"3+大综合+1"中的生物教学初探

随着社会和经济的发展 ,特别是教育改革的深入 ,关于人才的培养和选择 ,目前已逐渐呈现出一种综合化、多样化的趋势。在培养人才和选拔人才方面 ,我国还存在着一些问题 ,如一方面国家急需创新和实践能力较强的人才 ,需要综合素质较高、知识面广、文理贯通的学生 ;另一方面传统的教育对人才培养和选择的单一化倾向 ,各学科彼此割裂、分离 ,教学和考试内容越来越深 ,学生的知识面越来越窄。具有调节未来人才智能结构功能的高考 ,为了适应形势发展的需要 ,在科目设置、考试内容、考试形式等方面正在逐步改革。河南省 2 0 0 1年高考实行“3+大综…     

1+1模式在职高语文课成绩评定中的运用

学生课程学习成绩评定科学性的问题,是当前教学改革的重要内容之一。1+1学习成绩评定模式是融开卷闭卷考试相结合、知行考试相结合、理论与实践相结合三位一体的人性化的动态考核体系,它有利于激发学生学习的兴趣、促进学生综合素质的提高以及教学质量的提高。因此,应结合学校和学生的实际情况,在职高语文课成绩评定中采用1+1模式。     

植物K+通道AKT1的研究进展

钾(K)是植物生长发育必需的大量营养元素之一, 主要通过根细胞的K⁺通道及转运蛋白介导吸收。AKT1是Shaker型K⁺通道家族的重要成员, 在植物根吸收K⁺和体内跨膜转运中发挥重要作用。该文综述了植物AKT1的分子结构、组织特异性表达、调控机制及生物学功能等方面的研究进展, 并对该通道今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

用T-A载体克隆技术构建丙肝病毒C+E1区真核表达质粒pSVL-HCV/C+E1

用ＢａｍＨＩ和ＨｉｎｄＩＩ将丙肝病毒Ｃ＋Ｅ１ＤＮＡ片段从其克隆载体ｐＧＥＭ３ｚｆ－ＨＣＶ／Ｃ＋Ｅ１上切下,经Ｔａｑ酶补齐３’末端后插入到载体ｐＳＶＬ－Ｔ中,构建成丙肝病毒Ｃ＋Ｅ１真核表达载体ｐＳＶＬ－ＨＣＶ／Ｃ＋Ｅ１。本实验中重组效率达６４．７％（１１／１７）,正向插入为５０％（２／４）。     

转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉与转cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉荒地的生存竞争能力

【背景】此研究为"十二五"转基因生物新品种培育国家项目中创建新的转基因棉花品种环境安全评价技术而设。【方法】以转双价双Bt抗虫基因(cry1Ac+cry2Ab)棉和转双价抗虫、抗除草剂基因(cry1Ac+EPSPS)棉为观察品种,非转基因棉赣棉11号为对照品种,在荒地用撒播和3cm深度播种2种方式,于2011年5月～2012年3月对棉花出苗率、株高、生育进程、棉吐絮瓣数、絮瓣脱落率、自生苗等生存竞争能力进行比较,检测、评价其杂草化的风险,并探讨、验证检测技术的可行性。【结果】在荒地条件下,以2种方式播种的转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉和转cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉与非转基因棉相比,上述各项指标的竞争能力总体上未表现显著优势。【结论与意义】转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉和转cry1Ac+EPSPS基因棉在荒地条件下生长无杂草化风险。同时,研究证明,在荒地自然生态条件下,可以采用撒播和3cm深度播种方法检测新的转基因棉花品种在生存竞争能力上的杂草化风险,在测评上有互为参照效应,为定性评价新的转基因棉花品种的杂草化风险提供了保障。     

Do H+ ions obscure electrogenic Na+ and K+ binding in the E1 state of the Na,K-ATPase?

In contrast to other P-type ATPases, the Na,K-ATPase binding and release of ions on the cytoplasmic side, to the state called E1, is not electrogenic with the exception of the third Na+. Since the high-resolution structure of the closely related SR Ca-ATPase in state E1 revealed the ion-binding sites deep inside the transmembrane part of the protein, the missing electrogenicity in state E1 can be explained by an obscuring counter-movement of H+ ions. Evidence for such a mechanism is presented by analysis of pH effects on Na+ and K+ binding and by electrogenic H+ movements in the E1 conformation of the Na,K-ATPase.     

