油松细胞质遗传的细胞学机理：Ⅰ.雄配子的超微结构和细胞器类核

证明了油松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｃａｒｒ．）雄配子存在质体物线粒体及细胞器ＤＮＡ,提供了油松具父系质体和线粒体遗传基础的确切的细胞学证据,结果与松科植物在遗传学上已确定的父系质体遗传的一般规律是一致的。但精细胞中的线粒体是否能传递至胚,还需要追踪其后的发育过程。另一重要的结果是揭示了油松的雄配子是细胞,这与以前将松科植物雄配子归入雄核（精核）的类型不同。精细胞无壁,仅被质膜包围     

桔梗小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程超微结构变化

对桔梗小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程超微结构的观察表明,减数分裂过程中发生第一次细胞质改组,表现为：粗线期／双线期,核糖体数量消减,质体和线粒体结构简化;末期Ｉ,核糖体数量恢复,四分体时期,质体和线粒体获得正常结构。单核靠边期到二细胞花粉时期,发生第二次细胞质改组,表现同第一次细胞入组相。两次核糖体消减过程,均涉及到粗面内质网的。在和分前和有丝分裂前期存在核周腔膨大形成核液泡现象。结果表明,核糖体数     

水稻红莲型不育系雄性配子发育过程中线粒体功能基因转录本的编辑位点研究

RNA编辑普遍存在于高等植物线粒体中,是线粒体产生功能蛋白所必不可少的过程。以红莲(HL)型水稻细胞质雄性不育系粤泰A、保持系粤泰B及杂种红莲优6四分体时期的花药、单核花粉和二核花粉为材料,研究了线粒体功能基因———atp6、coxⅡ及嵌合基因orfH79转录本的编辑位点。结果表明,atp6转录本的编辑能力明显受到恢复基因的影响。atp6转录本在不育系中不被编辑或部分编辑,而在引入了恢复基因的杂种一代中,其编辑能力均大幅提高。coxⅡ转录本在3个材料中编辑状态没有差别,而嵌合基因orfH79在各个材料中均不被编辑。由此推测,红莲型水稻细胞质雄性不育与atp6转录本编辑能力的基本丧失紧密相关。     

芍药雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

用透射电镜对芍药（Paeonia lactiflora Pall)雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明,芍药的小孢子母细胞在减数分裂末期Ⅰ时不形成细胞板,在减数分裂前期Ⅱ形成细胞器带,胞质分裂为同时型,生殖细胞刚形成时有呈PAS正反应的拱形壁,当生殖细胞还未完全脱离花粉内壁时,质膜间的壁物质消失,营养细胞中的脂体沿双质膜规律分布形成一单行的脂体带,在二胞花粉晚期,脂体带包围生殖细胞,形成脂体冠,花粉成熟时,包围生殖细胞的脂体消失,生殖细胞与营养核贴近,构成雄性生殖单位,成熟花粉为二细胞型。     

桔梗雄性不育花药的发育解剖学研究

通过田间观察和石蜡切片法对桔梗不育和可育花药的形态及其解剖结构进行了比较研究,结果表明:桔梗可育和不育花器形态、花药长度无明显差异,而开花后,可育花药饱满、有光泽、有花粉粒散出,不育花药皱瘪、无光泽、无花粉粒散出;不育花药绒毡层提前退化解体,导致小孢子发育异常。     

小麦D^2型细胞质雄性不育系雄配子发育的细胞形态学特征和同工酶…

研究了小麦Ｄ＾２型ＣＭＳ系ｍｓＤ＾２－ＣＡ８０５７与保持系ＣＡ８０５７花粉发育的细胞形态学特征及花粉粒“单核－双核期”、“三核期”的花药、雌蕊、旗叶和授粉２０天左右的灌浆期种子胚乳的壶氧化物酶同工酶、酯酶同工酶,主要研究结果揭示：Ｄ＾２型不育系花粉败育起始于“单核－双核期”,表现为败育期长和败育方式多样化：“三核期”花药的同工酶有明显差异,主要是表现为不育系酯酶比保持系少３条酶带且酶带有且酶的活性     

