3-氨基苯酰胺对氧化应激诱导的HeLa细胞端粒DNA链断裂重连接作用的影响

端粒是位于真核细胞染色体末端的DNA-蛋白质复合体,在维持染色体稳定上起着重要的作用,并且与细胞的衰老和凋亡有着密切的关系.在各种DNA损伤中,单链断裂(single-strand breaks, SSBs)是最常见的类型之一,既可直接通过内源活性氧或离子化辐射产生,也可间接地在DNA代谢或碱基切除修复期间产生.已知多聚(ADP-核糖)聚合酶［poly(ADPribose) polymerase, PARP］在SSBs修复中起着极为重要的作用.本实验观察了PARP抑制剂3-氨基苯酰胺(3-aminobenzamide, 3-AB)对氧化应激诱导的HeLa细胞端粒DNA链断裂重连接的效应以及对过氧化氢(H2O2)抑制HeLa细胞增殖的影响.结果表明3-AB能够显著地抑制氧化应激诱导的HeLa细胞端粒DNA链断裂后的重连接作用,并能增强H2O2对HeLa细胞增殖的抑制作用,提示PARP参与了端粒DNA链断裂损伤的修复过程.     

DNA-PK蛋白功能及其调控机制

DNA依赖性蛋白激酶（DNA-dependent protein kinase,DNA-PK）是由3个亚基组成的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,属于磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶相关激酶家族（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases,PIKK）,是基因组DNA损伤修复过程中的关键蛋白激酶,参与并决定着非同源末端连接DNA损伤修复通路的整个进程.此外DNA-PK还参与了电离辐射诱导的凋亡信号转导通路,免疫细胞V（D）J重组、免疫细胞分化、胰岛素刺激下的细胞应答等过程,具有维持端粒稳定性的功能.DNA-PK活性的升高会降低肿瘤对放射的敏感性,其活性主要受自身磷酸化调控,此外活性氧、EGFR、MG132抑制剂、PP1γ1和PP5等蛋白磷酸酶也有调控DNA-PK活性的作用.     

甲磺酸甲酯对酵母DNA损伤及端粒酶活性的影响

观察甲磺酸甲酯 (MMS)对酿酒酵母S2 88C细胞染色体DNA的损伤及端粒酶活性的调节。结果表明 ,甲磺酸甲酯引起酵母细胞DNA损伤 ,随着MMS浓度的增加及作用时间的延长 ,DNA损伤程度加重 ,同时明显提高酵母细胞端粒酶活性。当用 0 .4mmol/LMMS作用 72h后 ,端粒酶活性最高 (是对照组的1.4 7倍 ) ,在作用 96h及 12 0h后端粒酶活性逐渐下降 ,但均高于对照组。甲磺酸甲酯对酿酒酵母S2 88C细胞端粒酶活性的上调作用可能与其DNA损伤有关 ,断裂DNA的损伤后修复可能是端粒酶介导的。     

共济失调毛细血管扩张症突变基因与端粒不稳定性关系研究进展

在电离辐射等因素造成的DNA损伤修复信号传导过程中,共济失调毛细血管扩张症突变基因(ATM)起关键作用。同时,ATM属于P13K家族成员,其功能与保持端粒长度有关。端粒是真核细胞内染色体末端的重复的DNA序列,端粒的长短和稳定性决定了细胞的寿命。ATM突变导致端粒的不稳定性,包括端粒连接、端粒染色质结构变化,影响端粒聚集等。     

端粒保护蛋白TRF2的研究进展

端粒是染色体末端的核蛋白结构。染色体末端重复的端粒DNA可以规避不适当的DNA损伤反应(DNA damage response, DDR)的激活,维持染色体的稳定性,端粒的缺失会引起染色体融合并导致细胞的衰老及死亡。端粒特异性蛋白复合物Shelterin在保护端粒完整性方面具有重要作用。在这个复合体中,端粒结合因子2 (telomeric-repeat binding factor 2, TRF2)在维持端粒稳定、防止端粒染色体末端融合以及端粒染色体复制过程中发挥关键作用。该文综述了TRF2介导的保护染色体末端的多方面的机制。     

