Style antigens of Prunus avium L.

Antiserum to a protein fraction of an extract of mature styles of P. avium cv. Lambert (S ₃ S ₄) was raised in rabbits. Two major antigenic components of the style extracts were detected by immunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The presence of one antigen (S-antigen) correlated with a particular S-genotype (S ₃ S ₄). This antigen is restricted to mature styles of P. avium. The second antigen (P-antigen) was detected in styles of all Prunus species examined, but not in styles of other species of the Rosaceae. The S-antigen is positively charged and the P-antigen negatively charged at pH 8.8.     

欧洲李的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称欧洲李（Prunus domcstica L.）。2材料类别幼嫩茎段。3培养条件愈伤组织启动培养基：（1）MS＋6-BA0.8mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋IAA1.2;（2）MS＋6-BA1.0＋NAA0.1。丛生芽诱导和增殖培养基：（3）MS＋6-BA0.8＋IAA1.5＋NAA0.05。生根培养基：（4）1/2MS＋IBA0．5＋根皮苷5。以上培养基除生根培养基（4）的蔗糖为15g．L^-1外,其他培养基均加入30g．L^-1蔗糖和5g·L^-1琼脂粉,     

遮光处理对山杏幼苗光合特性的影响

以3年生山杏苗木为材料,用CIRAS-2型光合仪测定70%和40%遮光处理下其叶片光合生理参数的光响应和日变化特征,以探讨山杏光合特性对光照条件的适应机制.结果表明:(1) 随着遮光处理的加重,山杏叶片净光合速率(Pn)、光补偿点、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率及生物量等均呈下降趋势,70%和40%遮光处理下山杏叶片最大Pn分别比全光照显著下降58%和38%,而其表观量子效率分别显著提高31%和22%.(2)遮光处理下,山杏叶片Pn日变化呈"单峰"曲线,70%和40%遮光处理山杏叶片Pn日均值分别比全光照显著下降68%和49%;随着环境光照的增强,山杏叶片Pn下降的原因逐渐由气孔限制转变为非气孔限制为主.(3) 随光照强度的增加,山杏叶片蒸腾速率表现为增大趋势,70%和40%遮光处理的均值分别比全光照下降55%和16%;弱光环境下山杏具有降低蒸腾作用来提高水分利用效率的生理特性,水分利用效率均值和最大值均表现为70%遮光>全光照>40%遮光.研究发现,山杏较喜光,但对弱光也有一定适应能力,光照生态幅较宽,在干旱缺水的黄土丘陵区适当遮荫可提高其对有限水分的利用效率.     

The effects of external magnesium concentration on the growth and magnesium inflow rates of micropropagated cherry rootstocks 'F.12/1' (Prunus avium L.) and 'Colt' (Prunus avium L. × Prunus pseudocerasus L.)

The cherry rootstock 'F.12/1' is more susceptible to Mg deficiency than the cherry rootstock 'Colt'. The effects of different external concentrations (3000, 500, 50 and 10 µM) of Mg on the growth of micropropagated plants of 'F.12/1' and 'Colt' were investigated in a flowing solution culture system. The relative growth rates (RGR) and total dry weight of both cultivars decreased similarly with the reduction in the external concentrations of Mg. The decreases were caused by a lower net assimilation rate (unit leaf rate). 'F.12/1' had a greater RGR than 'Colt' at all external concentrations of Mg and this is ascribed to its greater leaf weight ratio (leafiness). 'Colt' partitions more dry matter to roots than 'F.12/1', resulting in a smaller shoot: root dry weight ratio. 'F.12/1' required a greater inflow rate of Mg than 'Colt' to maintain its maximum growth rate. When the external concentration of Mg fell below 500 µM the concentration of Mg in the leaves of 'F.12/1' fell well below the critical concentration whereas for 'Colt' this did not occur until the concentration fell below 50 µM.     

