中国鲤形目鱼类的脊椎骨数及其生态适应性

为探讨中国鲤形目鱼类脊椎骨数及其与系统发育和生态习性的相关性,采用X光透视照相法对鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鳅科(Cobitidae)、爬鳅科(Balitoridae)鱼类共157种的脊椎骨数、肋骨数和尾椎数进行了比较分析。结果显示,中国鲤形目鱼类的脊椎骨数30~52枚,均值39.5±4.4;肋骨数8~28对,均值15.3±3.1;尾椎数14~34枚,均值21.1±2.9。依据脊椎骨数、肋骨数、尾椎数对鲤科各亚科进行聚类,显示鲤科12个亚科可归为2大类:Ⅰ类包括雅罗鱼亚科、鲌亚科、鲴亚科、裂腹鱼亚科4亚科;Ⅱ类包括鲢亚科、亚科、亚科、鲃亚科、野鲮亚科、鳅亚科、鲤亚科、亚科8亚科。对鲤科89种所作的单因素方差分析显示,肉食性鱼类的肋骨数与脊椎骨数的比值显著小于植食性鱼类(P0.05),而脊椎骨数、尾椎数则显著多于植食性鱼类(P0.05)。中上层鱼类的脊椎骨数、尾椎数显著多于下层鱼类(P0.05)。极小型鱼类的脊椎骨数、肋骨数以及肋骨数与脊椎骨数之比显著少于或小于大型鱼类(P0.05)。表明鲤科鱼类的脊椎骨数与其生态习性及体型具有明显的相关性。     

中国Ba亚科金线Ba属鱼类一新种及其生态和适应（鲤形目：鲤科）

1999年11月在广西都安县下坳乡一岩洞地下水中采到1尾鱼类标本,经鉴定为金线Ba属一新种。新种与大鳞金线BaS.macrolepis和陆良金线Ba S.macroscalus相近。但新 在背腹鳍相对位置以及背鳍末根不分枝鳍条后缘具锯齿等方面与上述两种存在明显差异;特别是该新种仅局限分布于洞穴中,就其生境下说也与上述两种更为不同。此外,新种头长和吻长和头长与眼径的比例是目前该属内已知最小的,眼明显偏大,反映出其对弱光生境条件的适应。     

中国鲃亚科金线鲃属鱼类一新种及其生态和适应(鲤形目:鲤科)

1999年 11月在广西都安县下坳乡一岩洞地下水中采到 1尾鱼类标本 ,经鉴定为金线属一新种。新种与大鳞金线S .macrolepis和陆良金线S .macroscalus相近。但新种在背腹鳍相对位置以及背鳍末根不分枝鳍条后缘具锯齿等方面与上述两种存在明显差异 ;特别是该新种仅局限分布于洞穴中 ,就其生境来说也与上述两种更为不同。此外 ,新种头长与吻长和头长与眼径的比例是目前该属内已知最小的 ,眼明显偏大 ,反映出其对弱光生境条件的适应。     

白三叶转基因及其生态适应性研究进展

牧草基因工程是近年来国内国际研究的热点之一 ,白三叶作为温带地区优良的豆科牧草 ,是人工草地建植的首选草种 ,也是各类观赏性草坪和绿地的主要组分。但白三叶的生态幅较窄 ,适宜在温暖 (适宜生长温度为 19～ 2 4℃ )湿润、年降雨量 70 0～10 0 0 mm的地区生长 ,对土壤酸碱度的要求比较严 ,适宜的土壤 p H为 6～ 7,耐酸性和耐盐碱能力都比较差 ,从而限制了其在许多地区的应用。利用转基因手段提高其抗逆性和生态适应性 ,培育抗性强、适应性广的白三叶新品种 ,对我国尤其是北方畜牧业、草坪业和生态建设都具有重要意义。在提高其对生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的抗性和生态适应性方面 ,白三叶的转基因研究已经取得了较大进展。结合国内外白三叶基因工程及生态适应性研究动态 ,系统介绍了白三叶转基因研究的主要内容和方法 ,在对已有成果进行综合分析的基础上 ,就目前白三叶转基因和生态适应性研究中亟待解决的一些问题进行了探讨。     

中国NFDA2亚科金线NFDA2属鱼类一新种及其生态和适应(鲤形目：鲤科)

1999年11月在广西都安县下坳乡一岩洞地下水中采到1尾鱼类标本,经鉴定为金线NFDA2属一新种。新种与大鳞金线NFDA2S. macrolepis和陆良金线NFDA2S. macroscalus相近。但新种在背腹鳍相对位置以及背鳍末根不分枝鳍条后缘具锯齿等方面与上述两种存在明显差异;特别是该新种仅局限分布于洞穴中,就其生境来说也与上述两种更为不同。此外,新种头长与吻长和头长与眼径的比例是目前该属内已知最小的,眼明显偏大,反映出其对弱光生境条件的适应。     

