifolia）、芦苇（Phragmites Communis）丛生的退水渠或沼泽水塘活动,偶见在近水的农田地边觅食。迁离本区时在10月下旬,居留时间为160天左右。 对黑水鸡的数量分布调查见表1: （二）繁殖生态 黑水鸡迁来繁殖地5—7天前开始求偶。配偶后发情交尾,交尾期最早见于5月18日。在水面游荡中或水边地面交尾。交尾活动从营巢期开始至产卵末期结束。 营巢最早见于5月23日。筑巢由雌雄鸟共同承担。巢呈塔形,较简陋,结构疏松。巢材多为香蒲,次有芦苇及三棱草（Scirpus yagara）,少有稻草。巢间最近距离15米左右。巢材多在5—15米处衔得。巢通常筑于高大茂密的香蒲丛基部,巢底部沉入水     

河北围场黑琴鸡繁殖生态学研究

黑琴鸡（Ｌｙｒｕｒｕｓｔｅｔｒｉｘ）的繁殖期为４月至７月,雄鸡有明显的求偶炫耀行为,一般有固定的炫耀场,每个炫耀场内雄鸡数量平均７．５只,炫耀高峰期每日清晨和傍晚,各进行１次求偶炫耀。     

白冠长尾雉的越冬生态

白冠长尾雉的越冬生态方成良丁玉华（河南省信阳林业学校,４６４０３１）Ｏｖｅｒ＿ＷｉｎｔｅｒｉｎｇＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｔｈｅＷｈｉｔｅ＿ｃｒｏｗｎｅｄＬｏｎｇ＿ＴａｉｌｅｄＰｈｅａｓａｎｔ．ＦａｎｇＣｈｅｎｇｌｉａｎｇ,ＤｉｎｇＹｕｈｕａ（Ｘｉｎｙａｎｇ...     

白鹇海南亚种的生态和现状

海南白鹇是仅分布于我国海南岛的特殊的白鹇海岛亚种。其结群个体少;雏鸟孵出后,每群雏数少;亲鸟损失严重,有极其罕见的纯雏群现象;种群繁殖力低,出生率仅７７．５％;保护区核心区种群密度１９７８年２０．２只／ｋｍ~２,１９９２年１２只／ｋｍ~２。天敌、人类危害是种群数量严重下降的主要原因。目前全岛有白鹇分布的残存林区面积仅７４０ｋｍ~２,乐观估计白鹇数量已不足８８００只,白鹇海南亚种已处于渐危至濒危级别,必须尽快采取有效的保护措施。     

Changes in the dynamics of functional groups in communities of dung beetles in Atlantic forest fragments adjacent to transgenic maize crops

We investigated the composition and structure of dung beetle communities (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) inhabiting areas of forest fragments next to either conventional or Bt-transgenic maize crops. The purpose of the study was to examine possible impacts of transgenic plants on non-target organisms associated with mammals through their food chain. In February 2011, we collected a total of 1502 beetles belonging to 33 species in Campos Novos, Santa Catarina state (SC), Brazil. Beetles were captured using 200 pitfall traps distributed among 20 forest fragments, 10 fragments in each site type (adjacent to conventional vs. Bt crops). In the fragments adjacent to conventional maize, 805 dung beetles from 27 species were collected. In the fragments adjacent to Bt-transgenic maize, 697 dung beetles from 27 species were caught. Dung beetle community composition was affected by fragment size and environmental complexity, and by distance between fragments. However, it did not explain the differences related to the two crop types, i.e., the functional group of dwellers was significantly over-represented in the fragments surrounded by transgenic maize. Hence, the dweller species Eurysternus francinae and Eurysternus parallelus were more frequent and abundant in fragments located near the transgenic maize, while the tunneler species Onthophagus tristis, Uroxys terminalis, Ontherus sulcator and the roller species Canthon lividus seminitens were more frequent and abundant in fragments surrounded by conventional maize. This observed impact of transgenic crops on functional group dynamics within dung beetle communities could potentially lead to impaired capacity for feces removal, seed dispersal, edaphic aeration, and incorporation of organic matter in the soil in these areas, as such ecosystem services are not performed by the dominant functional group (i.e., dwellers).     

Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygyny

The black-crested gibbon,Hylobates concolor, is one of the few species of gibbons that has not yet been the subject of a long term field study. Field observations in the Ai Lao and Wu Liang Mountains of Yunnan Province, China indicate that in this area the habitat and ecology of this species differ markedly from those of other gibbons that have been studied to date. These differences are correlated with some behavioral differences. In particular, these gibbons apparently have greater day ranges than other gibbons. It has also been suggested that this species lives in polygynous groups. To demonstrate this requires observation of groups with two or more females with young. Our own observations and those from other recent studies suggest that there are alternative explanations consistent with available data.     

水生哺乳动物信标跟踪记录技术及其应用

水生哺乳动物(主要是鲸类和鳍脚类)分布范围广、活动范围大、行为复杂,且在水下活动时间长,常规的目视观察受时间和空间限制,通常只能获取有限的信。信标跟踪记录(Bio-logging)具有可跟随移动和自主操作的特征,能在很大程度上突破时间和空间限制,实时获取动物及其栖息环境信息。水生哺乳动物的信标跟踪记录始于20世纪60年代[1,2],40年来,无论是记录技术,还是应用研究,都有了很大发展。2003年在日本东京国立极地研究所召开的“信标跟踪记录科学国际学术讨论会(International Symposium on Bio-loggingScience)”,收到来自法、美、英、日、澳、德、意、加、南非和中国共152名与会代表的104篇论文。这些论文主要介绍信标跟踪记录技术及其应用的现状和未来趋势。会议以不同研究对象分专题进行交流,共分为鲸类、鳍脚类、类、爬行类、鱼类和其他类6个专题,其中鸟类专题论文最多,其次是鱼类专题。有关水生哺乳动物的研究论文共22篇,除了4篇介绍记录技术外,其他论文主要介绍信标跟踪记录的应用研究,包括潜水行为、捕食策略、能量代谢、栖息地标识和发声策略研究。本文是近年来水生哺乳动物信标跟踪记录研究领域相关论文的综述,除介绍水生哺乳动物信标跟踪记录技术及其应用研究现状外,还对其不足之处和可能的发展趋势进行了讨论。此外,还重点介绍了我国珍稀动物长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides as iaeorientalis)信标跟踪研究的一些进展。     

Locomotor behavior,body size,and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys

The locomotor behavior, of seven sympatric species of New World monkeys—Saguinus midas midas, Saimiri sciureus, Pithecia pithecia, Chiropotes satanas chiropotes, Cebus apella apella, Alouatta seniculus, and Ateles paniscus panisus—was studied at the Raleighvallen-Voltzberg Nature Reserve in Central Surinam. This paper examines the way in which locomotor behavior is related to body size and to ecological parameters such as forest stratification, forest type, and diet. Locomotor behavior is clearly related to the size of the species; with increasing size, the amount of climbing increases and the amount of leaping decreases. In general, larger monkeys use larger arboreal supports; however, Saguinus midas midas uses relatively larger, and Ateles paniscus paniscus relatively smaller supports than expected from body size alone. Leaping is associated with use of the forest understory and with use of liane forest. Other types of locomotion are associated with main canopy use in a variety of forest types. There are no consistent associations between diet and either locomotor behavior or forest utilization; rather, monkeys with similar diets show locomotor and habitat differentiation.     

Thermoregulatory behavior and diel activity of yearling winter flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum)

Synopsis Sixteen yearling winter flounder, tested individually for 3-day periods in electronic shuttleboxes, voluntarily occupied an 8–27°C range of temperature, with a modal final thermal preferendum of 18.5°C (mean 18.7°C, median 19°C, midpoint 17.5°C, s.d. 1.9°C, S_k + 0.33). The locomotor activity pattern of the yearling fish in the laboratory was markedly nocturnal, with mean hourly nocturnal activity exceeding mean hourly diurnal activity by a factor of 3.4. Maximum activity occurred at 0300 EST, minimum activity at 1400 EST. While activity generally increased with temperature, a local activity minimum occurred at 18.7°C, coinciding with the 24-hour mean final thermal preferendum. Comparison of these laboratory data with previously published field data suggest that behavioral responses to temperature and light play significant roles in determining age- and size-specific differences in seasonal depth stratification and onshore-offshore distributions in this species.