Enantioselective binding of chiral 1,14-dimethyl[5]helicene–spermine ligands with B- and Z-DNA

Duplex DNA adopts a right-handed B-DNA conformation under physiological conditions. Z-DNA, meanwhile, has a left-handed helical structure and is in equilibrium with right-handed B-DNA. We recently reported that the bisnaphthyl maleimide–spermine conjugate (1) induced a B- to Z-DNA transition with high efficiency at low salt concentrations. It was also found that the bisnaphthyl ligand (1) spontaneously transformed into the corresponding [5]helicene derivative (2). Because [5]helicene 2 can potentially be chiral and because the chiral discrimination of B- and Z-DNA is also of interest, we became interested in whether enatiomerically pure [5]helicene–spermine conjugates might discriminate the chirality of B- or Z-DNA. In this study, we have demonstrated an efficient synthesis of chiral DNA-binding ligands by the conjugation of a [5]helicene unit with a spermine unit. These chiral helicene ligands exhibited recognition of B- and Z-DNA, with (P)-3 displaying preference for B-DNA and (M)-3 for Z-DNA. The characteristic features of the helicene–spermine ligands developed in this study include two points: the cationic spermine portion produces electrostatic interactions along the phosphate backbone of the minor groove, and the helicene forms complexes in an end-stacking mode. Such binding modes, together with the thermodynamic parameters, account for the mode of chiral recognition of (P)- and (M)-3 for B- and Z-DNA.     

分子识别诱导的蛋白质和核酸多层膜的有序组装

通过生物大分子之间的特异性结合,采用表面等离激元共振技术监测,报导了支撑于固体表面脂单层膜上进行的亲和素、生物素标记的质粒ＤＮＡ、以及从系统性红斑狼疮患者血清中获得的抗ＤＮＡ抗体多层膜的有序组装。这种生物大分子的组装技术可以用于生物传感器以检测特定的抗原抗体。     

分子识别诱导的蛋白质和核酸多层膜的有序组装

通过生物大分子之间的特异性结合,采用表面等离激元共振技术监测,报导了支撑于固体表面脂单层膜上进行的亲和素、生物素标记的质粒ＤＮＡ,以及从系统性红斑狼疮患者血清中获得的抗ＤＮＡ抗体多层膜的有序组装。这种生物大分子的组装技术可以用于生物传感器以检测特定的抗原抗体。     

Using surface plasmon resonance to directly identify molecules in a tripeptide library that bind tightly to a vancomycin chip

This paper describes a procedure, based on direct binding, for identifying tight-binding ligands for a receptor immobilized on a sensor chip from an array of equimolar tripeptides using surface plasmon resonance. Vancomycin and a library of 96 tripeptides, with molecular weight ranging from 316 to 560 Da, were used as a model system to illustrate the procedure. A consensus structure of the strongest interacting peptides consisted of D-Ala at the C terminus and aromatic amino acid in the penultimate position. Ligands having this structure bound more tightly to vancomycin than the known D-Ala-D-Ala peptide. The throughput of our continuous assay is 96 compounds in 3.3 h, and the sample consumption is less than 2 microg per peptide and 1 ng for vancomycin. This procedure should be applicable to peptide libraries of greater complexity than that used here and to mixtures of small organic compounds.     

Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin binding to a putative cell surface receptor, heparan sulfate, studied by surface plasmon resonance

The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin or VacA toxin is a major virulence factor in H. pylori infection and type B gastritis. We predicted heparin/heparan sulfate (H/HS) binding properties of the 58-kDa subunit of VacA cytotoxin using bioinformatics tools and showed this by surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensor studies. Putative H/HS binding peptides were synthesized and binding to HS was shown by SPR in the absence or presence of trifluoroethanol. We found that a recombinant cytotoxin VacA polypeptide binds to surface-immobilized HS and propose that HS might be a receptor/co-receptor for H. pylori VacA cytotoxin.     

Isolation and characterization of a novel chondroitin sulfate from squid liver integument rich in N-acetylgalactosamine(4,6-disulfate) and glucuronate(3-sulfate) residues

Novel chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains with an average molecular mass of 79.6 kDa were purified from squid liver integument. A compositional analysis of the CS chains using chondroitinases (CSases) ABC and AC-I revealed a range of variably sulfated disaccharides with GlcAβ1→3GalNAc(6-sulfate), GlcAβ1→3GalNAc(4-sulfate), and GlcAβ1→3GalNAc(4,6-disulfate) as the major ones, significant amounts of rare 3-sulfated GlcA-containing disaccharides, and a small amount of nonsulfated GlcAβ1→3GalNAc. The CS chains exhibited neurite outgrowth-promoting activity toward embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons, which was abolished completely by digestion with CSase ABC or AC-I. Consequently, whether these CS chains interact with heparin-binding growth factors was tested in a BIAcore system. All of the growth factors exhibited concentration-dependent and specific binding. CS chains from squid liver integument, with their unique composition and strong biological activities, may be a good candidate for therapeutic application.     