细胞DNA损伤检控系统在维持端粒稳定中的功能

真核生物的DNA损伤检控系统是维持细胞基因组稳定的一个重要机制,该系统能检测细胞在生命活动过程中出现的DNA损伤并引发细胞周期阻滞,对DNA损伤进行修复,以维持细胞遗传的稳定性。端粒是位于真核细胞染色体末端由重复DNA序列和蛋白质组成的复合物,具有保护染色体、介导染色体复制、引导减数分裂时的同源染色体配对和调节细胞衰老等作用。虽然端粒与DNA双链断裂都具有作为线性染色体末端的共同特点,但正常端粒并不像DNA双链断裂那样激活DNA损伤检控系统。另一方面,端粒又与DNA损伤相似,因为多种DNA损伤检控蛋白在端粒长度稳定中起重要作用。因此DNA损伤检控系统既参与了维持正常端粒的完整性,又可对端粒损伤作出应答。现就DNA损伤检控系统在维持端粒稳定中的作用及其对功能缺陷端粒的应答作一简要综述。     

辐射及活性氧对DNA的损伤以及芥子碱的保护作用

在X射线照射下,小牛胸腺DNA的碱基损伤及链断裂随着剂量升高而增加,其损伤主要集中于链断裂;活性氧可以引起DNA损伤,H2O2仅造成少量伤害,当在含有H2O2的体系中加入微量的Cu2＋、Fe2＋时损伤急剧增加,这是由反应产生的·OH所致,Cu2＋的致损伤效果明显高于Fe2＋。·OH清除剂芥子碱具有很强的抗辐射及抗氧化作用,且对DNA无伤害。这说明·OH在DNA的氧化损伤中起重要作用。     

ZSCAN4在早期胚胎及多能干细胞中的作用及调节机制

含有锌指和SCAN结构域的蛋白质4 (zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 4, ZSCAN4)在2细胞期胚胎以及胚胎干细胞中作为DNA结合蛋白质特异性表达。ZSCAN4能够调控早期胚胎发育过程，在合子基因组激活(zygotic genome activation, ZGA)期间通过促进DNA损伤修复和纠正染色体异常，以维持植入前胚胎的基因组和染色体完整性。在小鼠胚胎干细胞(mouse embryonic stem cells, mESCs)向2细胞样细胞转换期间，ZSCAN4与ATP依赖性染色质重塑因子相互作用，调节鼠内源性逆转录病毒L(murine endogenous retrovirus L, MERVL)增强子的活性，激活周边的2细胞期基因的表达，促进胚胎干细胞向2细胞样细胞的转变。ZSCAN4还能通过降低DNA甲基化水平同时介导异染色质沉默，并促使端粒重组和端粒延伸，保持基因组稳定性，进一步维持多能干细胞的无限自我更新能力和多能性，促进mESCs向胚胎2细胞样细胞转变。此外，ZSCAN4还能在重编程中重新激活早期胚胎基因，显著提高诱导...     

补骨脂素—UVA对端粒DNA的直接作用及其原子力显微镜研究

HeLa细胞DNA,经Rsal(1250U)和HinF1(1250U)内切酶酶解、Bio-gel P-2柱分离,得到端粒DNA。原子力显微镜（AFM）的直接观测结果表明在UVA照射下,补骨脂素可结合到端粒DNA的特殊位置,其光交链产物随照射时间增长而增加。与此同时,P53表达和端粒酶活性发生变化。纯化的端凿DNA片段在AFM下呈带尾的T－环结构（T-loop）。按其高度判断T－环部分为双链DNA结构,T－环与尾部交接处具有三链或四链结构特征。     

NBS1在DNA断裂损伤反应和维持端粒稳定中的作用

NBS1作为MRE11/RAD50/NBS1复合物的组分之一,是细胞应答DNA损伤的一个关键蛋白质,在DNA双链断裂修复和维持基因组稳定中发挥重要的作用。端粒是染色体末端由DNA重复序列和蛋白质构成的复合体,其独特结构与DNA双链断裂非常相似。最近几年的研究发现NBS1与端粒也有着十分密切的联系。综述了NBS1在DNA损伤反应中的作用,并探讨NBS1参与维持端粒稳定中的分子机制。     

Mouse but not human embryonic stem cells are deficient in rejoining of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks

Mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells will give rise to all of the cells of the adult mouse, but they failed to rejoin half of the DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) produced by high doses of ionizing radiation. A deficiency in DNA-PK(cs) appears to be responsible since mES cells expressed <10% of the level of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) although Ku70/80 protein levels were higher than MEFs. However, the low level of DNA-PK(cs) found in wild-type cells appeared sufficient to allow rejoining of dsb after doses <20Gy even in G1 phase cells. Inhibition of DNA-PK(cs) with wortmannin and NU7026 still sensitized mES cells to radiation confirming the importance of the residual DNA-PK(cs) at low doses. In contrast to wild-type cells, mES cells lacking H2AX, a histone protein involved in the DNA damage response, were radiosensitive but they rejoined double-strand breaks more rapidly. Consistent with more rapid dsb rejoining, H2AX(-/-) mES cells also expressed 6 times more DNA-PK(cs) than wild-type mES cells. Similar results were obtained for ATM(-/-) mES cells. Differentiation of mES cells led to an increase in DNA-PK(cs), an increase in dsb rejoining rate, and a decrease in Ku70/80. Unlike mouse ES, human ES cells were proficient in rejoining of dsb and expressed high levels of DNA-PK(cs). These results confirm the importance of homologous recombination in the accurate repair of double-strand breaks in mES cells, they help explain the chromosome abnormalities associated with deficiencies in H2AX and ATM, and they add to the growing list of differences in the way rodent and human cells deal with DNA damage.     

Effect of Wortmannin on the repair profiles of DNA double-strand breaks in the whole genome and in interstitial telomeric sequences of Chinese hamster cells

The DNA breakage detection-fluorescence in situ hybridization (DBD-FISH) procedure was applied to analyze the effect of Wortmannin (WM) in the rejoining kinetics of ionizing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the whole genome and in the long interstitial telomeric repeat sequence (ITRS) blocks from Chinese hamster cell lines. The results indicate that the ITRS blocks from wild-type Chinese hamster cell lines, CHO9 and V79B, exhibit a slower initial rejoining rate of ionizing radiation-induced DSBs than the genome overall. Neither Rad51C nor the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) activities, involved in homologous recombination (HR) and in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways of DSB repair respectively, influenced the rejoining kinetics within ITRS in contrast to DNA sequences in the whole genome. Nevertheless, DSB removal rate within ITRS was decreased in the absence of Ku86 activity, though at a lower affectation level than in the whole genome, thus homogenizing both rejoining kinetics rates. WM treatment slowed down the DSB rejoining kinetics rate in ITRS, this effect being more pronounced in the whole genome, resulting in a similar pattern to that of the Ku86 deficient cells. In fact, no WM effect was detected in the Ku86 deficient Chinese hamster cells, so probably WM does not add further impairment in DSB rejoining than that resulted as a consequence of absence of Ku activity. The same slowing effect was also observed after treatment of Rad51C and DNA-PKcs defective hamster cells by WM, suggesting that: (1) there is no potentiation of the HR when the NHEJ is impaired by WM, either in the whole genome or in the ITRS, and (2) that this impairment may probably involve more targets than DNA-PKcs. These results suggest that there is an intragenomic heterogeneity in DSB repair, as well as in the effect of WM on this process.     

Time Scale for Rejoining of Bacteriophage λ Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules in Superinfected pol+ and polA1 Strains of Escherichia coli After Exposure to 4 MeV Electrons

The time scale for rejoining of radiation-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) single-strand breaks was measured in the presence and absence of oxygen. The involvement of DNA polymerase I in this repair process was studied. Formation and rejoining of DNA strand breaks were measured in lambda DNA infecting lysogenic pol(+) and polA1 strains of Escherichia coli irradiated by 4 MeV electrons under identical conditions. Irradiation and transfer to alkaline detergent could be completed in less than 180 ms. The initial yields of DNA strand breaks were identical in pol(+) and polA1 host cells and four- to fivefold higher in the presence of oxygen than in nitrogen anoxia. Evidence for the existence of a very fast repair process, independent of DNA polymerase I, was not found, since no rejoining of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks was observed during incubation from 45 ms to 3 s. In pol(+) host cells most of the strand breaks produced in the presence of oxygen were rejoined within the first 30 to 40 s of incubation, whereas no rejoining could be detected within the same period of time in anoxic cells. Since no rejoining of broken lambda DNA molecules was observed in polA1 host cells, it is concluded that the synthetase activity of DNA polymerase I is involved in the rejoining of DNA breaks induced by radiation in the presence of oxygen.     