(1+1)维Chemotaxis模型的新精确解（英文）

本文对一个简化的(1+1)维Hillen-Levine双曲趋化模型进行研究.利用模型的守恒律构造了一个特殊变换,将模型变为二阶非线性常微分系统,在此基础上借助指数展开法得到了该模型的一些新精确解,最后还对其中的某些具有代表性的解绘制了图像.     

Does sumoylation control K2P1/TWIK1 background K+ channels?

A novel model for the regulation of cell excitability has recently been proposed. It originates from the observation that the background K(+) channel K2P1 (TWIK1) may be silenced by sumoylation in Xenopus oocytes and that inactivation of the putative sumoylation site (mutation K274E) gives rise to robust current expression in transfected COS-7 cells. Here, we show that only the mutation K274E, and not K274R, is associated with an increase of K2P1 current density, suggesting a charge effect of K274E. Furthermore, we failed to observe any band shift by western blot analysis that would confirm an eventual sumoylation of K2P1 in COS-7 cells and oocytes.     

Enterovirus-Infected β-Cells Induce Distinct Response Patterns in BDCA1+ and BDCA3+ Human Dendritic Cells

Enteroviruses often cause mild disease, yet are also linked to development of autoimmune diabetes. Dendritic cells (DCs) shape both innate and adaptive immune responses, including anti-viral responses. How different human DC subsets shape anti-viral responses, whether they have complementary or overlapping functions and how this relates to autoimmune responses is largely unknown. We used enterovirus-infected β-cells and freshly isolated human myeloid DC (mDC) subsets as a model for autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Our data show that both the BDCA1⁺ and BDCA3⁺ mDC subsets engulf mock- as well as virus-infected β-cells, albeit BDCA1⁺ mDCs are more efficient. Uptake of enterovirus-infected, but not mock-infected cells, activated both DC subsets as indicated by the induction of co-stimulatory molecules and secretion of type I and type III interferons. Both subsets produced similar amounts of interferon-α, yet the BDCA3⁺ DC were superior in IFN-λ production. The BDCA1⁺ mDCs more strongly upregulated PD-L1, and were superior in IL-12 and IL-10 production as compared to the BDCA3⁺ DC. Despite lack of IL-12 production by the BDCA3+ DC, both BDCA1⁺ and BDCA3⁺ DCs activated T cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction towards a Th1-type reactivity while suppressing Th2-associated cytokines.     

LFA-1缺失诱导小鼠的CD3+细胞上调

淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1,LFA-1)是白细胞上的重要粘附分子。本研究旨在探讨LFA-1缺失(LFA-1~(-/-))后小鼠血液、骨髓、脾脏中血液细胞分类和T细胞亚群的变化。本研究采用LFA-1~(-/-)小鼠转基因小鼠,经PCR鉴定其基因型;采用全自动血液检测仪测定血液细胞分类。为进一步了解淋巴细胞亚群的变化,采用流式细胞仪检测LFA-1~(-/-)和对照组小鼠血液、骨髓、和脾脏中T淋巴细胞亚群。结果表明,LFA-1~(-/-)小鼠血液中白细胞总数增多;在骨髓,血液和脾脏中CD3+T淋巴细胞增多。根据研究结果推测LFA-1可能调控CD3+细胞的分化。     

拟南芥K+转运蛋白AtKup1基因的DNA改组

采用同源重组法制备钾离子转运蛋白TRK1和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母钾营养缺陷型,通过RNA 反转录PCR方法从拟南芥幼根扩增获得片段长度为2139bp 的Atkup1基因,以此片段为模板,采用DNA 改组技术,经Dnase I降解,Primerless PCR , PrimerPCR,建立Atkup1 基因突变库。将突变库和未经DNA 重排处理的Atkup1基因分别构建酵母穿梭载体导入K+转运蛋白基因TRK1和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母中,分别在低钾(5.0mM KCl)不含色氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子, 突变基因库酵母转化子中获得2株长势明显好于Atkup1 基因转化子的突变基因转化菌株,菌株质粒上的突变Atkup1基因核苷酸测序结果发现突变基因Atkup1发生2个碱基的置换,造成2个氨基酸的改变,转化烟草烟叶化学成分分析证实突变基因的吸钾活性显著提高。     

