盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰体内的药代动力学及残留消除规律

在水温(28±1)℃条件下, 以20 mg/kg剂量的盐酸氯苯胍口灌斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus), 采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰体内的药代动力学和残留消除规律。结果显示, 在单次口灌给药后, 盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆中的药时曲线符合二室模型特征, 其药动学方程为C= 7.69e–0.02t+ 0.13e–0.01t–7.82e–0.27t。盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰血浆、肌肉、皮、鳃、肝脏和肾脏中的T_(peak)分别为10.03、15.79、11.10、2.61、12.89、7.87h; C_max分别为5.76 μg/mL、2.91、2.90、3.05、3.04、0.42 mg/kg, 消除半衰期分别为58.63、23.57、35.37、19.74、29.34、43.30h; 药-时曲线下面积AUC分别为326.74 (μg/mL)/h、157.58、183.72、95.09、174.82、29.85 (mg/kg)/h。在连续口灌给药5d后, 停药后盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰肠道中的浓度最高, 肌肉中浓度最低, 盐酸氯苯胍在体内各组织中的消除速度由高到低依次为血浆、鳃、脑、肌肉、皮肤、肝脏、肾脏、肠。若将10 μg/kg作为盐酸氯苯胍的最高残留限量, 在试验条件下, 建议盐酸氯苯胍在斑点叉尾鮰体内的休药期至少应为23d。     

强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鲴)体内药物动力学及残留消除规律研究

研究利用高效液相色谱法研究了强力霉素在斑点叉尾 (Ictalurus punctatus)体内的药物动力学与消除规律, 有助于制定合理用药方案和休药期, 为水产品质量安全提供理论依据。(1)单次口服剂量 20 mg/kg 强力霉素在斑点叉尾 体内的药时数据符合二室开放式模型。药-时曲线呈明显双峰现象: 第一次达峰时, 强力霉素在肾、血和肌肉中浓度迅速上升, 达峰时间 Tmax (1)出现在 30min, 强力霉素在肝脏中浓度上升缓慢, 出现在 1h; 肝、肾、血和肌肉第二次达峰的时间 Tmax (2)出现在 8h, 第二次达峰浓度 Cmax(2)大于第一次的浓度Cmax (1)。 药-时曲线下面积(AUC): 肾、肝、血和肌肉分别为 63.242、1282.077、142.379、62.348 μg·h /mL。消除半衰期[T1/2b]: 肾、肝、血和肌肉分别为 40.668、48.767、36.527、31.091h, 平均滞留时间(MRT): 肾、肝、血和肌肉分别为 46.585、56.989、48.859、42.428h; (2)连续口服剂量 20 mg/kg 的强力霉素 5d, 停药后强力霉素在斑点叉尾 肝脏中浓度最高, 肌肉+皮中浓度最低。在不同组织中强力霉素的消除速率不同(P<0.05), 药物消除速度由高到低依次为肌肉+皮、肾脏、肝脏。若以肝脏为靶组织, 最高残留限量 300 μg/kg,休药期不低于 30d; 若以可食组织肌肉+皮为靶组织, 最高残留限量 300 μg/kg, 休药期不低于 19d。     

人工繁殖技术在斑点叉尾鮰的应用

斑点叉尾鮰由于特殊的生活习性,其繁殖方法和其他鱼类有一样之处,文章通过对以往养殖经验的方法和步骤进行了总结和归纳,以期对饲养者有所帮助。     

不同地区斑点叉尾鮰种内遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD方法对来源于美国三个地区的30条斑点叉尾鮰进行遗传多样性的分析。对60个随机引物进行筛选,选出能够区分地区内以及地区间种群遗传多态性的引物。通过统计学的方法计算分析得出三个地区各自种群内遗传相似率,德克萨斯州为82.52%,阿纳巴马州为80.46%,密西西比州为83.71%。对地区之间种群的遗传分化情况进行t检测分析得出三个地区之间斑点叉尾鮰种群的遗传特性各不相同,其中差异最大的是阿纳巴马州和密西西比州,差异最小的是德克萨斯州和密西西比州。     