甜樱桃品种及其砧木的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术,从130个随机引物中筛选出46个引物,对欧洲甜樱桃、欧洲酸樱桃、马哈利樱桃和野生中国樱桃4个类型樱桃种,以及欧洲甜樱桃与中国樱桃的种间杂交种共15个品种的基因组遗传变异进行分析。结果表明,46个随机引物均得到了稳定可重复的RAPD图谱,扩增出的DNA条带大小在100~2625bp之间,多态性位点数517个,多态性位点百分率为98.85%,每个随机引物扩增出的多态性DNA条带数在4~23条。品种间Nei遗传距离在0.166~0.479之间,平均遗传距离0.329;甜樱桃新品种‘秦樱1号’与‘秦岭玛瑙’、‘CDR-1’等10个樱桃砧木之间的遗传距离在0.248~0.376,并且根据遗传距离可以相互区分,所分析的15个樱桃品种均扩增出了特有的DNA条带,每个樱桃特有标记带在2~17个之间,共扩增出149个特有标记,据此可以进行樱桃品种及砧木的RAPD鉴定。研究认为利用RAPD技术可以在分子水平上对甜樱桃品种及其砧木进行快速鉴定。     

对“接穗郁李影响杏砧变异的实验”的解释

本文认为“接穗郁李影响杏砧变异的实验”为嫁接杂交研究提供了新的证据,并根据近年来植物分子生物学的有关研究成果,对蘖生郁李产生的原因进行了解释。 Abstract:The paper considers that the experiment of affect scion of Prunus japonica Thunb on stock of Prunus armeniaca L. furnish fresh evidence for graft hybridization,and proposes the possible mechnism for production of tillering Prunus japoniaca Thunb according to recent achievements in plant molecular biology.     

Tissue Development in the Stigma of Prunus avium L.

The tissue inside the stigma of Prunus avium L, through whichpollen tubes grow, undergoes a specific pattern of developmentwhich is different from that of the papillae on the stigmaticsurface or the transmitting tissue of the style in several importantaspects An elaborate system of intercellular spaces developsconsisting of small lacunae and aerenchymatous tissue The majorityof spaces contain no intercellular substances and appear tobe air canals, although the small lacunae may participate insecretion Aerenchymatous tissue on the peripheral regions ofthe stigma is characterized by several cytological featureswhich change during ontogeny, such as nuclear inclusions, amyloplastinclusions, dumbbell-shaped mitochondria, cytoplasmic sequestrationand isolated segments of endoplasmic reticulum Occasional clustersof amyloplasts were also observed Prunus avium L, sweet cherry, stigma, cytology, ultrastructure     

Stigmatic and stylar incompatibility in Prunus avium L.: Morphological and ultrastructural aspects

Abstract

Stigmatic and stylar structures of-sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) «Malizia» were examined with light and electron microscopes (S.E.M. and T.E.M.).

It was demonstrated that the transmitting tissue, situated in the central portion of the style, extends below the stigmatic papillae and secretes an electrondense material accumulating in the intercellular spaces. Pollen tubes which germinated on the stigma, reached the ovules passing through this substance which facilitates their passage while trophic relations are established.

Some ultrastructural aspects of the pollen tubes observed inside the style were examined and discussed in relation to the phenomenon of self-incompatibility.     

3种李属植物分布新资料

报道迎春樱桃Prunus discoidea(T.T.YuC.L.Li)Z.WeiY.B.Chang、浙闽樱桃Prunus schneiderianaKoehne和郁李Prunus japonica Thunb.等3种李属植物的省级新记录,确定郁李在安徽的分布,并对采自湖南省的迎春樱桃标本1404254(CSFI)进行重新认定。     

Chloroplast DNA diversity within and among populations of the allotetraploid Prunus spinosa L.

High chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) diversity was found within and among populations of Prunus spinosa sampled from seven European deciduous forests. A study of 12% of the total chloroplast genome detected 44 mutations, which were distributed over 24 haplotypes; four were common to two or more populations and the rest were unique haplotypes. The most-abundant and widely distributed haplotype was H2 (frequency = 41% approximately). Six of the seven populations were polymorphic. All of the six polymorphic populations had ”private” haplotypes (frequency < 5%) in addition to common haplotypes. The UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated a correlation between populations and their geographical locations. The total diversity was high (h_T= 0.824) and a major portion of it was within populations (h_s= 0.663). The level of population subdivision for unordered alleles was low (G_ST= 19.5%) and for ordered alleles was lower (N_ST= 13.6%). No phylogeographic structure could be demonstrated in the present geographical scale. High polymorphism in the cpDNA of P. spinosa has to be considered carefully when planning phylogenetic studies involving this species. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 10 November 1999     

Chloroplast DNA study in wild populations and some cultivars of Prunus avium L.