中国鹅掌楸雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

中国鹅掌楸（ＬｉｒｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ（Ｈｅｓｍｌ．）Ｓａｒｇ．）雄配子体发育的超微结构观察结果表明,中国鹅掌楸雄配子体的发育符合大多数被子植物的发育特征,表现在：１．小孢子核在萌发孔的相对侧靠近小孢子壁处进行有丝分裂,分裂末期形成细胞板,而后进一步发育形成分隔营养细胞和生殖细胞的纤维素的壁。２．胞质分裂极不均等,营养细胞与生殖细胞大小悬殊,而且生殖细胞内不含质体。３．生殖细胞在发育过程中发生一系列位移和形态变化,生殖细胞向营养核移动,与营养核贴合时,细胞核内染色质高度凝缩;与营养核分离后,生殖细胞纤维素的壁才完全解体消失,同时质膜凹陷,细胞呈不规则形态。４．营养细胞内脂质小泡极性分布,形成生殖细胞的脂体冠。５,营养核在与生殖细胞贴合过程中形状由近圆球形变为近弯月形,但核仁、核膜界限清晰,染色质始终保持均一状态。对生殖细胞分裂前的位置变化及其与营养细胞间的关系进行了初步的探讨。     

白刺小孢子和雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

对白刺小孢子和雄配子体发育的各个阶段进行了超微结构研究,结果表明在造孢细胞时期,药室内壁细胞形成“分隔细胞”;绒毛毡层细胞为分泌型,但后期完全解体而形成大量的原生质团;造孢细胞质浓,细胞器丰富;母细胞显示休眠细胞的特征;上孢子具有很厚的外壁内层;花药表皮具很厚的角质层等特征可能是旱生环境的适应。     

牡丹小孢子发生与雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.）花粉母细胞在减数分裂前期Ⅰ出现核液泡,其具有消化和转移细胞核中降解产物的功能。细胞发生了规律性的变化：前期Ⅰ,核糖体数量减少,质体、线粒体结构简化;末期Ⅰ和前期Ⅱ,出现细胞器带,四分体时期,细胞器分散开,结构较清晰,核糖体密度最大。小孢子时期,各结构简化,数量减少,至成熟二胞花粉时,细胞器丰富,结构恢复清晰。牡丹生殖细胞初期具壁,游离在营养细胞质内后壁消失,始终不含质体。花粉成熟时,生殖细胞和营养构成“雄性生殖单位“（MGU）。     

几种甘蓝型油菜雄性不育胞质效应的研究

用共同的保持系陕３Ｂ将０７Ａ、２２Ａ、ＮｉｋＡ、陕２Ａ、ＰｏｌＡ５种不同的ＣＭＳ转育成同核异质不育系,研究不育胞质与可育胞质的差异和５种不育胞质之间的差异。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系和保持系内源激素含量的比较

以2个辣椒品系(199807、199803)的胞质雄性不育系和相应保持系为实验材料,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定IAA、(Z ZR)、GA3和ABA等内源激素含量,用气相色谱分析仪测定乙烯(ETH)释放量,对辣椒胞质雄性不育系和相应保持系内源激素含量变化规律进行研究.实验结果表明:在四分小孢子之前,花药中的IAA含量不育系显著高于保持系,在四分小孢子时期花药和花蕾中的IAA含量出现转折,到花粉粒成熟期的花蕾和花药以及开花期叶片中的IAA含量均是不育系显著低于保持系;小孢子各发育时期花药以及花期叶片中GA3含量均是不育系高于保持系,但花粉粒成熟期化蕾中GA3含量为不育系低于保持系;小孢子不同发育时期的花药以及花期叶片中ABA含量始终足不育系显著高于保持系,而花粉粒成熟期花蕾中ABA含量不育系与保持系没有显著差异;花粉粒成熟期的花蕾和花期叶片中ETH释放量表现为不育系显著高于保持系.同时,花粉粒成熟期的花蕾、花药和叶片中IAA/ABA、(Z ZR)/ABA、GA3/ABA、IAA/GA3、(Z ZR)/GA3等5个激素的比值均有不育系低于保持系的趋势.本实验结果说明辣椒的育性表现与花器和叶片等组织中内源激素的含量变化有关,花药和花期叶片中IAA亏缺、GA3和ABA增加以及化蕾和叶片中ETH过度产生,都有可能导致辣椒雄性不育.     