不同水温和给药方式下磺胺甲噁唑在草鱼体内的药动学研究

在 18℃和 2 8℃的不同水温条件下 ,分别采用口灌和腹腔注射的给药方式 ,给予草鱼 10 0mg/kg体重单剂量的磺胺甲唑 (SMZ) ,以HPLC法测定草鱼血浆和肌肉中药物浓度 ,用MCPKP药代动力学软件处理药时数据 ,结果表明 ,18℃条件下 ,草鱼口灌SMZ的分布半衰期T1/2α、消除半衰期T1/2 β、达峰时间Tp 均显著长于 2 8℃ (P <0 .0 1) ,其峰浓度Cmax显著低于 2 8℃下的值 (P <0 .0 1) ;腹腔注射给药时 ,SMZ在鱼体血浆和肌肉中的吸收与分布较口服快 ,消除较口服也快。在水温 18℃条件下 ,口灌SMZ在草鱼血浆中的药时数据符合带时滞的二室开放模型 ,腹腔注射的符合无时滞二室开放模型 ;水温 2 8℃条件下 ,口灌SMZ在草鱼血浆中的药时数据符合可忽略时滞的二室开放模型。根据SMZ的药代动力学规律、最低有效血药浓度和抗菌药物应用的一般原则 ,制定了SMZ的用药方案 :治疗温水性鱼类细菌性疾病 ,在水温 18℃左右 ,口服或注射 10 0mg/kg剂量的SMZ ,以每天给药两次 ,3d一个疗程为宜 ;在水温2 8℃左右 ,以每天给药 3— 4次为宜。该项研究全面了解了在不同水温和不同给药方式下SMZ在鱼体内的药动学规律 ,为确定合理的临床用药方案以及无公害水产品中药物残留监测提供了可靠的理论依据。     

丁香酚对斑点叉尾鮰幼鱼的麻醉效果

测定了不同浓度及不同药浴时间条件下丁香酚对斑点叉尾鮰Ictalurus punctatus幼鱼的麻醉效果.实验结果表明,随着丁香酚浓度从12.00 mg/L升高至60.75 mg/L,麻醉时间从119.34 min±1.83 min减少至4.01 min±0.28 min,复苏时间从1.52 min±0.01 min延长至8.15 min±0.04 min,各浓度组之间存在极显著差异.不同药浴时间试验结果显示:12.00 mg/L、18.00 mg/L和27.00 mg/L的丁香酚分别药浴60 min、50 min和20 min,复苏率均为100%; 40.50 mg/L和60.75 mg/L的丁香酚分别药浴45 min和5 min,复苏率为50%; 60.75 mg/L的丁香酚药浴10 min时,其死亡率达60%.结果提示,丁香酚用于斑点叉尾鮰的人工操作时,应准确掌握好麻醉剂量和麻醉时间,避免麻醉过度造成损失.     

在斑点叉尾血清中强力霉素对嗜水气单胞菌药动-药效模型研究

为合理应用强力霉素治疗斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)细菌性败血症,采用体内药动学和体外药效学相结合的方法,研究了斑点叉尾血清中强力霉素抗嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydropila)的活性,数据使用3p97和kinetica4.4软件分析。结果表明:强力霉素在普通肉汤培养基和血清中对嗜水气单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)均为2.0μg/mL。斑点叉尾按20 mg/kg体重的剂量口灌强力霉素后,药物吸收迅速、达峰快、消除缓慢,血浆药物达峰时间(Tmax)为2.57h,峰浓度(Cmax)为1.72μg/mL,消除半衰期[T(1/2)β]为38.63h。在半效应室内,半效浓度参数(EC50)为16.95h,即血清药物浓度为1.41μg/mL时可产生50%最大效应。PK-PD同步模型参数Cmax/MIC血清为0.86,AUC0→24h/MIC血清为20.57h。通过抑制效应的Sigmoid Emax模型方程可得到临床起到抑菌效果的最佳给药剂量范围为10.68—41.42 mg/kg体重。临床上发生斑点叉尾细菌性败血症时的最佳给药方案建议为:对出现临床病状的斑点叉尾以41.42 mg/kg体重的剂量进行拌饲投喂进行治疗,1次/d。临床上预防斑点叉尾细菌性败血症时以10.68 mg/kg体重的剂量进行拌饲投喂,1次/d。     

