中国无患子科植物的叶脉形态及其系统学意义

对国产狭义无患子科25属27种植物的叶脉形态特征进行了研究报道。结果表明：叶脉均属于羽状脉类型,其中多数为曲行羽状脉,部分为直行羽状脉;叶缘有全缘、具齿和深裂3种类型;二级叶脉具有分支和不分支两种类型;大部分种类具二级间脉,少数不具间脉或间脉不明显;多数种类的三级脉为结网型和贯串型并存;网眼的发育有完善和不完善2种类型;盲脉有简单、具分支和无盲脉3种类型。叶脉形态研究结果支持文冠果亚科以及广义鳞花木属概念,观察发现龙眼属、荔枝属与韶子属从脉序特征方面表现出较近的亲缘关系。编写了国产无患子科叶片脉序特征检索表。     

中国无患子科的花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对国产无患子科(狭义,Sapindaceae)23属30种1变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果显示,该科花粉粒多为扁球形,部分为长球形,少数为球形或近球形,极面观多为三角形;从花粉萌发孔类型看,大多数种类具三沟孔,有的形成合沟,少数仅具三孔而无沟;从花粉外壁纹饰看,多数花粉外壁具网状或条纹状雕纹,少数花粉的外壁具刺状或颗粒状纹饰。花粉形态特征支持文冠果亚科(Xanthoceroideae)以及广义鳞花木属(Lepisanthes)概念,并支持仍将茶条木属(Delavaya)置于车桑子亚科(Dodonaeoideae)。观察发现黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)与栾树属(Koelreuteria),龙眼属(Dimocarpus)、荔枝属(Litchi)与韶子属(Nephelium)从花粉形态上表现出较近的亲缘关系。基于花粉形态特征编制了国产无患子科分属检索表。     

中国云实属植物叶脉形态学

对中国云实属植物小叶叶片脉序的观察表明,该属植物小叶叶片脉序类型非常一致,均为环结曲行羽状脉,二级脉急转曲行.叶脉分支一般为四级,少数达五级.盲脉不分支或分支较少,最多两次分支.见血飞亚属与云实亚属叶片脉序特征相似,属于同一自然类群.编写了中国云实属植物叶片脉序特征分种检索表.     

甘草属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

应用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法,在光学显微镜下观察了国产甘草属植物10种1变种共16个代表植物的叶表皮特征。统计并测量叶表皮气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数。结果表明,该属植物叶表皮细胞形态(表面观)为多边形和不规则形,垂周壁式样为平直、浅波缘、深波缘;气孔器有6种类型,以无规则型、不等型、短平列型为主,一种植物往往具有2~3种气孔器;毛状体为单毛和鳞片毛两种类型。以上特征在属以下、种以上的分类等级具有一定规律性,有的也表现出种间差异,对甘草属属以下等级的划分有重要价值,同时也为本属一些分类群间的系统关系的探讨提供佐证。     

国产润楠属植物的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

对45种国产润楠属(Machilus Nees)植物的叶表皮进行光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,其中31种为首次报道.结果表明:润楠属植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,气孔复合体均为平列型且仅分布在下表皮;上下表皮细胞的垂周壁式样有5种类型:平直、圆滑、浅波、波状、平直-弓形;下表皮毛被有(稀疏、密集或非常密集)或无;上表皮平周壁纹饰类型有:点状、平滑、条纹(或波浪条纹);下表皮内面平周壁纹饰类型有:不规则、平滑、粗糙网状、微毛状、颗粒状、鳞片状.这些特征在本属种间存在较显著的差异,可作为区分种类的辅助特征和种间亲缘关系,因而对润楠属植物的分类学研究和亲缘关系的确定有较大意义.     