Structural determinants of heparan sulfate interactions with Slit proteins

We have previously demonstrated that the Slit proteins, which are involved in axonal guidance and related processes, are high-affinity ligands of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1. Glypican-Slit protein interactions have now been characterized in greater detail using two approaches. The ability of heparin oligosaccharides of defined structure (ranging in size from disaccharide to tetradeccasaccharide) to inhibit binding of a glypican-Fc fusion protein to recombinant human Slit-2 was determined using an ELISA. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, which measures the interactions in real time, was applied for quantitative modeling of heparin-Slit binding on heparin biochips. Heparin was covalently immobilized on these chips through a pre-formed albumin-heparin conjugate, and the inhibition of Slit binding by heparin, LMW heparin, and heparin-derived oligosaccharides (di-, tetra-, hexa-, and octa-) was examined utilizing solution competition SPR. These competition studies demonstrate that the smallest heparin oligosaccharide competing with heparin binding to Slit was a tetrasaccharide, and that in the ELISA maximum inhibition (approximately 60% at 2 microM concentration) was attained with a dodecasaccharide.     

Protein-heparin interactions measured by BIAcore 2000 are affected by the method of heparin immobilization

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors such as the BIAcore 2000 are a useful tool for the analysis of protein-heparin interactions. Generally, biotinylated heparin is captured on a streptavidin-coated surface to create heparinized surfaces for subsequent binding analyses. In this study we investigated three commonly used techniques for the biotinylation of heparin, namely coupling through either carboxylate groups or unsubstituted amines along the heparin chain, or through the reducing terminus of the heparin chain. Biotinylated heparin derivatives were immobilized on streptavidin sensor chips and several heparin-binding proteins were examined. Of the surfaces investigated, heparin attached through the reducing terminus had the highest binding capacity, and in some cases had a higher affinity for the proteins tested. Heparin immobilized via intrachain bare amines had intermediate binding capacity and affinity, and heparin immobilized through the carboxylate groups of uronic acids had the lowest capacity for the proteins tested. These results suggest that immobilizing heparin to a surface via intrachain modifications of the heparin molecule can affect the binding of particular heparin-binding proteins.     

Binding properties of antimicrobial agents to dipeptide terminal of lipid II using surface plasmon resonance

We developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay to estimate the interactions of antimicrobial agents with the dipeptide terminal of lipid II (d-alanyl-d-alanine) and its analogous dipeptides (l-alanyl-l-alanine and d-alanyl-d-lactate) as ligands. The established SPR method showed the reproducible immobilization of ligands on sensor chip and analysis of binding kinetics of antimicrobial agents to ligands. The ligand-immobilized chip could be used repeatedly for at least 200 times for the binding assay of antimicrobial agents, indicating that the ligand-immobilized chip is sufficiently robust for the analysis of binding kinetics. In this SPR system, the selective and specific binding characteristics of vancomycin and its analogs to the ligands were estimated and the kinetic parameters were calculated. The kinetic parameters revealed that one of the remarkable binding characteristics was the specific interaction of vancomycin to only the d-alanyl-d-alanine ligand. In addition, the kinetic binding data of SPR showed close correlation with the antimicrobial activity. The SPR data of other antimicrobial agents (e.g., teicoplanin) to the ligands showed correlation with the antimicrobial activity on the basis of the therapeutic mechanism. Our SPR method could be a valuable tool for predicting the binding characteristics of antimicrobial agents to the dipeptide terminal of lipid II.     

Comparisons of Surface Plasmon Sensitivities in Periodic Gold Nanostructures

The wavelength sensitivities of three kinds of nanostructures (nanoslits, nanoholes, and concentric circles) with various aperture sizes were compared in water environment. These nanostructures were made on a 110-nm-thick gold film with a period of 600 nm. Surface plasmon resonances in these nanostructures produce transmission dips near the phase-matching conditions while peaks at longer wavelengths. The wavelength sensitivities measured at dips are close to theoretical predictions and about 1.5 times larger than those measured at peaks. Such sensitivity difference is attributed to various surface plasmon distributions, as illustrated by the finite-difference time-domain calculations. In addition, the sensitivity decreases with the increase of aperture size. The nanoslit array and concentric circles have better sensitivities than the nanohole array due to the no cut-off transmission.     