不同水温和给药方式下磺胺甲(口恶)唑在草鱼体内的药动学研究

在18℃和28℃的不同水温条件下,分别采用口灌和腹腔注射的给药方式,给予草鱼100mg/kg体重单剂量的磺胺甲(口恶)唑(SMZ),以HPLC法测定草鱼血浆和肌肉中药物浓度,用MCPKP药代动力学软件处理药时数据,结果表明,18℃条件下,草鱼口灌SMZ的分布半衰期T1/2α、消除半衰期T1/2β、达峰时间Tp均显著长于28℃(P＜0.01),其峰浓度Cmax显著低于28℃下的值(P＜0.01);腹腔注射给药时,SMZ在鱼体血浆和肌肉中的吸收与分布较口服快,消除较口服也快.在水温18℃条件下,口灌SMZ在草鱼血浆中的药时数据符合带时滞的二室开放模型,腹腔注射的符合无时滞二室开放模型;水温28℃条件下,口灌SMZ在草鱼血浆中的药时数据符合可忽略时滞的二室开放模型.根据SMZ的药代动力学规律、最低有效血药浓度和抗菌药物应用的一般原则,制定了SMZ的用药方案:治疗温水性鱼类细菌性疾病,在水温18℃左右,口服或注射100mg/kg剂量的SMZ,以每天给药两次,3d一个疗程为宜;在水温28℃左右,以每天给药3-4次为宜.该项研究全面了解了在不同水温和不同给药方式下SMZ在鱼体内的药动学规律,为确定合理的临床用药方案以及无公害水产品中药物残留监测提供了可靠的理论依据.     

17β-雌二醇诱导斑点叉尾鮰雌性化研究

研究以人工配合饲料为17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol, 17β-E₂)载体, 对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)开口仔鱼连续饲喂27d进行雌性性别诱导, 探究斑点叉尾鮰XY雄鱼雌性化的合适17β-E₂剂量。60日龄测量并统计各组试验鱼的生长数据、存活率, 解剖观察性腺结构, 结合遗传性别鉴定结果计算性逆转率, 并通过组织切片分析各组试验鱼中XX和XY雌鱼卵巢发育情况。270日龄检测XY雌鱼和对照组雌鱼的鳃、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、卵巢和肌肉等组织中17β-E₂含量。研究进一步地采用qRT-PCR检测270日龄雌雄性别分化基因foxl2和dmrt1在XX和XY雌鱼卵巢中的表达水平。结果显示: 各组XY雌鱼的比例和卵母细胞数量均随17β-E₂剂量的提高而增加, 且核仁数量也随之增多, 而核质比相应减小; 各组XY雌鱼的体重和体长随着17β-E₂剂量的提高先增加后减小, 但存活率没有显著性变化; 各组XY雌鱼与对照组雌鱼的鳃、心脏、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉组织中17β-E₂含量均无显著性差异, 卵巢中17β-E₂含量与添加剂量呈正相关; 雌性性别分化基因foxl2在XY雌鱼中的表达量显著升高, 雄性性别分化基因dmrt1在XY雌鱼中的表达量显著降低。研究建立了17β-E₂诱导XY雄性斑点叉尾鮰雌性化方法, 为后续全雄斑点叉尾鮰新品种的培育奠定基础。     

