果树成花转变途径与调控研究进展

植物成花转变是营养生长向生殖生长转变的过程,木本果树过长的童期严重制约了育种的进程。相对于模式植物,目前对果树成花转变与调控的研究相对较少。因此,了解并掌握果树成花转变的途径及调控方法,对于缩短果树童期、调控开花,加速果树育种具有重要意义。基于近年来国内外相关研究,本文系统总结了果树的成花途径,阐述了果树栽培措施、植物生长调节剂等成花调控方法,以及果树中成花调控的相关基因及网络机制。最后,本文还对以修饰组学为主的多组学以及嫁接和植物生长调节剂在果树成花调控中的研究前景进行了展望。     

水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响

利用管栽试验研究了不同生育期,水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响.结果表明：任何生育期水分亏缺都会影响冬小麦的株高、叶面积、干物质累积及对氮素的吸收.冬小麦对水分亏缺的敏感期为拔节期,其次为开花期、灌浆期和苗期.苗期干旱后复水对后期生长有显著的补偿效应,开花期适度干旱后复水对生物量形成和氮素吸收有一定的补偿作用,拔节期干旱对小麦的生长影响明显.相同氮肥处理下, 与不亏水处理比较, 苗期水分亏缺、拔节期水分亏缺、开花期水分亏缺、灌浆期水分亏缺的根系氮素积累量分别平均降低25.82%、55.68%、46.14%和16.34%,地上部氮素积累量分别平均降低33.37%、51.71%、27.01%和2.60%.在相同水分处理下冬小麦含氮量、累积吸收氮量都表现为高氮处理（0.3 g N·kg^-1FM）>中氮处理（0.2 g N·kg^-1FM）>低氮处理（0.1 g N·kg^-1FM）.水分逆境条件下施用氮肥对冬小麦植株生长和干物质累积及氮吸收具有明显的调节效应.     

节水农业及其生理生态基础

提高自然降水和灌溉水利用效率是节水农业要解决的中心问题。近年实践证明,通过提高水分利用率的途径增加农田生产力存在很大潜力,节水和增产的目标可能同时实现。为实现这一目标,需要研究确定植物水分亏缺的允许程度。植物各个生理过程对水分亏缺的敏感性不同,综合文献报道和作者研究结果,水分亏缺对与作物产量密切相关生理过程影响的先后顺序为:生长—蒸腾—光合—运输。在一定条件下,有限水分亏缺不会对作物最终经济产量造成影响,但却能显著提高水分利用效率。     

西南地区水稻水分亏缺率时空变化特征及其影响因素

基于西南及周边地区1960—2013年气象观测资料,分析了近54年西南地区水稻生长季水分亏缺率时空变化特征,探讨了环流异常、地理环境与水分亏缺率时空变化的关系。结果表明:在空间格局上,由于受气候条件和地理环境影响,东部丘陵区水分亏缺相对较多,云贵高原水分供给相对充足,且水分亏缺区和盈余区分别呈现出“一带两中心”的分布特征;在变化趋势上,近54年西南地区水稻水分亏缺呈现“整体变干、局部变湿”的空间格局,“甘孜—钦州”一线以南地区水分亏缺率呈现增大趋势,“甘孜—钦州”一线以北地区水分亏缺率呈现“增大—减小相间”的分布格局;在影响因素上,NAO、ENSO与西南地区水稻水分亏缺率变化具有相关性。在NAO正相位时,除广西丘陵区沿海地带部分站点水分亏缺率呈下降趋势外,整个地区干旱化程度加剧;在厄尔尼诺年,西南地区水分亏缺率存在地域分异,横断山区、四川盆地和云贵高原水分亏缺率呈上升趋势,东部丘陵区水分亏缺率则呈下降趋势。全球变暖背景下,西南地区水稻水分亏缺率逐年增加,对灌溉蓄水依赖明显,增大了区域农业脆弱性。     

LEA蛋白的分子生物学研究进展

干旱、盐渍和低温都能引起植物水分亏缺,在这期间植物细胞积累一系列的蛋白质来保护细胞免受脱水伤害,其中Lea蛋白是最普遍的一种。Lea蛋白具有亲水性和热稳定性。根据近年研究进展对Lea蛋白的结构、分类及基因表达调控作了简要的综述。     