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析

以辣椒细胞质雄性不育系21A及其同核异质保持系21B为试验材料,比较分析两系雄配子发育过程中酯酶（EST）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的表达特征。结果表明：幼叶和花蕾的EST同工酶酶谱在谱带数目和酶带强弱上存在时空表达差异,并且随着雄配子发育的进行,保持系21B从中花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系21A多1条清晰的谱带（EST3e）,其差异表达发生在细胞学上观察到的败育时期之前;在GDH同工酶中,保持系21B从大花蕾至特大花蕾比不育系多6条谱带（GDH,和GDH1／2）,酶谱差异表达时期与细胞学上观察到的败育时期一致;而在MDH同工酶中,不育系21A和保持系21B的幼叶和各级花蕾的酶谱在谱带数目和谱带强弱上均没有明显差异。     

辣椒果实性状的遗传分析

以6个辣椒品种并按(1/2)n(n-1)双列杂交法配制的15个杂交组合为材料,根据Hayman分析法估算了辣椒果实5个性状的遗传模型和遗传参数。结果显示,果长、果肉厚和结果数的遗传符合“加性-显性”模型,果宽和单果质量不符合“加性-显性”模型,还存在显著上位性效应。遗传参数估算表明,5个果实性状遗传是以加性效应为主,但不同果实性状显性效应有较大的差异,果肉厚的显性效应最大,其次是果长和结果数,果宽和单果质量最小。     

Microspore-derived embryogenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): subcellular rearrangements through development

Background information. In vitro-cultured microspores, after an appropriate stress treatment, can switch towards an embryogenic pathway. This process, known as microspore embryogenesis, is an important tool in plant breeding. Basic studies on this process in economically interesting crops, especially in recalcitrant plants, are very limited and the sequence of events is poorly understood. In situ studies are very convenient for an appropriate dissection of microspore embryogenesis, a process in which a mixture of different cell populations (induced and non-induced) develop asynchronically.Results. In the present study, the occurrence of defined subcellular rearrangements has been investigated during early microspore embryogenesis in pepper, an horticultural crop of agronomic interest, in relation to proliferation and differentiation events. Haploid plants of Capsicum annuum L. (var. Yolo Wonder B) have been regenerated from in vitro anther cultures by a heat treatment at 35 degrees C for 8 days. Morphogenesis of microspore-derived embryos has been analysed, at both light and electron microscopy levels, using low-temperature-processed, well-preserved specimens. The comparison with the normal gametophytic development revealed changes in cell organization after embryogenesis induction, and permitted the characterization of the time sequence of a set of structural events, not previously defined in pepper, related to the activation of proliferative activity and differentiation. These changes mainly affected the plastids, the vacuolar compartment, the cell wall and the nucleus. Further differentiation processes mimicked that of the zygotic development.Conclusions. The reported changes can be considered as markers of the microspore embryogenesis. They have increased the understanding of the mechanisms controlling the switch and progression of the microspore embryogenesis, which could help to improve its efficiency and to direct strategies, especially in agronomically interesting crops.     