斑点叉尾鮰套肠症的病原学初步研究

本研究从2例垂死的患败血症并肠套叠的斑点叉尾鮰血液、肝脏及脑组织中分离到2种类型的致病性细菌菌株,经对细菌进行形态观察、生理生化测试和16S rDNA序列分析,分别鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌;攻毒实验证实它们确为斑点叉尾鮰病鱼的病原。根据药敏实验的结果,及时对病区斑点叉尾鮰进行治疗,连续用药3-5天,发病的叉尾鮰即停止死亡。根据研究结果,文章对斑点叉尾鮰肠套叠发生的原因进行了的分析,提出了不同的观点。     

Definition of the USDA103 strain of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Although there are differences in performance between genetic groups of channel catfish, identification and management of these groups is difficult because catfish strains look alike and individuals cannot be tagged efficiently. Thus, US catfish producers have not been able to objectively identify fish from different strains or populations, and it has been difficult for them to maintain the genetic purity of populations on the farm. We have developed a multiplexed microsatellite genotyping system to define catfish populations based on allelic frequency and exclusion. A commercial catfish genotype database was developed using catfish samples collected from 24 processing plants in the four main US catfish-producing states. The utility of the system was tested by the molecular characterization of the USDA103 research strain. Using eight microsatellite loci, the probability of falsely classifying an individual non-USDA103 catfish as a USDA103 was 0.0065. From a sample of 50 fish from a putative USDA103 pond, the probability of falsely including two non-USDA103 fish was 1 x 10(-105), and the conservative probability of falsely excluding two USDA103 fish was 1 x 10(-6). This genotyping system provides channel catfish producers with an objective mechanism for identification and management of genetically selected fish.     

Evidence of differences in growth and food intake regulation in different genetic strains of channel catfish

Norris and USDA-103 strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were compared for growth rate and food conversion ratio under satiation feeding and restricted feeding (1% body weight day⁻¹) regimes. At the start of the experiment Norris fish weighed 2·8 g, USDA-103 fish weighed 14·0 g. Therefore, a regression of the loge of specific growth rate against the log_e of mean body size with an empirically derived fixed slope of -0·37 was used to compare growth rates. Under both feeding regimes the USDA-103 strain had faster specific growth rates and more efficient food conversion. In subsequent studies, voluntary food intake of size matched fish (60 g average) from these two strains was compared using a radiographic method. Fish were acclimatized to tank conditions for 3 weeks prior to voluntary food intake measurement. Half of the groups were deprived of food for 2 days prior to food intake measurement, while the remaining groups were fed 1% body weight day⁻¹. The USDA-103 strain fish ate significantly more food and grew faster than the Norris strain fish. Previously fasted Norris fish subsequently ate more than their fed counterparts, whereas the fed USDA-103 fish consumed more food than the fasted USDA-103 group. When the USDA-103 strain fish were deprived of food for 4 , 2 or 0 days, all groups subsequently consumed between 4·5 and 5·0% of body weight in one meal. The USDA-103 fish, unlike the Norris fish were not stimulated to consume more after short-duration fasting. Taken together, these results suggest that there are genetic differences in growth, food conversion ratio and regulation of food intake between Norris and USDA-103 strains.     

Construction and characterization of a BAC library from a gynogenetic channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed by cloning HindIII-digested high molecular weight DNA from a gynogenetic channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, into the vector pBeloBAC11. Approximately 53 500 clones were arrayed in 384-well plates and stored at -80°C (CCBL1), while clones from a smaller insert size fraction were stored at -80°C without arraying (CCBL2). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of 100 clones after NotI digestion revealed an average insert size of 165 kb for CCBL1 and 113 kb for CCBL2. Further characterization of CCBL1 demonstrated that 10% of the clones did not contain an insert. CCBL1 provides a 7.2-fold coverage of the channel catfish haploid genome. PCR-based screening demonstrated that 68 out of 74 unique loci were present in the library. This represents a 92% chance to find a unique sequence. These libraries will be useful for physical mapping of the channel catfish genome, and identification of genes controlling major traits in this economically important species.     