环境因子对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

对干湿两种水分处理下农田冬小麦群体水分利用效率与环境因子的关系进行分析。结果表明：（１）各环境因子以综合复杂的方式影响水分利用效率。（２）由土壤干旱和大气高蒸发势迭加而成的水分亏缺所引起的气阻阻力上升有利于提高水分利用效率,但水分亏缺同时引起的叶－气水汽压梯度增大则会降低水分利用效率。在水分亏缺最强的午后１２：００￣１６：００时,水分利用效率最低。     

NaCl预处理提高两种铁线子属果树耐寒性的研究

古巴牛乳树和人心果是铁线子属具有开发前景的热带珍稀果树。为了将这两种果树在亚热带地区推广种植,该研究在已知这两种果树具有较高耐盐性的研究基础上,采用盆栽试验法,对3年生幼苗设置10‰、20‰的Na Cl预处理,一定时间后依次进行9℃、3℃的低温胁迫,分析比较其叶片中多种渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:两种果树叶片渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势是一致的。在9℃、3℃的低温胁迫下,10‰、20‰Na Cl预处理叶片中的游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均明显高于对照组,同一低温条件下,耐寒性强弱依次为10‰20‰对照(CK)。因此推断Na Cl预处理可以有效提高铁线子属果树的耐寒性,其中以10‰预处理最为理想,此时古巴牛乳树和人心果的实际盆土盐度分别为2.46‰、1.14‰。     

土壤水分状况对长白山阔叶红松林主要树种叶片生理生态特性的影响

现在水资源缺乏已成为全球性问题 ,对植物产生极大的影响 ,水分亏缺影响植物的整个生长过程 ,不论是外部形态还是内部结构以及各种代谢过程均受到影响。一般认为 ,植物的不同程度水分亏缺都对其生长不利 ,但也有的研究表明 ,适度的水分亏缺能促进植物的生长[13 ,15] ,这主要是由于不同植物在不同程度水分亏缺条件下碳同化与水分利用机制间存在差异的结果[6,7,14 ] 。本研究以温带典型森林类型阔叶红松林主要树种为研究对象 ,通过观察不同树种光合能力、水分利用率等生理生态特性对不同土壤水分条件响应程度和耐干旱程度 ,为进一步分析未来气…     

CO2浓度增加和水分亏缺对典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

探讨大气CO₂浓度和水分变化对3种典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响,可为未来气候变化情形下草地生态系统适应性管理提供理论支持。本试验利用可精准控制CO₂浓度的人工气候室,设置400(自然大气)和800 μmol·mol^-1(倍增)两个CO₂浓度,80%土壤田间持水量(FC)(充分灌水对照)、55%～60%FC(轻度水分亏缺)、35%～40%FC(中度水分亏缺)、<35%FC(重度水分亏缺)4个水分梯度,研究CO₂浓度增加和水分亏缺对甘蓝型油菜、白三叶和紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明: 同一CO₂浓度下,与充分灌水对照相比,当土壤水分<40%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素含量和气体交换参数均显著降低;土壤水分为55%～60%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素总含量无显著变化,而白三叶和紫花苜蓿的光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)降低了6%～25%,但WUE无显著性差异。与大气CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度倍增使充分灌水处理下甘蓝型油菜的P_n显著降低了21.5%,而显著增加了轻度水分亏缺下3种植物的P_n,且增加了中度水分亏缺下甘蓝型油菜和紫花苜蓿的P_n,但只对重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的P_n有所改善;CO₂浓度倍增显著增加了白三叶和紫花苜蓿在所有水分处理下的WUE,但只增加了甘蓝型油菜在轻度水分亏缺下的WUE。CO₂浓度和水分的交互作用对3种植物的P_n均有显著影响,但仅对甘蓝型油菜的WUE有显著影响。综上,3种植物对大气CO₂浓度倍增和水分亏缺的响应存在明显差异,CO₂浓度升高能改善轻度水分亏缺对3种植物光合性能和WUE的不利影响,但只改善了重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的光合性能。     