Nature of DNA lesions induced in human hepatoma cells, human colonic cells and human embryonic lung fibroblasts by the antiretroviral drug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine

This study tried to clarify the question if nuclear genotoxicity played a role in 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) toxicity. We investigated cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of AZT on human hepatoma HepG2 and human colonic CaCo-2 cells as well as on human diploid lung fibroblasts HEL. The amount of induced DNA damage was measured by standard alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). The nature of induced DNA lesions was evaluated (1) by modified SCGE, which includes treatment of lysed cells with DNA repair enzymes Endo III and Fpg and enables to recognize oxidized bases of DNA, and (2) by SCGE processed in parallel at pH 13.0 (standard technique) and pH 12.1, which enables to recognize alkali labile DNA lesions and direct DNA strand breaks. Cytotoxicity of AZT was evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion technique. Our findings showed that 3-h treatment of cells with AZT decreased the viability of all cell lines studied. SCGE performed in the presence of DNA repair enzymes proved that AZT induced oxidative lesions to DNA in all cell types. In hepatoma HepG2 cells and embryonic lung fibroblasts HEL the majority of AZT-induced DNA strand breaks were pH-independent, i.e. they were identified at both pH values (12.1 and 13.0). These DNA lesions represented direct DNA breaks. In colonic Caco-2 cells DNA lesions were converted to DNA strand breaks particularly under strong alkaline conditions (pH>13.0), which is characteristic for alkali-labile sites of DNA. DNA strand break rejoining was investigated by the standard comet assay technique during 48 h of post-AZT-treatment in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. The kinetics of DNA rejoining, considered an indicator of DNA repair, revealed that AZT-induced DNA breaks were repaired in both cell types slowly, though HepG2 cells seemed to be more repair proficient with respect to AZT-induced DNA lesions.     

A mechanism for DNA-PK activation requiring unique contributions from each strand of a DNA terminus and implications for microhomology-mediated nonhomologous DNA end joining

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is an essential component of the nonhomologous end joining pathway (NHEJ), responsible for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Ku binds a DSB and recruits the catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs, where it is activated once the kinase is bound to the DSB. The precise mechanism by which DNA activates DNA-PK remains unknown. We have investigated the effect of DNA structure on DNA-PK activation and results demonstrate that in Ku-dependent DNA-PKcs reactions, DNA-PK activation with DNA effectors containing two unannealed ends was identical to activation observed with fully duplex DNA effectors of the same length. The presence of a 6-base single-stranded extension resulted in decreased activation compared to the fully duplex DNA. DNA-PK activation using DNA effectors with compatible termini displayed increased activity compared to effectors with noncompatible termini. A strand orientation preference was observed in these reactions and suggests a model where the 3' strand of the terminus is responsible for annealing and the 5' strand is involved in activation of DNA-PK. These results demonstrate the influence of DNA structure and orientation on DNA-PK activation and provide a molecular mechanism of activation resulting from compatible termini, an essential step in microhomology-mediated NHEJ.     

Complex H2AX phosphorylation patterns by multiple kinases including ATM and DNA-PK in human cells exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with kinase inhibitors

In eukaryotic cells, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) cause the prompt phosphorylation of serine 139 at the carboxy terminus of histone H2AX to generate gamma-H2AX, detectable by Western blotting or immunofluorescence. The consensus sequence at the phosphorylation site implicates the phosphatidylinositol 3-like family of protein kinases in H2AX phosphorylation. It remains open whether ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) is the major H2AX kinase, or whether other members of the family, such as DNA-PK (DNA dependent protein kinase) or ATR (ATM and Rad3 related), contribute in a functionally complementary manner. To address this question, we measured global H2AX phosphorylation in cell lysates and foci formation in individual cells of either wild type or mutant (ATM or DNA-PK) genetic background. Normal global phosphorylation kinetics is observed after irradiation in cells defective either in ATM or DNA-PK alone, suggesting a complementary contribution to H2AX phosphorylation. This is further supported by the observation that initial H2AX phosphorylation is delayed when both kinases are inhibited by wortmannin, as well as when ATM is inhibited by caffeine in DNA-PK deficient cells. However, robust residual global phosphorylation is detectable under all conditions of genetic or chemical inhibition suggesting the function of additional kinases, such as ATR. Treatment with wortmannin, caffeine, or UCN-01 produces a strong DNA-PK dependent late global hyperphosphorylation of H2AX, uncoupled from DNA DSB rejoining and compatible with an inhibition of late steps in DNA DSB processing. Evaluation of gamma-H2AX foci formation confirms the major conclusions made on the basis of global H2AX phosphorylation, but also points to differences particularly several hours after exposure to IR. The results in aggregate implicate DNA-PK, ATM and possibly other kinases in H2AX phosphorylation. The functional significance and the mechanisms of coordination in space and time of these multiple inputs require further investigation.     