聚乙二醇、赤霉素、磷酸氢二钾和低温处理种子后的甜椒幼苗生长

聚乙二醇(PEG)、KH2PO4、赤霉素(GA3)和低温处理可以不同程度上提高甜椒二叶一心、四叶一心和六叶一心期的壮苗指数、根系活力、根系吸收面积和叶绿素含量,改善甜椒幼苗的生长;甜椒壮苗指数、根系活力和根系活跃吸收面积与种子活力指数相关性显著,种子活力指数与甜椒苗龄的相关性大小依次为:二叶一心＞六叶一心＞四叶一心期.     

同源四倍体萝卜雄配子体发育

利用爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明"技术,首次报道了同源四倍体萝卜(2n=4x=36)雄配子体的动态发育过程.结果表明:同源四倍体萝卜小孢子核经一次有丝分裂产生营养核与生殖核,生殖核再经一次有丝分裂形成两个精核,最终形成3-细胞型成熟花粉,与相应的二倍体雄配子体的整个发育过程相似;四倍体花粉具2个、3个或4个萌发孔,二倍体多为3孔花粉;四倍体雄配子体发育过程中异常频率为32%,比二倍体高20%,败育主要发生在四分体时期和单核期.     

High Efficiency Organogenesis in Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Tissues from Different Seedling Explants

In vitro plant regeneration was achieved from eightsweet pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.). The effect ofvarious explant types (cotyledons, leaves, cotyledonary nodes and shoot-tip from25-day-old seedlings and embryonic cotyledons, embryonic hypocotyls and woundedseedlings) on bud and shoot regeneration and shoot elongation was evaluated.Differences in ability for in vitro shoot regeneration andelongation depended on the variety and explant type. In general, highregeneration frequency was obtained from all varieties. Agridulcedisplayed the highest regeneration response: an average of 3.45 elongated shootsper explant using embryonic cotyledons. Elongated shoots were excised and rootedon Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium either without plant growth regulatorsor with 0.5 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) or 0.05 NAA (-naphthaleneacetic acid). Plantlets weretransplanted to soil and acclimatised in the greenhouse showing normaldevelopment and growing to maturity bearing normal fruits with seeds.     

甜椒隐性核基因雄性不育性的转育及利用

以甜椒核型雄性不育系AB91为不育源,以甜(辣)椒优良自交系为目标亲本,经过杂交、自交、姊妹交等转育手段,将AB91隐性核基因雄性不育性转育到优良甜(辣)椒自交系中,获得不育性稳定、恢复系广泛、配合力高、农艺性状优良的系列甜(辣)椒雄性不育两用系,为今后根据市场需求培育不同类型的杂交种奠定基础.目前,利用转育成的两用系已育成通过审定的甜椒品种冀研6号和两个正在参加区试的杂交种.     

青花菜细胞质雄性不育系线粒体DNA的提取与RAPD分析

利用分子生物学方法提取青花菜不育系及其保持系线粒体的DNA,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳表明所提取的线粒体DNA纯度较高。通过40个引物进行随机引物多态性扩增,结果表明,由引物S66扩增出一条1 000 bp左右的特异条带BMS1000,该条带是不育系m tDNA所特有的,初步推断该特异条带可能与不育性相关。     

Tapetum Dimorphism and Its Histochemical Study in Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. Var. grossum)

In sweet pepper, the portion of tapetum toward the interior of the anther comprising large cells is derived from cells of connective of anther whereas the remaining tapetum on the outside of the anther comprising comparatively small cells is derived from the parietal layer. Those ceils of the former prosessing large vacuoles and large nuclei are stained weaker than the cells of the latter by methyl green-pyronin and mercuric-bromophenol blue staining. Large spherical grains which contain acid phosphatase appear in the vacuoles in both kinds of tapetum at sporogenesis stage. During meiosis of pollen mother cells, DNA, RNA and protein sysntheses increase in tapetum. The tapetum derived from connective accumulates more DNA than that derived from parietal layer. The activity of acid phosphatase becomes higher in tapetum when it degenerates. The degeneration of two kinds of tapetum is similar. There are no starch grains in tapetum through its whole course of development.