A study of the peripheral innervation and muscle fibre types of Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) and Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

The innervation pattern and fibre types of the axial musculature of two closely related catfish species with differing lifestyles, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) and I. punctatus (Rafinesque) were investigated. Both fish displayed the multiple innervation pattern in the red muscle. However, the white muscle of I. nebulosus demonstrated terminal innervation while I. puncrurus displayed multiply innervated white muscle fibres. Fibre typing utilizing histochemical techniques for glyco-gen, lipid, succinic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase revealed the typical teleostean distribution of red, intermediate and white muscle fibres in both fish. Staining was greatest in the red muscle fibres and least in the white muscle fibres. The white muscle fibres of I. punctatus stained slightly more for lipid than the white fibres of I. nebulosus which may be correlated with a greater aerobic capacity related to lifestyle and possibly innervation.     

植酸酶对斑点叉尾鲴生长性能及磷当量的研究

试验旨在研究饲料中添加植酸酶对斑点叉尾 [初始平均体重(1.70±0.04) g]生长性能及植酸磷利用的影响, 确定植酸酶的磷当量。试验采用单因素试验设计, 以 Ca(H2PO4)2提供外源无机磷, 同时添加不同浓度植酸酶, 试验设计为 10 个处理组, 分别为 1 个对照试验组、4 个无机磷试验组(0.3%、0.5%、0.8%、1.2%)和 5 个植酸酶试验组(300、500、1000、1500、2000 U/kg), 每个处理 3 个重复, 每个重复 30 尾鱼。通过折线模型确定植酸酶的最佳添加量; 通过回归分析, 建立响应指标(特定生长率、椎骨磷)与外源磷添加量之间的线性关系, 进而确定植酸酶的磷当量值。结果表明: (1)添加植酸酶的处理组与对照组相比, 增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率、肥满度均有显著提高(P<0.05), 饲料系数、肝体比、脏体比均有下降(P<0.05), 成活率各处理组没有显著差别(P>0.05); 鱼体粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙、磷及椎骨粗灰分、钙、磷均有显著提高(P<0.05), 鱼体粗脂肪含量有所下降。(2)无机磷添加水平与响应指标之间线性关系如下: Y1=0.2714X+2.294(X-无机磷, Y1-特定生长率, R2=0.9238), 300、500、1000、1500 和 2000 U/kg 植酸酶分别可替代 1 kg 饲料中 0.13%、0.57%、0.76%、1.46% 和 1.35% 的 磷 酸 二 氢 钙 , 等 效 于 添 加 了 0.03% 、 0.14% 、 0.19% 、 0.36% 和 0.33% 的 有 效 磷 ;Y2=0.8737X+5.1028(X-无机磷, Y2-椎骨磷, R2=0.9638), 300、500、1000、1500 和 2000 U/kg 植酸酶分别可替代1 kg 饲料中 0.47%、1.11%、1.18%、1.38%和 1.41%的磷酸二氢钙, 等效于添加了 0.12%、0.27%、0.29%、0.34%和 0.35%的有效磷。在试验条件下, 添加 1000―2000 U/kg 植酸酶能有效改善斑点叉尾 生长性能, 有利于营养物质在鱼体中的沉积, 促进骨骼矿化。以特定生长率为响应指标, 植酸酶最佳添加量为 1435 U/kg等效于添加了 0.37%的有效磷; 以椎骨磷为响应指标, 植酸酶最佳添加量为 1226 U/kg 等效于添加了 0.33%的有效磷。     