The PCR-RFLP technique was used to detect chloroplast DNA diversity in wild populations of Prunus avium from five European deciduous forests and some cultivars. A study of 10.8% of the total chloroplast genome detected eight insertion-deletion (indel) mutations, distributed over 12 haplotypes. Six haplotypes (H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and H6) were found in wild populations and eight (H2, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, H11 and H12) in the cultivars. Only two haplotypes (H2 and H6) are shared by the wild populations and the cultivars. The most-abundant and frequent haplotype in wild populations is H2 (frequency=78%). The wider geographical distribution along with the high frequency reflects its ancient origin. Of the five populations, three are polymorphic. Populations GA (Scotland) and KE (Germany) have unique haplotypes. The total cpDNA diversity in wild populations is h_T=0.40, and a major portion of it is within populations (h_S=0.37). The genetic differentiation among populations was low (G_STC=0.08) and no genetic structure among wild populations was observed. A minimum-length spanning tree, demonstrating relationships among the haplotypes in wild populations, indicated two possible chloroplast lineages. The ten identified cultivars were represented by seven haplotypes; this result proposes the possible utilisation of the PCR-RFLP technique for the characterisation of sweet cherry cultivars. The cpDNA diversity in P. avium should be considered carefully for phylogenetic studies involving this species. Received: 10 July 2000 / Accepted: 19 October 2000     

凯特杏花粉的离体培养及影响因子分析

采用离体培养法,在不同培养基组分含量、pH值、温度及植物生长调节物质的培养条件下,对凯特杏(Prunus armeniacaL.cv Katy)花粉的离体萌发和花粉管生长状况进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)凯特杏花粉离体萌发及花粉管生长的适宜培养基为20%蔗糖 0.04%硼酸 0.01?Cl2,最适pH为6.0,最适温度为20℃,培养20 h后,花粉的萌发率达68.76%,花粉管长度达1 083.53μm。(2)不同植物生长调节物质对花粉萌发和花粉管生长作用不同,赤霉素浓度为5~8 mg/L、矮壮素浓度为10~150 mg/L、多效唑浓度为5~10 mg/L时对凯特杏花粉萌发和花粉管生长都有促进作用,但国光丁酰肼对凯特杏花粉萌发和花粉管生长均有抑制作用。     

Tissue-specific antigens secreted by suspension-cultured callus cells of Prunus avium L.

A number of antigenic components are secreted into the medium by P. avium callus cells derived from different tissues and grown in suspension culture. These antigens have been detected using antiserum raised in rabbits to a protein fraction secreted by P. avium leaf callus. One antigen is specific to leaf tissue and is secreted by callus cells derived from stem, pistil and anthers as well as leaves. A second antigen is, in intact organs, restricted to styles of a particular self-incompatibility (S) genotype, but is also secreted by callus cells derived from the leaf. Another antigen, apparently not organ-specific, is secreted by all calli tested, including Rosa (cv. Paul's Scarlet).     

Probing behavior of bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on native bird cherry Prunus padus L. and alien invasive black cherry Prunus serotina Erhr. in Europe and the role of cyanogenic glycosides

The probing behavior of bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi was studied on its natural winter host in Europe, the bird cherry Prunus padus, and on the invasive black cherry Prunus serotina, on which spring generations of R. padi do not survive. The EPG-recorded behavior of R. padi on bird cherry and black cherry showed differences in crucial aspects of probing and feeding. The period of the pre-phloem penetration was twice as long and rarely interrupted in aphids on bird cherry as opposed to aphids on black cherry. On black cherry, there was a considerable delay between finding and accepting the phloem. Aphids that had sampled phloem sap either refused to ingest it or the ingestion periods were very short. Amygdalin and prunasin (cyanogenic glycosides present in leaves of Prunus) seriously impeded ingestion activities when applied in pure sucrose diet. The role of amygdalin and prunasin in winter host plant selection and host alternation in R. padi is discussed.     

A combined morphometric and AFLP based diversity study challenges the taxonomy of the European members of the complex Prunus L. section Prunus

Multivariate analysis of both endocarp and leaf morphometrics is combined with cluster analysis and Bayesian inference of AFLP markers to assess the morphologic and genetic variation of five European members of Prunus section Prunus (P. cerasifera, P. domestica, P. insititia, P. spinosa, and P. × fruticans). Endocarp morphometrics separate most Prunus taxa studied, but overlap remains between P. domestica and P. cerasifera, and P. spinosa and P. × fruticans. Leaf morphometrics yield better separation of P. domestica and P. cerasifera, but do not allow distinction between P. spinosa and P. × fruticans. Both cluster analysis and PCoA of AFLP markers equally produce three distinct clusters. A first consists of all P. cerasifera samples and the sole P. cocomilia; a second cluster includes all individuals of P. domestica and P. insititia; and a third group comprises all P. spinosa and P. × fruticans samples.     