拟南芥K+转运蛋白AtKup1基因的DNA改组

采用同源重组法制备钾离子转运蛋白基因TRKI和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母钾营养缺陷型。通过RNA反转录PCR方法从拟南芥幼根扩增获得片段长度为2 139bp的AtKup1基因,以此片段为膜板,采用DNA重排技术,经DNase I降解,Primerless PCR和Primer PCR建立AtKup1基因突变库。将突变库和未经DNA重排处理的AtKup1基因分别构建酵母穿梭载体,并导入K 转运蛋白基因TRK1和TRK2缺失的酿酒酵母中,分别在低钾(5．0mmoL／L KC1)不合色氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子,从突变基因库酵母转化子中获得2株长势明显优于AtKup1基因转化子的突变基因转化菌株,菌株质粒上的突变AtKup1基因核苷酸测序结果表明突变基因AtKup1发生了2个碱基的置换,造成了2个氨基酸的改变。转化烟草烟叶化学成分分析证实突变基因的吸钾活性显著提高。     

SDF1-A Facilitates Lin?/Sca1+ Cell Homing following Murine Experimental Cerebral Ischemia

Background

Hematopoietic stem cells mobilize to the peripheral circulation in response to stroke. However, the mechanism by which the brain initiates this mobilization is uncharacterized.

Methods

Animals underwent a murine intraluminal filament model of focal cerebral ischemia and the SDF1-A pathway was evaluated in a blinded manner via serum and brain SDF1-A level assessment, Lin−/Sca1+ cell mobilization quantification, and exogenous cell migration confirmation; all with or without SDF1-A blockade.

Results

Bone marrow demonstrated a significant increase in Lin−/Sca1+ cell counts at 24 hrs (272±60%; P<0.05 vs sham). Mobilization of Lin−/Sca1+ cells to blood was significantly elevated at 24 hrs (607±159%; P<0.05). Serum SDF1-A levels were significant at 24 hrs (Sham (103±14), 4 hrs (94±20%, p = NS) and 24 hrs (130±17; p<0.05)). Brain SDF1-A levels were significantly elevated at both 4 hrs and 24 hrs (113±7 pg/ml and 112±10 pg/ml, respectively; p<0.05 versus sham 76±11 pg/ml). Following administration of an SDF1-A antibody, Lin−/Sca1+ cells failed to mobilize to peripheral blood following stroke, despite continued up regulation in bone marrow (stroke bone marrow cell count: 536±65, blood cell count: 127±24; p<0.05 versus placebo). Exogenously administered Lin−/Sca1+ cells resulted in a significant reduction in infarct volume: 42±5% (stroke alone), versus 21±15% (Stroke+Lin−/Sca1+ cells), and administration of an SDF1-A antibody concomitant to exogenous administration of the Lin−/Sca1+ cells prevented this reduction. Following stroke, exogenously administered Lin−/Sca1+ FISH positive cells were significantly reduced when administered concomitant to an SDF1-A antibody as compared to without SDF1-A antibody (10±4 vs 0.7±1, p<0.05).

Conclusions

SDF1-A appears to play a critical role in modulating Lin−/Sca1+ cell migration to ischemic brain.     

短暂脑缺血大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞大电导Ca2+依赖K+通道活动降低

短暂脑缺血可对随后的损伤性脑缺血表现出明显的耐受.有研究表明大电导Ca2+依赖K+(BKCa)通道活动增强参与了缺血性脑损伤.采用膜片钳的内面向外式,观察了3 min短暂脑缺血后6 h、24 h以及48 h大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞上BKCa通道活动的动态变化.短暂脑缺血后BKCa通道的单通道电导和翻转电位均未见明显变化,但通道的开放概率则在缺血预处理后的前24 h内显著降低.通道动力学分析显示通道关闭时间变长是短暂脑缺血后通道活动降低的主要原因,因为通道的开放时间未发生明显变化.结果提示短暂脑缺血所致的BKCa通道活动降低可能与缺血耐受的产生有关.     

