转基因动物在生物制药工业中的应用

简要论述了转基因动物的概念、制作方法及应用领域,回顾了转基因动物技术的发展及现状,分析了转基因动物与克隆动物的区别.就转基因动物在制药工业和生物医药领域中的国内外研究与开发应用情况进行了阐述,同时展望了转基因动物制药的发展前景及对社会的影响.     

动物转基因新技术研究进展

动物转基因技术是21世纪发展最为迅速的生物高新技术之一, 它是指通过基因工程技术将外源基因整合到受体动物基因组中, 从而使其得以表达和遗传的生物技术。动物转基因的关键限制因素是转基因效率和基因表达的精确调控。目前有多种转基因技术, 每一种技术各有其优缺点, 仍然需要进一步研究。随着研究的深入, 转基因技术必将在探讨基因功能、动物遗传改良、生物反应器、动物疾病模型、器官移植等领域有广阔的应用前景。文章综述了近年发展的提高转基因效率的生殖干细胞法、提高转基因精确性的基因打靶法、RNA干扰(RNAi)介导的基因沉默技术和诱导多能干细胞(iPS)转基因技术。新的转基因技术为转基因动物的研究提供了更好的平台, 可以加快促进人类医药卫生、畜牧生产等领域的发展。     

转基因动物及其产品的安全评估方法研究进展

目前,转基因动物技术发展迅速并广泛应用于食品、医药、农业和生物材料等众多领域,带来了巨大的经济效益和社会效益,且发展潜力巨大。同时,转基因动物及其产品的安全性问题也日益突出,表现在转基因动物本身及产品安全性和环境安全性两个主要方面。"实质等同性原则"是国际上转基因动物安全性评价的基本原则。从转基因动物及其产品作为食品、药品等的安全性评估;从转基因动物对生态环境安全和影响的评估和非预期效应的评估等三个方面进行了阐述,并对我国转基因动物评价体系的构建提出建议。     

转基因动物食品安全性评价研究

鉴于转基因动物食品安全性尚未有定论,为加强转基因动物食品安全管理,本文提出了转基因动物食品安全性评价的四原则和五项主要内容,"四原则"是科学原则、实质等同性原则、个案原则、逐步原则;"五项主要内容"是转基因动物本身的特性,转基因动物食品有无毒性和过敏性,转基因动物食品有无激素含量和标记基因,转基因动物食品的售后状况以及其他相关因素,指出了建立一套与国际接轨的适合我国国情的转基因动物食品安全性评价方法是目前我国食品安全领域需要解决的问题.     

“第一届全国转基因动物学术讨论会”在沪召开

由中国转基因动物学会(筹)主办,中国人民解放军第二军医大学承办的“第一届全国转基因动物学术讨论会”于1994年10月16日～19日在上海召开。 此次会议是转基因动物研究领域的第一次全国性的学术会议。旨在加强国内从事转基因动物和相关领域研究的科研人员间的联系和学术交流,同时还讨论和提出了适合于我国科技和经济发展的该领域的发展方向和战略。     

基因组编辑动物的研究现状

正20世纪是生命科学迅猛发展的时代,在众多生命科学领域中,"基因转移"的关键核心技术,给人类的生活带来了许多便利。随着转基因技术的不断发展,在农学和医学等众多生命科学领域展现出广阔的应用前景和不可估量的价值。按照发展历程来说,转基因动物研发可大致分为传统转基因和基因组编辑两个阶段。中外动物转基因技术发展史1974年,美国科学家研制出了世界首例转基因小鼠,拉开了转基因动物创制的帷幕。而动物转基因技术真正成为全球范围内的研究热     

转基因克隆动物技术及其应用

克隆动物是目前生物技术领域研究的热点之一,其科学意义和应用价值重大。根据现有理论和技术发展趋势,本文提出了转基因克隆动物的概念,即将转基因动物技术与克隆动物技术有机地结合,认为转基因克隆动物制作技术有望成为21世纪创建遗传工程动物的主导性技术 。     