Repair of Radiation Damage to Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Germinating Spores of Bacillus subtilis

The repair of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in germinating spores was studied in comparison with that in vegetative cells. Radiation-induced single-strand breaks in the DNA of spores and of vegetative cells of Bacillus subtilis were rejoined during postirradiation incubation. The molecular weight of single-stranded DNA was restored to the level of nonirradiated cells. The rate of the rejoining of DNA strand breaks in irradiated spores was essentially equal to that in irradiated vegetative cells. The rejoining in spores germinating in nutrient medium occurred in the absence of detectable DNA synthesis. In this state, normal DNA synthesis was not initiated. Very little DNA degradation occurred during the rejoining process. On the other hand, in vegetative cells the rejoining process was accompanied by a relatively large amount of DNA synthesis and DNA degradation in nutrient medium. The rejoining occurred in phosphate buffer in vegetative cells but not in spores in which germination was not induced. Chloramphenicol did not interfere with the rejoining process in either germinating spores or vegetative cells, indicating that the rejoining takes place in the absence of de novo synthesis of repair enzyme. In the radiation-sensitive strain uvs-80, the capacity for rejoining radiation-induced strand breaks was reduced both in spores and in vegetative cells, suggesting that the rejoining mechanism of germinating spores is not specific to the germination process.     

High LET heavy ion radiation induces lower numbers of initial chromosome breaks with minimal repair than low LET radiation in normal human cells

We investigated the earliest possible chromosome break and repair process in normal human fibroblasts irradiated with low and high LET (linear energy transfer) heavy ion radiation using the modified premature chromosome condensation (PCC) technique utilizing wortmannin (WM) during the fusion incubation period [M. Okada, S. Saito, R. Okayasu, Facilitated detection of chromosome break and repair at low levels of ionizing radiation by addition of wortmannin to G1-type PCC fusion incubation, Mutat. Res., 562 (2004) 11-17]. The initial numbers of breaks were approximately 10/cell/Gy in X-irradiated samples, followed by carbon (LET: 70 keV/microm), neon, and the number was around 5/cell/Gy in silicon (LET: 70 and 200 keV/microm) and iron (LET: 200 keV/microm) samples. If WM was not used, the initial numbers of breaks with silicon and iron were higher than those of X-rays. To quantify these data, we used initial repair ratio (IRR) defined as the number of G1 PCC breaks with WM divided by the number of breaks without WM. X-irradiation gave the maximum IRR ( approximately 2.0), while iron as well as silicon irradiation showed the minimum IRR ( approximately 1.0), suggesting almost no rejoining at the initial stage. Although there is a comparatively good correlation between the IRR value and the cell survival, the survival fraction with the repair data at 2 or 6h correlates better statistically. Our data indicate that high LET heavy ion irradiation induces a lower number of initial chromosome breaks with minimal repair when compared with low LET irradiation. These results at the chromosome level substantiate and extend the notion that high LET radiation produces complex-type DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).     

衰老过程中大白鼠脾细胞的DNA单链断裂与重接能力的变化

 DNA被紫外线损伤后,由DNA切除修复酶切除嘧啶二聚体,随之以另一条正常的DNA链为模板修复合成DNA片段,最后由DNA连接酶将新合成的DNA片与原有的DNA链连接。本文用荧光法测定DNA修复过程中DNA单链的断裂及重接能力与衰老的关系。结果表明,不同年龄大鼠脾细胞均具有修复DNA单链断裂的能力,DNA单链断裂重接的能力与年龄有相关性,断乳鼠及青年鼠的脾细胞当保温至30min时,即开始了DNA链的重接,保温90min后则恢复到原有水平;而老年鼠脾细胞保温至90min时才开始DNA链的重接,保温150min,尚未恢复到原有水平。还发现,断乳鼠及老年鼠脾细胞的单链DNA含量高于青年鼠。