NaC1胁迫对4种豆科树种幼苗生长和K+、Na+含量的影响

以合欢、刺槐、国槐和皂英4种豆科树种盆栽实生幼苗为试验材料,研究了NaC1胁迫下4个树种幼苗的生长、耐盐临界浓度和Na+、K+含量的变化,并对其耐盐性进行了比较.结果表明:NaC1胁迫抑制了4个树种幼苗的生长,苗木的干物质积累量减小、根冠比增大,尤其对合欢和皂荚的影响较大;以相对干质量降至对照组50%时的NaC1浓度作为生长临界NaC1浓度(C50)指标,4个树种的耐盐强弱顺序为:刺槐(5.0‰)＞国槐(4.5‰)＞皂荚(3.9‰)＞合欢(3.0‰);随NaC1浓度的增加,各树种幼苗根、茎、叶中Na+含量逐渐增加,K+含量先增加后减小(合欢根除外),而K+/Na+差异较大.相同浓度NaC1胁迫下,幼苗器官的Na+分布为根＞茎＞叶,K+因树种和NaC1浓度不同而各异,以叶片中较多,K+/Na+为叶＞茎＞根.NaC1胁迫下,刺槐的K+含量和K+/Na+较高,地上部分Na+含量较低,幼苗干物质量大,耐盐性较强;而合欢的K+/Na+较小,高浓度NaC1胁迫下地上部分的Na+含量较高,幼苗干物质量小,耐盐性较差.苗木地上部分对K+的积累和根部对Na+的滞留是影响豆科树种耐盐性能的主要因素.     

重组病毒BoHV-1 gG−/tk−/gD+和BoHV-1 gG−/tk−/gD5+的兔体内安全性和免疫原性

【目的】牛传染性鼻气管炎由BoHV-1感染引起,我国对该病的防控尚缺乏商品化标记疫苗,本实验室前期成功研制了BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-基因缺失疫苗,并通过将BoHV-1和Bo HV-插入BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-的tk位置,构建了重组病毒BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D+和BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D5+。本研究的目的在于评价该重组病毒在兔体内5的免疫原性最好的糖蛋白g D的胞外区序列分别的安全性和免疫原性及对BoHV-1保护力和Bo HV-5的交叉保护力,以期开发出更为有效的牛传染性鼻气管炎标记疫苗。【方法】选用30只日本大耳白兔并随机分成6组,鼻腔接种和攻毒。通过临床症状观察、体温测量和鼻腔排毒检测进行安全性评估。接种28 d后分别使用wt BoHV-1和wt Bo HV-5对兔体进行攻击,并通过临床症状观察、体温测量、鼻腔排毒、病理组织学和组织病毒的分离鉴定进行保护力研究。使用间接ELISA、中和实验和外周血单核细胞的增殖水平对重组病毒免疫原性进行评估。【结果】接种BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D+和BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D5+后兔体均未出现显著临床症状,无鼻腔排毒现象,并且肺组织未分离到病毒;BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-接种组有一只兔肺组织分离到病毒。攻毒后,BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D+和BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D5+可以减少临床症状、鼻腔排毒并维持正常肺组织形态,表现为对BoHV-1的保护力以及Bo HV-5的交叉保护力提高。与BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-相比,BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D+和BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D5+免疫诱导更高水平的中和抗体、ELISA抗体以及PBMC增殖。【结论】BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-/g D+和BoHV-1gG~-/tk~-/g D5+安全性良好,同时,与BoHV-1 gG~-/tk~-相比,免疫原性得到提高。     

Graves病患者外周血中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞上的PD-1/PD-L1的表达及意义

目的:探究Graves病患者外周血中CD4+CD25+Treg细胞上的PD-1/P-L1的表达及意义。方法:收集2017年6月至2017年12月就诊于西南医科大学附属医院内分泌科的Graves病、Graves眼病及体检中心的健康者的外周血进行流式检测。结果:与正常对照组相比,Graves病及Graves眼病组CD4+CD25+Treg细胞比例明显降低(P0.05);PD-1+Treg、PD-L1+Treg、PD-1+/PD-L1+Treg细胞比例均较正常组明显降低(P0.05);此外,Graves眼病组的结果较Graves病组更低(P0.05)。结论:CD4+CD25+Treg的降低会导致Graves病和Graves眼病患者的免疫状态活化,甲状腺自身抗体的增加和活化,促进疾病的发生。此外于PD-1和PD-L1阳性细胞比例的减少对于其对免疫的负向调节有所减弱,从而导致患者体内免疫耐受的降低和免疫稳态的打破,可能导致机体对甲状腺抗原的耐受消失,导致GD及眼病的发生发展。     