转基因克隆动物研究

克隆动物是目前生物技术领域研究的热点之一,其科学意义和应用价值重大根据现有理论和技术发展趋势,本文提出了转基因克隆动物的概念,即将克隆动物与转基因克隆动物技术有机地结合起来,认为转基因克隆动物制作技术将有望成为下一世纪创建遗传工程动物的主层性技术。     

转基因克隆动物技术及其应用

克隆动物是目前生物技术领域研究的热点之一,其科学意义和应用价值重大。根据现有理论和技术发展趋势,本文提出了转基因克隆动物的概念,即将转基因动物技术与克隆动物技术有机地结合,认为转基因克隆动物制作技术有望成为２１世纪创建遗传工程动物的主导性技术。     

转基因动物研究及其产业化

转基因动物研究始于20世纪70年代,至今已在牛、羊、猪、鱼、猴和兔等动物身上取得转基因成功,并广泛用于生产药用蛋白、器官移植和抗病育种等领域,成为当今生命科学中最热门、发展最快的新兴产业。在论述转基因动物发展有利方面的同时,指出了其发展中面临的问题和今后研究的方向及发展前景。     

“What’s wrong with my monkey?” Ethical perspectives on germline transgenesis in marmosets

The birth of the first transgenic primate to have inherited a transgene from its parents opens the possibility to set up transgenic marmoset colonies, as these monkeys are small and relatively easy to keep and breed in research facilities. The prospect of transgenic marmoset models of human disease, readily available in the way that transgenic laboratory mice are currently, prompts excitement in the scientific community; but the idea of monkeys being bred to carry diseases is also contentious. We structure an ethical analysis of the transgenic marmoset case around three questions: whether it is acceptable to use animals as models of human disease; whether it is acceptable to genetically modify animals; and whether these animals’ being monkeys makes a difference. The analysis considers the prospect of transgenic marmoset studies coming to replace transgenic mouse studies and lesion studies in marmosets in some areas of research. The mainstream, broadly utilitarian view of animal research suggests that such a transition will not give rise to greater ethical problems than those presently faced. It can be argued that using marmosets rather than mice will not result in more animal suffering, and that the benefits of research will improve with a move to a species more similar in phylogenetic terms to humans. The biological and social proximity of monkeys and humans may also benefit the animals by making it easier for scientists and caretakers to recognize signs of suffering and increasing the human motivation to limit it. The animal welfare and research impacts of the transition to marmoset use will depend very much on the extent to which researchers take these issues seriously and seek to minimize animal harm and optimize human benefit.     

提高转基因表达水平的策略

随着转基因相关技术的发展,转基因动物技术在许多方面得到了成功应用.但外源基因在体内的表达仍然难以预测,特别是大动物的转基因,由于制备效率低下,因而难以筛选出足够的高表达的阳性动物数.基因表达调控研究对提高外源基因在动物体内的表达水平提供了一些新手段,本就避免转基因的位置效应、控制外源基因在动物宿主基因组中的整合、提高转基因的表达效率、构建转基因载体和使用外源基因需要注意的问题等进行综述.     

Biosafety: future priorities for research in health care

Currently the public interest in biosafety issues has focussed on the discussions surrounding the use of genetically modified organisms, very specifically on the use of transgenic plants in agriculture. Although many of the questions raised in connection with genetically modified organisms are of legitimate scientific interest, attention should be drawn back to a number of other more classical biosafety research areas, namely the problem of control of new and reemerging infectious diseases, the need for new vaccines, control of transport and routes of dissemination, biosafety information exchange and networking, where research results are dearly needed. In the area of modern biotechnology new applications such as gene therapy and transgenic animals will be on the list of future priorities for biosafety related activities and research.     