果树内生生防菌研究进展

果树内生菌(endophyte)是指全生活史或生活史中的某一阶段寄生于果树组织中,并对果树本身不造成明显可见病害及功能改变的微生物,由于果树内生菌生态位的特殊性,其相关研究较少。概述了常见果树内生菌分离纯化的方法、有生防作用内生菌的筛选和分类鉴定,以及常见的有生防作用的果树内生菌的应用及作用机理。最后通过与一般生防菌进行比较,分析了使用果树内生菌作为生防菌进行生物防治的诸项优势以及存在的问题,并对其生物防治方面的应用进行了展望。     

Supercooling in overwintering azalea flower buds: additional freezing parameters

Results of calorimetric, nuclear magnetic resonance, and low temperature light microscopic studies on supercooled azalea (Rhododendron kosterianum, Schneid.) floral primordia are reported. Heat release during freezing of the supercooled floral primordia is in the range predicted for supercooled pure water. Spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times measured by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy decreased after freezing, suggesting that a redistribution of tissue water is associated with injury to the floral primordium. The calorimetric and low temperature microscopy studies showed no detectable ice formation in floral primordia until the major freezing event at low temperature. No resistance to ice growth is found to exist in the primordium tissues, indicating that a freezing barrier or thermodynamic equilibrium exists between the unfrozen primordium and other flower bud parts which contain ice at subfreezing temperatures.     

Factors Affecting Flower Abortion and Malformation in Roses

The formation of blind shoots and malformed flowers in rose plants grown under various temperatures and light intensities, and subjected to different cut back procedures has been studied. Low temperature, low light intensity and low cut back promoted blind shoot formation. Hybrid tea cultivars are more sensitive for unfavourable temperature, light and cut back treatments than Floribunda cultivars. The process of floral abortion is initiated during the early stages of shoot growth before the differentiation of floral parts has been completed. Low temperatures (12–15°C) in this critical stage of development strongly promote blind shoot formation, but have no effect when stamen and pistil primordia had been formed in the apical flower bud. The formation of malformed flowers, so-called “bullheads”, which have significantly more petals than normal flowers, is also promoted by low temperature and low cut back. Light intensity seems to have no effect. Shoots subjected to low temperature (12°C) during the early stages of development, before the differentiation of the floral organs are fully completed, produce malformed flowers to a greater extent than shoots subjected to high temperature (18–24°C) during this period. It is suggested that blind shoot formation in roses is subject to hormonal control.     

HEAT INJURY DURING FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA,FABACEAE)

High night temperatures during floral development induce male sterility in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The objectives of this study were to determine: the possible causes of the male sterility; the stage of floral development when damage due to heat stress occurs; and whether specific tissues are damaged during the period of sensitivity to heat. Plants were grown under controlled temperatures in both greenhouses and growth chambers in separate experiments. Floral development was normal under a night temperature of 20 C, whereas flowers developed under high night temperature (30 C) set no pods due to low pollen viability and anther indehiscence. Anthers developed under 33/30 C day/night temperatures did not exhibit endothecial formation, whereas anthers developed under 33/20 C day/night temperatures exhibited normal development of the endothecial layer. Reciprocal transfers of plants between chambers with high or optimum night temperature demonstrated that the stage of floral development most sensitive to heat stress occurs 9 to 7 d before anthesis. Anthers developed under either optimal or high night temperatures were compared cytologically. Development was similar through meiosis, but after tetrad release, which occurred 8 d before anthesis, the tapetal layer degenerated prematurely under high night temperature. Premature degeneration of the tapetal layer and lack of endothecial development may be responsible for the low pollen viability, low anther dehiscence, and low pod set under high night temperatures.     

Water Stress and Apical Morphogenesis in Barley

The formation of new primordia on the apical meristem of barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) was inhibited at levels of soil water potential(-1 bar and less) which had little or no effect on growth ofthe plant. Both leaf growth and morphogenesis of lateral spikeletson the developing ear proceeded at reduced rates at water-potentiallevels which completely suppressed primordium formation. Thissensitivity of the apex to stress was unaffected by floral initiationand was apparently not due to changes in water potential inthe apical tissues. Primordium formation was inhibited eventhough apical water potential was unchanged. Water stress suppressedthe response of the apical meristem to an increase in the photoperiodto which the plant was exposed. In some circumstances, however,the photoperiodic response was displayed after the stress wasrelieved. During an episode of moderate water stress it waspossible to observe an increase in the rate of primordium formationin response to an increase in light intensity.     