The α1 Na+−K+ pump of the Dahl salt-sensitive rat exhibits altered Na+ modulation of K+ transport in red blood cells

The properties of the α1 Na⁺-K⁺ pump were compared in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) strains by measuring ouabain-sensitive luxes (mmol/liter cell x hr = FU, Mean ± se) in red blood cells (RBCs) and varying internal ( _i ) and external ( _o ) Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations. Kinetic parameters of several modes of operation, i.e., Na⁺/ K⁺, K⁺/K⁺, Na⁺/Na⁺ exchanges, were characterized and analyzed for curve-fitting using the Enzfitter computer program. In unidirectional flux studies (n=12 rats of each strain) into fresh cells incubated in 140 mm Na⁺ + 5 mm K⁺, ouabain-sensitive K⁺ influx was substantially lower in the DS than in DR RBCs, while ouabain-sensitive Na⁺ efflux and Na _i were similar in both strains. Thus, the coupling ratio between unidirectional Na⁺∶K⁺ fluxes was significantly higher in DS than in DR cells at similar RBC Na⁺ content. In the presence of 140 mm Na _o , activation of ouabain-sensitive K⁺ influx by K _o had a lower K _m and V _max in DS as estimated by the Garay equation (N=2.70 ± 0.33, K _m 0.74 ± 0.09 mm; V _max 2.87 ± 0.09 FU) than in DR rats (N=1.23 ± 0.36, K _m 2.31 ± 0.16 mm; v _max 5.70 ± 0.52 FU). However, the two kinetic parameters were similar following Na _o removal. The activation of ouabain-sensitive K⁺ influx by Na _i had significantly lower V _max in DS (9.3 ± 0.4 FU) than in DR (14.5 ± 0.6 FU) RBCs but similar K _m. These data suggest that the low K⁺ influx in DS cells is caused by a defect in modulation by Na _o and Na _i . Na⁺ efflux showed no differences in Na _i activation or trans effects by Na _o and K _o , thus accounting for the different Na⁺∶K⁺ coupling ratio in the Dahl strains. Further evidence for the differences in the coupling of ouabain-sensitive fluxes was found in studies of net Na⁺ and K⁺ fluxes, where the net ouabain-sensitive Na⁺ losses showed similar magnitudes in the two Dahl strains while the net ouabainsensitive K⁺ gains were significantly greater in the DR than the DS RBCs. Ouabain-sensitive Na⁺ influx and K⁺ efflux were also measured in these rat RBCs. The inhibition of ouabain-sensitive Na⁺ influx by K _o was fully competitive for the DS but not for the DR pumps. Thus, for DR pumps, K _o could activate higher K⁺ influx in DR pumps without a complete inhibition of ouabain-sensitive Na⁺ influx. This behavior is consistent with K _o interaction with distinct Na⁺ and K⁺ transport sites. In addition, the inhibition of K⁺ efflux by Na, was different between Dahl strains. Ouabain-sensitive K⁺ efflux at Na _i level of 4.6 mmol/liter cell, was significantly higher in DS (3.86 ± 0.67 FU) than in DR (0.86 ± 0.14 FU) due to a threefold higher K₅₀ for Na _i -inhibition 9.66 ± 0.41 vs. 3.09 ± 0.11 mmol/liter cell. This finding indicates that Na⁺ modulation of K⁺ transport is altered at both sides of the membrane. The dissociation of Na⁺ modulatory sites of K⁺ transport from Na⁺ transport sites observed in RBCs of Dahl strains suggests that K⁺ transport by the Na⁺-K⁺ pump is controlled by Na⁺ allosteric sites different from the Na⁺ transport sites. The alterations in K⁺ transport may be related to the amino acid substitution (Leu/Gln₂₇₆) reported for the cDNA of the α1 subunit of the Na⁺-K⁺ pump in the DS strain or to post-translational modifications during RBC maturation. These studies were supported by the following grants: NIH (HL-35664, HL-42120, HL-18318, HL-39267, HL-01967). J.R.R. is a Ford Foundation Predoctoral Fellow. A preliminary report of this work was presented at the International Conference on the Na⁺-K⁺ pump and 44th Annual Meeting of the Society of General Physiologists held at Woods Hole, MA, September 5–9, 1990, and published as an abstract in the J. Gen. Physiol. 96:70a, 1990.