Gibberellins in seedlings and flowering trees of Prunus avium L

Extracts of acids from mature seeds, germinating seeds, first, second and third year seedlings as well as mature, flowering trees of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. Stella) were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of the known gibberellins (GAs) GA1 (1), GA3 (4), GA5 (7), GA8 (11), GA19 (14), GA20 (12), GA29 (13), GA32 (5), GA85 (2), GA86 (3) and GA87 (6) was confirmed by comparison of their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices with those of standards or literature values. In addition, 16alpha,17-dihydrodihydroxy GA25 (16) was identified and its stereochemistry confirmed by rational synthesis. The 12alpha,13-dihydroxy GAs, GA32 (5), GA86 (2), GA86 (3) and GA87 (6), were detected in mature seeds, germinating seeds and young seedlings, but not in flowering plants. The 13-hydroxy GAs, GA1 (1) and GA3 (4), were present in germinating seeds and, in addition to these, GA5 (7), GA8 (11), GA19 (14), GA20 (12) and GA29 (13) were detected in seedlings and mature flowering plants. In germinating seeds and seedlings (while the plants were growing actively), concentrations of the 12alpha,13-dihydroxy GAs, measured by bioassay, declined and those of the 13-hydroxy GAs increased. The results are discussed with reference to the known and predicted effects of the GAs on the vegetative growth and flowering of P. avium plants.     

A Quaternary perspective on the conservation prospects of the Tertiary relict tree Prunus lusitanica L.

Aim  To assess the importance of climate and human pressure as factors limiting the past, present and future distribution of Prunus lusitanica L. (the Portuguese laurel), a relict of Europe's ancient subtropical laurel-forest flora.
Location  The Iberian Peninsula.
Methods  A census was taken of the current populations of P. lusitanica in the Iberian Peninsula and the threats they face. The potential distribution of the species was modelled under current climatic conditions and under simulations of the climate for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the mid-Holocene and the year 2080.
Results  The present total population of 31,000 individuals is largely distributed as small, fragmented subpopulations, often threatened by agriculture or forestry. The species' current range is much smaller than its potentially suitable range. During the LGM, P. lusitanica would have been constrained to a limited number of sites along the Atlantic coast. In the mid-Holocene, its potential range was much wider than during the LGM and similar to that of the present day. Under the 2080 climate scenario its potential range is reduced by almost 40% compared to that of the present. This reduction includes the loss of territories currently home to three-quarters of its Iberian population.
Main conclusions  Drastic climatic changes and the existence of refugia are usually invoked to explain the rarity and fragmented distribution – yet persistence – of a subtropical flora in southern Europe. The availability of climatically suitable habitats is, however, not necessarily the main factor limiting its distribution. Human impact would appear to have been – and continues to be – of fundamental importance in the current population sizes and potential range of P. lusitanica in the Iberian Peninsula.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区天然次生灌木山桃（Prunus davidiana）与山杏（Prunus sibirica L.）叶片气体交换参数日动态差异

以半干旱黄土丘陵区5年生天然次生灌木山桃(Prunus davidiana)及山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)作为研究材料,系统比较了两树种叶片气体交换参数的日变化特征,分析了其光合作用和蒸腾作用与环境因子的关系.结果表明:山桃叶片气体交换参数日变化特征与山桃有所差异,山桃除蒸腾速率(Tr)外其它生理参数呈单峰曲线,山杏的日变化类型均呈双峰曲线.两树种光合速率(Pn)在下午明显下降,其原因主要是受到非气孔限制.山桃Pn的日均值((7.64±3.69) μmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((5 29±2.97) μmol · m-2 · s-1)高出46%,Tr的日均值((2.21±1.02) mmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((1.58±0.57) mmol · m-2 · s-1)高出40%左右,水分利用效率(WUE)的日均值相差不大,分别为(2.89±1.52) μmol · mmol-1,(2.54±1.37) μmol · mmol-1.多元回归及相关分析表明,影响光合作用与蒸腾作用的最重要因子是光合有效辐射强度,其次是大气CO2浓度;光合作用与蒸腾作用参数之间也有明显的相关性.结论:山桃与山杏表现出具有较高光合速率,较低蒸腾速率和较高水分利用效率的生理特征,因而在半干旱黄土丘陵区都有较好引种栽培与开发利用潜力.