Floral longevity and autonomous selfing are altered by pollination and water availability in Collinsia heterophylla

Background and Aims

A plant investing in reproduction partitions resources between flowering and seed production. Under resource limitation, altered allocations may result in floral trait variations, leading to compromised fecundity. Floral longevity and timing of selfing are often the traits most likely to be affected. The duration of corolla retention determines whether fecundity results from outcrossing or by delayed selfing-mediated reproductive assurance. In this study, the role of pollination schedules and soil water availability on floral longevity and seed production is tested in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae).

Methods

Using three different watering regimes and pollination schedules, effects on floral longevity and seed production were studied in this protandrous, flowering annual.

Key Results

The results reveal that soil water status and pollination together influence floral longevity with low soil water and hand-pollinations early in the floral lifespan reducing longevity. However, early pollinations under excess water did not extend longevity, implying that resource surplus does not lengthen the outcrossing period. The results also indicate that pollen receipt, a reliable cue for fecundity, accelerates flower drop. Early corolla abscission under drought stress could potentially exacerbate sexual conflict in this protandrous, hermaphroditic species by ensuring self-pollen paternity and enabling male control of floral longevity. While pollination schedules did not affect fecundity, water stress reduced per-capita seed numbers. Unmanipulated flowers underwent delayed autonomous selfing, producing very few seeds, suggesting that inbreeding depression may limit benefits of selfing.

Conclusions

In plants where herkogamy and dichogamy facilitate outcrossing, floral longevity determines reproductive success and mating system. Reduction in longevity under drought suggests a strong environmental effect that could potentially alter the preferred breeding mode in this mixed-mated species. Extrapolating the findings to unpredictable global drought cycles, it is suggested that in addition to reducing yield, water stress may influence the evolutionary trajectory of plant mating system.     

Species‐specific responses to combined water stress and increasing temperatures in two bee‐pollinated congeners (Echium,Boraginaceae)

1. Water stress and increasing temperatures are two main constraints faced by plants in the context of climate change. These constraints affect plant physiology and morphology, including phenology, floral traits, and nectar rewards, thus altering plant–pollinator interactions.
2. We compared the abiotic stress responses of two bee‐pollinated Boraginaceae species, Echium plantagineum, an annual, and Echium vulgare, a biennial. Plants were grown for 5 weeks during their flowering period under two watering regimes (well‐watered and water‐stressed) and three temperature regimes (21, 24, 27°C).
3. We measured physiological traits linked to photosynthesis (chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency), and vegetative (leaf number and growth rate) and floral (e.g., flower number, phenology, floral morphology, and nectar production) traits.
4. The physiological and morphological traits of both species were affected by the water and temperature stresses, although the effects were greater for the annual species. Both stresses negatively affected floral traits, accelerating flower phenology, decreasing flower size, and, for the annual species, decreasing nectar rewards. In both species, the number of flowers was reduced by 22%–45% under water stress, limiting the total amount of floral rewards.
5. Under water stress and increasing temperatures, which mimic the effects of climate change, floral traits and resources of bee‐pollinated species are affected and can lead to disruptions of pollination and reproductive success.

     

Characterization of water stress and low temperature effects on flower induction in citrus

Experiments were conducted with containerized `Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) trees in order to define conditions needed to induce flowering. Cyclical or continuous water stress for 4 to 5 weeks induced flowering. Moderate (−2.25 megapascals, midday) or severe (−3.5 megapascals, midday) water stress as measured by leaf xylem pressure potential, for as little as 2 weeks induced flowering, but the response was more significant in severely stressed trees. Low temperature (18°C day/10°C night) induced a time dependent flowering response much like that of moderate water stress. Significantly negative leaf xylem pressure potentials as compared to controls were found only under water stress treatment, suggesting that a common stress-linked event, separate from low plant water potential is involved in floral induction. Leafless, immature cuttings from mature, field-grown trees were induced to flower by water stress treatment, suggesting that leaves are not essential for a flower inductive response.     