中国鲽形目鱼类骨骼的研究：Ⅲ,脑颅骨

本文研究了中国鲽形目8科、27属和约40种的脑颅骨;指出其脑颅骨的最显著特征是前部左右不对称,并首次发现鳒科无基蝶骨(与Berg,1940,1955及Nelson,1984的记载不同),副蝶骨延及基枕骨腹侧后端或附近(与Amaoka,1969及Ochiai,1963的记载也不同)和冠鲽科无眶间突且左右前额骨互连。还依它们脑颅骨的异同,探讨了其演化程度,并拟有中国鲽形目各亚目及科的检索表。     

北方地区藤本类忍冬叶表皮结构及其生态适应性比较研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜观察了8种在北京地区引种栽培成功的藤本类忍冬的叶表皮形态,观察指标包括气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞特征等.结合其在北京的栽培状况,发现叶片表皮形态和解剖结构与生态适应性之间有很强的相关性.自然分布广、适应性强的种在叶表皮形态上表现出气孔密度大、表皮细胞小、被毛或叶革质等特征.金银花、红白忍冬、淡红忍冬是8种忍冬中适应性最强的,具有推广应用价值.本研究为藤本类忍冬在北方地区推广应用提供了理论基础.     

闽楠营养器官的解剖结构及其生态适应性

采用石蜡切片和光学显微技术对闽楠(Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.)Yang)营养器官的解剖结构及其生态适应性进行了研究。结果显示,闽楠为典型异面叶,叶片中脉发达,维管束呈扇形,导管径向排列,韧皮部外侧有大量韧皮纤维分布。上表皮外侧具角质层,下表皮外侧无角质层,下表皮细胞呈犬牙状向外凸起,有表皮毛和气孔分布,气孔为双环型、外凸;栅栏组织由1层细胞组成,海绵组织由3~4层细胞组成。茎的初生结构中,表皮轻微角质化,厚角细胞5~6层,薄壁细胞5~7层,维管束为外韧型;茎的次生结构中,表皮外部角质层加厚,木栓层细胞3~4层,木栓形成层细胞1层,栓内层细胞2~3层,维管束紧密排列连成环状,次生韧皮部和次生木质部发达,形成层细胞2~3层。根的次生结构中木栓层细胞5~6层,木栓层内侧具1层木栓形成层,栓内层细胞2层。闽楠营养器官的解剖结构特征一方面呈现出阴生植物的特点,另一方面也对阳生和旱生环境具有一定的适应性。     

陕北撂荒地上优势蒿类叶片解剖结构及其生态适应性

对陕北丘陵区撂荒地上处于自然恢复演替不同时期的3种优势种蒿类铁杆蒿（Artemisia gmelinii Web．）、茭蒿（Artemisia giraldii Pamp．）、猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）的叶片解剖结构进行了观察研究的结果表明,随着演替序列的发展,3种蒿类的栅栏组织随演替时间的推移呈现出全栅型-环栅型-过渡型的趋势,叶片解剖结构说明越靠近演替前期的蒿类对干旱的适应性越强。此外,3种蒿类的栅栏组织排列都很紧密,表皮细胞排列不规则,且具有表皮毛和腺毛等旱生适应结构;在猪毛蒿和茭蒿中还发现了特化的气腔结构。这些特征均能说明这些蒿类植物具有很好的抗旱适应性,作为环境改造的先锋物种,它们在当地的自然植被恢复演替中起着积极的正向推动作用。     

中国鲽形目鱼类骨骼的研究Ⅰ.肩带骨及腰带骨

本文比较了中国12属14种鲽形目鱼类的肩带骨及腰带骨,并参考了Ochiai(1963)有关日本钩嘴鳎等5属5种的研究;得知这些骨骼,特别是原始肩带骨与腰带骨,有退化趋势。这似因这些鱼类在向以体一侧侧卧,类似蝶泳姿势强化,偶鳍的功能逐渐变弱或消失,故支持偶鳍运动的这些骨骼也渐退化或消失。     

The potential use of caudal thorns as a non-invasive ageing structure in the thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata Donovan, 1808)