Afferent connections of the optic tectum in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Summary Horseradish peroxidase was injected unilaterally into the optic tectum of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The sources of tectal afferents were thereby revealed by retrogradely labeled neurons in various brain centers. Retrogradely labeled cells were seen in both the ipsilateral and contralateral telencephalon. The superficial pretectal area was labeled on both sides of the brain. Ipsilateral projections were also observed coming from the entopeduncular nucleus. Both the anterior thalamic nucleus and the ventro-medial thalamic nucleus projected to the ipsilateral optic tectum. Cells in the ipsilateral nucleus of the posterior commissure were seen to project to the tectum. Labeled fibers were visualized in the lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the injected tectum, however, no labeled cell bodies were observed. Therefore, tectal cells project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, but this projection is not reciprocal. No labeled cells were found in the cerebellum. Labeled cells occurred in both the ipsilateral and contralateral medial reticular formation; they were also observed in the ipsilateral nucleus isthmi. A projection was seen coming from the dorsal funicular nucleus. Furthermore, labeled cells were shown in the inferior raphe nucleus.Abbreviations AP Area pretectalis - C Cerebellum - DPTN Dorsal posterior tegmental nucleus - H Habenula - IRF Inferior reticular formation - LI Inferior lobe - LGN Lateral geniculate nucleus - LR Lateral recess - MB Mammillary body - MRF Medial reticular formation - MZ Medial zone of the telencephalon - NC Nucleus corticalis - NDL-M Nucleus opticus dorsolateralis/pars medialis - NI Nucleus isthmi - NPC Nucleus of the posterior commissure - OPT Optic tectum - OT Optic tract - PC Posterior commissure - PN Pineal organ - PrOP Preoptic nucleus - PT Pretectum - TBt Tectobulbar tract - TEL Telencephalon - TL Torus longitudinalis - TS Torus semicircularis - VC Valvula cerebelli - VLTN Ventrolateral thalamic nucleus - VMTN Ventromedial thalamic nucleus     

Genetic and virulence characterization of Flavobacterium columnare from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Aim: To develop a method for conducting pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) on Flavobacterium columnare, to use PFGE to characterize F. columnare channel catfish isolates, and to determine whether variation in pathogenic potential exists in F. columnare isolates from channel catfish. Methods and Results: On the basis of PFGE-derived profiles, similarity dendrograms constructed for more than 30 F. columnare isolates showed two major genetic groups with more than 60% similarity. Channel catfish fingerlings challenged with PFGE group A isolates by bath immersion had significantly higher average mortalities (>60%) than fish challenged with PFGE group B isolates (<9%). However, abrasion and skin mucus removal made channel catfish fingerlings susceptible to disease caused by group B isolates following immersion exposure. Conclusion: Our results suggest that two genetic divisions of F. columnare channel catfish isolates exist, and that isolates in PFGE group A isolates tend to be more pathogenic to immunocompetent channel catfish fingerlings than PFGE group B isolates. Significance and Impact of the Study: PFGE is a potentially useful tool for determining whether F. columnare isolates are more likely to be primary or secondary pathogens. Pathogenesis research for columnaris disease in catfish should focus on pathogenic isolates from PFGE group A.     

Novel heme-binding component in the serum of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

The serum of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) was examined for heme- and hemoglobin-binding proteins. Electrophoretic mobility retardation assays failed to detect a hemoglobin-binding material similar to mammalian haptoglobin; however, a heme-binding component (not previously described) was identified in catfish seru. The heme-binding component was purified by gel filtration chromatography; electrophoretic analyses suggested it to be composed of two polypeptide subunits of molecular masses about 115 and 98 kDa. This composition is inconsistent with hemopexin, the known heme-binding serum protein of mammals. Although it was not fully saturated with heme, the catfish component contained detectable heme in normal sera. When complexed by the binding material, heme was used as an iron source by isolates of the bacterial Gram-negative genusAeromonas; the capacity of other bacteria to use the complex was not tested. The physiological function of the catfish heme-binding serum protein is presently not clear.