Changes in ratio of soluble sugars and free amino nitrogen in the apical meristem during floral transition of tobacco

Under a modification of the nutrient diversion hypothesis, we propose that an inequality in carbohydrate and nitrogen translocation to the apical meristem may be a controlling factor in floral transition. Experiments were conducted in controlled-environment chambers to determine the associations between microscopic characteristics of the transition from vegetative to floral stages of the apical meristem of flue-cured tobacco and to assimilate concentrations in the plant and apical meristem. Low temperature, nitrogen withdrawal, and restriction of nitrogen uptake were used as treatment variables. In all of these stress treatments, flowering occurred at a lesser number of leaves than in control treatments. Low temperature stress accelerated the time of transition to the floral stage as compared with a high temperature control; however, nitrogen stress did not accelerate the time of transition. All stress treatments affected the levels of nitrogen and carbohydrate in whole plants. Most notable was an increase in the percentage of starch and a decrease in the percentage of total soluble carbohydrate induced by the stress treatments. These data indicate that tobacco plants under stress accumulate excess carbohydrate in the form of starch. An apparent inequality in the relative concentrations of carbohydrate and nitrogen in the apical meristem was observed in all treatments at the time of floral transition and is in support of the nutrient diversion hypothesis.     

Genetic variation in the reduction of attractive floral traits of an annual tarweed in response to drought and apical damage

Aims Foliar herbivory and water stress may affect floral traits attractive to pollinators. Plant genotypes may differ in their responses to the interplay between these factors, and evolution of phenotypic plasticity could be expected, particularly in heterogeneous environments. We aimed at evaluating the effects of simulated herbivory and experimental drought on floral traits attractive to pollinators in genetic families of the annual tarweed Madia sativa, which inhabits heterogeneous environments in terms of water availability, herbivore abundance and pollinator abundance.Methods In a greenhouse experiment with 15 inbred lines from a M. sativa population located in central Chile (Mediterranean-type climate), we measured the effects of apical bud damage and reduced water availability on: number of ray florets per flower head, length of ray florets, flower head diameter, number of open flower heads per plant, flowering plant height and flowering time.Important findings Apical damage and water shortage reduced phenotypic expression of floral traits attractive to pollinators via additive and non-additive effects. Plants in low water showed decreased height and had fewer and shorter ray florets, and fewer and smaller flower heads. Damaged plants showed delayed flowering, were less tall, and showed shorter ray florets and smaller flower heads. The number of ray florets was reduced by damage only in the low water treatment. Plant height, flowering time and number of flower heads showed among-family variation. These traits also showed genetic variation for plasticity to water availability. Ray floret length, flower head size and time to flowering showed genetic variation for plastic responses to apical damage. Plasticity in flowering time may allow M. sativa to adjust to the increased aridity foreseen for its habitat. Because genetic variation for plastic responses was detected, conditions are given for evolutionary responses to selective forces acting on plastic traits. We suggest that the evolution of adaptive floral plasticity in M. sativa in this ecological scenario (heterogeneous environments) would result from selective forces that include not only pollinators but also resource availability and herbivore damage.     

非生物胁迫影响水稻颖花育性机理的研究进展

本文从颖花发育的形态学和生理学角度,综述了水稻穗分化期至抽穗开花期非生物胁迫导致颖花不育的机理,旨在揭示非生物胁迫导致水稻颖花败育的关键过程及其内在联系.颖花是否可育主要与绒毡层细胞行为、花药开裂与散粉、花粉萌发、受精4个关键过程有关,胁迫通过影响这些关键过程,导致颖花不育.花药发育早期异常变化影响生殖细胞发育与授粉作用.可以通过喷施外源物质或增施硅肥等方法减缓非生物胁迫对颖花育性的伤害.今后需要加强交叉胁迫对颖花育性的影响、不同胁迫对花器官形态结构和生理特性的影响、不同水稻品种对胁迫的响应差异,以及胁迫影响花器官发育的分子生物学机制等方面的研究.