转基因动物研究进展及前景

本文综述了国内外转基因动物的概念、制备、意义、应用、特点等方面的研究进展,系统分析了转基因研究中的问题及其原因,展望了转基因动物的前景。     

转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物的影响

转Bt基因作物已经在世界范围内广泛种植.随着转基因作物的快速发展与推广,有必要深入研究其对土壤生态系统的影响.本文概述了转Bt作物对土壤动物群落以及蚯蚓、线虫、虫兆虫、螨类和甲虫等重要类群的种群动态影响的研究进展,介绍了转Bt基因作物的发展历史,分析了Bt蛋白进入土壤的途径及其在土壤环境中的残留与降解的动态,阐述了未来转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物影响的生态风险分析的重要领域,旨在为研究转Bt基因作物对非靶标土壤动物影响提供参考.     

genetic overexpression of NR2B subunit enhances social recognition memory for different strains and species

The ability to learn and remember conspecifics is essential for the establishment and maintenance of social groups. Many animals, including humans, primates and rodents, depend on stable social relationships for survival. Social learning and social recognition have become emerging areas of interest for neuroscientists but are still not well understood. It has been established that several hormones play a role in the modulation of social recognition including estrogen, oxytocin and arginine vasopression. Relatively few studies have investigated how social recognition might be improved or enhanced. In this study, we investigate the role of the NMDA receptor in social recognition memory, specifically the consequences of altering the ratio of the NR2B:NR2A subunits in the forebrain regions in social behavior. We produced transgenic mice in which the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor was overexpressed postnatally in the excitatory neurons of the forebrain areas including the cortex, amygdala and hippocampus. We investigated the ability of both our transgenic animals and their wild-type littermate to learn and remember juvenile conspecifics using both 1-hr and 24-hr memory tests. Our experiments show that the wild-type animals and NR2B transgenic mice preformed similarly in the 1-hr test. However, transgenic mice showed better performances in 24-hr tests of recognizing animals of a different strain or animals of a different species. We conclude that NR2B overexpression in the forebrain enhances social recognition memory for different strains and animal species.     

Generation of Transgenic C. elegans by Biolistic Transformation

The number of laboratories using the free living nematode C. elegans is rapidly growing. The popularity of this biological model is attributed to a rapid generation time and short life span, easy and inexpensive maintenance, fully sequenced genome, and array of RNAi resources and mutant animals. Additionally, analysis of the C. elegans genome revealed a great similarity between worms and higher vertebrates, which suggests that research in worms could be an important adjunct to studies performed in whole mice or cultured cells. A powerful and important part of worm research is the ability to use transgenic animals to study gene localization and function. Transgenic animals can be created either via microinjection of the worm germline or through the use of biolistic bombardment. Bombardment is a newer technique and is less familiar to a number of labs. Here we describe a simple protocol to generate transgenic worms by biolistic bombardment with gold particles using the Bio-Rad PDS-1000 system. Compared with DNA microinjection into hermaphrodite germline, this protocol has the advantage of not requiring special skills from the operator with regards to identifying worm anatomy or performing microinjection. Further multiple transgenic lines are usually obtained from a single bombardment. Also in contrast to microinjection, biolistic bombardment produces transgenic animals with both extrachromosomal arrays and integrated transgenes. The ability to obtain integrated transgenic lines can avoid the use of mutagenic protocols to integrate foreign DNA. In conclusion, biolistic bombardment can be an attractive method for the generation of transgenic animals, especially for investigators not interested in investing the time and effort needed to become skilled at microinjection.     

将制作转基因斑马鱼的实验引入本科生基因工程实验课教学的探索与实践

转基因动物的制备是基因工程的核心技术与重要成果之一, 然而目前在国内高校本科生基因工程实验课中还未见开展制备转基因动物的报道。作者利用科研平台的优势, 将转基因斑马鱼的制作引入本科生基因工程实验课教学, 并对其教学模式进行了探索与实践, 取得了较好的成效, 具有较好的推广价值。