The thorny skate, Amblyraja radiata, is the most widely distributed and abundant of all skate species worldwide, found on both sides of the north Atlantic Ocean. Large inter-regional size differences exist for this species and the few age and growth studies undertaken have revealed marked differences in life history traits for geographically distinct stocks. To facilitate the progression of further age and growth studies for this commercially important species, the effectiveness of caudal thorns as a rapid ageing tool was assessed. Twenty-eight male and 24 female thorny skates were collected off Greenland, covering the full size range of the species. Replicate age readings of crystal violet stained vertebral sagittal sections and whole silver nitrate stained caudal thorns revealed mean intra-reader age reading precision was higher for caudal thorns (Covariance (CV): reader 1 = 9.07, reader 2 = 9.73) than vertebrae (CV: reader 1 = 14.91, reader 2 = 14.27). Age bias plots revealed minimal inter-structure bias, apart from a higher average thorn age reading of 0.76 years from age classes 5–11 years for reader 1. Minor inter-reader bias was evident for vertebrae only; averaging 0.90 years higher for reader 1 from age classes 11 to 15 years. Preliminary evidence suggests caudal thorns could prove an effective non-invasive ageing tool for thorny skates.     

First occurrences of non-neosauropod eusauropod procoelous caudal vertebrae in the Portuguese Upper Jurassic record

The Upper Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) is particularly rich in sauropod fossil remains, with four established taxa: Dinheirosaurus, Lusotitan, Lourinhasaurus and Zby. The presence of sauropod caudal procoelous vertebrae is reported for the first time in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, with specimens described from the localities of Baleal, Paimogo, Praia da Areia Branca, Porto das Barcas, and Praia da Corva. The presence of slightly procoelous centra and fan-shaped caudal ribs with smooth prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa in the more anterior caudal vertebrae allows for the assignment of these specimens to an indeterminate eusauropod, probably belonging to a non-neosauropod eusauropod form. The absence of several features in the Portuguese specimens that are common in diplodocids, mamenchisaurids and titanosaurs, prevents the establishment of sound relationships with these clades. The described specimens are almost identical to the anterior caudal vertebrae of the Iberian turiasaur Losillasaurus. During the Iberian Late Jurassic, Turiasauria is the only Iberian group of sauropods, which shares this type of morphology with the Baleal, Paimogo, Praia da Areia Branca, Porto das Barcas and Praia da Corva specimens. These specimens represent one of the four anterior caudal vertebral morphotypes recorded in the Upper Jurassic of the Lusitanian Basin and briefly described herein.     

Congenital absence of a tail in a Reeves‘ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)

Two abnormalities of the tail have been observed in Reeves muntjac. A male was born acaudate and an adult doe had a tail less than a third of the normal length. The range and mean of lengths of body and tail are given for animals over 2 years old.     

Contribution of somitic cells to the avian ribs

The traditional view that all parts of the ribs originate from the sclerotome of the thoracic somites has recently been challenged by an alternative view suggesting that only the proximal rib derives from the sclerotome, while the distal rib arises from regions of the dermomyotome. In view of this continuing controversy and to learn more about the cell interactions during rib morphogenesis, this study aimed to reveal the precise contributions made by somitic cells to the ribs and associated tissues of the thoracic cage. A replication-deficient lacZ-encoding retrovirus was utilized to label cell populations within distinct regions of somites 19-26 in stage 13-18 chick embryos. Analysis of the subsequent contributions made by these cells revealed that the thoracic somites are the sole source of cells for the ribs. More precisely, it is the sclerotome compartment of the somites that contributes cells to both the proximal and distal elements of the ribs, confirming the traditional view of the origin of the ribs. Results also indicate that the precursor cells of the ribs and intercostal muscles are intimately associated within the somite, a relationship that may be essential for proper rib morphogenesis. Finally, the data from this study also show that the distal ribs are largely subject to resegmentation, although cell mixing may occur at the most sternal extremities.     

鲤科（Cyprinidate）鱼肠道菌群分析

对江苏大纵湖区的草鱼、白鲢、团头鲂和鲤鱼等4种鱼肠道菌群中的好氧菌或兼性厌氧菌进行分离鉴定.对每种鱼的肠道中菌群数量和种类组成进行了分析,发现在上述鱼肠道中存在哈夫尼亚菌属、致病杆菌属、气单胞菌属、柠檬酸菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、葡萄球菌属等.     

锦鸡儿属植物幼茎及叶的解剖结构及其生态适应性

对采自我国的5种锦鸡儿属植物的幼茎及8种锦鸡儿属植物的叶片进行了解剖学观察和研究,结果表明这5种锦鸡儿的幼茎具有相同结构,其特征是具皮层纤维束(5-7束),周皮层发达。叶片的解剖结构与生态环境有关,森林和草原种的旱生结构不如高原荒漠种发达,差异主要在于有无下皮层、海绵组织与栅栏组织分化程度及单宁含量等方面。以川西锦鸡儿为代表的高寒荒漠种在解剖结构上的特化,表明长期对高寒生境的适应,促使其更为强烈地分化出旱生结构,因而具有明显的生态适应性。