Numerical simulations of surface plasmon resonance system for monitoring DNA hybridization and detecting protein-lipid film interactions

This paper presents a simple method to extract information about thin organic films from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra. From numerical simulations it was found that a shift (Δθ _SPR) of an absorption peak in the SPR spectrum was directly proportional to the product of the thin organic film thickness and the refractive index difference between the thin organic film and a buffer soaking the sample. It was also found that Δθ _SPR was not sensitive to the thin organic film support of a gold film and a glass cover slip. Relationships between Δθ _SPR and distributions of macromolecule structures, in the thin organic films were theoretically established. Formulae were derived for a homemade SPR system to calculate length, transverse area, density and surface concentration of macromolecules in the thin organic film. The validity of these treatments was checked by precisely measuring the size of a single distearoylphosphatidylcholine molecule on a gold-supported phospholipid film; by quantitatively monitoring hybridization of synthesized oligonucleotides strands based on a biotin/avidin system; and by quantitatively detecting the steric hindrance of rabbit C-reactive protein specifically bound to phospholipid monolayers composed of synthesized lipids. Received: 4 May 1998 / Revised version: 27 July 1998 / Accepted: 27 August 1998     

Improvement of a streptavidin-binding aptamer by LNA- and α-l-LNA-substitutions

Forty modified versions of a streptavidin-binding aptamer each containing single or multiple LNA or α-l-LNA-substitutions were synthesized and their dissociation constants determined by surface plasmon resonance experiments. Both full-length and truncated versions of the aptamer were studied and compared with the unmodified DNA aptamers. A ∼two-fold improvement in binding affinity was achieved by incorporation of LNA nucleotides in the 3′-part of the stems of the streptavidin-binding aptamer whereas LNA- and α-l-LNA-substitutions in the terminal stem increased the serum stability.     

Analysis of exponential data using a noniterative technique: application to surface plasmon experiments

The analysis of experimental data of exponential type plays a central role in many biophysical applications. We introduce a novel noniterative algorithm to analyze the association phase and dissociation phase of surface plasmon resonance experiments. It is shown that this algorithm can determine kinetic constants with a high level of accuracy in the presence of significant levels of noise. This algorithm should provide a valuable alternative to existing data analysis techniques.     

表面等离子体共振技术在分子生物学中的应用

表面等离子体共振(SPR)技术可以实时、原位地测定生物分子间的相互作用而无需任何标记,可以连续监测吸附和解离过程,并可以进行多组分复合物的相互作用的研究。SPR技术在DNA的复制和转录、DNA的修复、核酸与药物的作用以及肽库和抗体库的筛选等分子生物学领域的应用研究取得了令人瞩目的进展,显示了常规技术无法比拟的优越性。     

Pectin-chitosan multilayer formation

The deposition of alternating layers of pectin and chitosan at a solid surface was studied using surface plasmon resonance. The binding of biopolymer to the surface was irreversible over the time scales examined. The deposition was dependent on the flow rate through the measurement cell with mass transport limitation at lower flow rates. The thickness of the deposited layer was dependent on the biopolymer concentration and was particularly marked for pectin. This was consistent with a process of initial attachment, followed by a slower structural rearrangement, which was inhibited at high initial surface concentrations of adsorbed biopolymer. Sequential deposition resulted in the formation of multilayers with an essentially linear growth rate.     

A biosensor-based approach toward purification and crystallization of G protein-coupled receptors

Biacore technology was used to develop an affinity purification method and screen cocrystallization conditions for the chemokine receptor CCR5. We characterized the binding of nine HIV gp120 variants and identified a truncated construct (YU2DV1V2) that bound CCR5 independent of CD4. This construct was used in an affinity purification step to improve the activity of detergent-solubilized receptor by approximately 300%. The biosensor was also used to screen receptor binding activity automatically under 50 different crystallization conditions. We found that high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs 4,000 and 8,000 Da) most often stabilized the receptor and improved complex formation with potential cocrystallization partners such as conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies and gp120. Our results show how biosensors can provide unique insights into receptor purification methods and reveal the effects of crystallization conditions on complex formation. Importantly, these methods can be readily applied to other systems.     

Screening antibody-antigen interactions in parallel using Biacore A100

Label-free optical biosensor technology has become a standard tool for characterizing monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The availability of high-quality binding data at an early stage greatly improves the ability to select antibodies for further development. This article shows how Biacore A100, a protein interaction array system, is capable of providing high-quality data with increased throughput. In a 12-h automated run, we analyzed 386 crude hybridoma samples to identify those with the desired kinetic profiles. Selected antibodies were further characterized by higher resolution analysis, and binding interactions were studied under a range of buffer conditions. We demonstrate how this new parallel processing system significantly expands the throughput of protein interaction analysis while maintaining data quality.     

Direct detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor binding with an enzyme-based surface plasmon resonance sensor

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are potentially lethal but also have applications as therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Enzyme inhibitor binding are difficult to be detected directly by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) due to their small molecular weight. In this article, we describe the detection of AChE inhibitor binding by SPR without the use of competitive binding or antibodies. AChE was immobilized on the gold surface of an SPR sensor through covalent attachment to a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of a COOH-terminated alkanethiol. The activity of the immobilized protein and the surface density were determined by using a standard photometric assay. Binding of two reversible inhibitors, which are used as therapeutic drugs, was detectable by SPR without the need to further modify the surface or the use of other reagents. The binding affinities (K_A) obtained from the fits were 3.8 × 10³ M⁻¹ for neostigmine and 1.7 × 10³ M⁻¹ for eserine, showing a higher affinity of the sensor for neostigmine. We believe that the SPR sensor’s ability to detect these inhibitors is due to conformational changes of the enzyme structure on inhibitor binding.