国产柳属繁柳组植物叶脉序研究及其分类学意义

采取脉络法,对柳属（Salix）繁柳组（Sect.Denticulatae C.K.Schneid.）17种及1变种进行叶片脉序观察。结果表明：繁柳组植物叶脉序类型均为直行羽状脉,表现出较高的一致性。该组植物均有二级间脉,但类型各有不同;三级脉及较高级脉序大体有三种类型;网眼发育完善或不完善;盲脉偶有不分枝;不同种之间网眼的发育以及盲脉分枝具有显著差异,是有价值的分类性状。根据聚类分析,繁柳组植物叶脉序分为两种类型：草地柳（S.praticola Hand.-Mazz.ex Enander）类型及腹毛柳（S.delavayana Hand.-Mazz.）类型,研究结果与形态学结果基本一致,但叶脉序提供了新的分类学性状,可为柳属植物疑难种的分类寻找新的依据。     

骨碎补科植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

基于骨碎补科(Davalliaceae)植物属的界定和属下等级的划分一直存在较大争议,本研究首次对骨碎补科6属39种(秦仁昌系统)植物的叶表皮进行了扫描电镜观察。结果显示,骨碎补科有9种类型的角质层,其中,阴石蕨属(Humata)的角质层有密集的孔状凹陷结构;Wibelia条纹突起较厚,排列整齐且细密紧致;广义钻毛蕨属(Davallodes)内存在多种角质层类型,需要在属下进一步细分。本研究还根据角质层特征讨论了骨碎补科与一些近缘种类的关系。角质层特征是骨碎补科内种属分类的重要依据,而保卫细胞形状和气孔密度,均不能用来界定骨碎补科的属和种。本研究按角质层分类的结果与Kato和Tsutsumi的分子系统学分类观点一致。     

鹿药属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对鹿药属12种植物的叶表皮进行了观察,首次报道了12种鹿药属(Sm ilaci-na)植物叶表皮的微形态特征。结果表明:气孔器普遍存在于叶的下表皮,少数种的上表皮也有分布,均为不规则形。叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁式样可区分为近平直、浅波状和波状。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有颗粒和晶簇。气孔器的分布、气孔器外拱盖内缘形态以及角质膜等特征对该属部分种的区分具有一定的参考价值。     

Floral organogenesis of Delavaya toxocarpa (Sapindaceae; Sapindales)

The floral organogenesis and development of Delavaya toxocarpa Franch. (Sapindaceae) were studied under scanning electron microscope and light microscope to determine its systematic position within Sapindaceae. Flowers arise in terminal thyrses. The sepal primordia initiate in a spiral (2/5) sequence, which are not synchronous. The five petal primordia initiate almost synchronously and alternate with sepal primordia. Eight stamens initiate almost simultaneously and their differentiation precedes that of the petals. The last formed petal and one stamen initiate from a common primordium. Mature stamens curve inwards and cover the ovary in bud. The gynoecium begins as a hemispheric primordium on which two carpellary lobes arise simultaneously. Later in development a single gynocium is formed with two locules and two ovules per locule. Floral morphology suggests a closer affinity with Sapindaceae, although certain features of floral ontogenesis are similar to those observed in certain members of the former Hippocastanaceae, such as Handeliodendron.     

Hydrodynamic Modelling Study of Angiosperm Leaf Venation Types

The morphology of leaf venation has been studied repeatedly and various systems have been proposed for the classification of the observed leaf venation patterns. Almost nothing is known, however, about the functional properties of the various venation types. Using a computer modelling approach we analysed the water transport properties of typical craspedodromous and brochidodromous venation patterns. The water transport through the leaf and the veins was modelled as a fluid flow through a porous medium and the mathematical model was solved with the Finite Element Method. The simulations illustrate that the leaf margin represents a critical region in terms of water supply. The results provide a plausible functional explanation for three well known phenomena: 1) the correlation between craspedodromous venation and the formation of leaf teeth; 2) the fact that craspedodromous venation is more common in temperate than in tropical regions and 3) the fact that xeromorphic leaves tend to have more closed venation.     

槭树科花粉形态及其系统学意义

报道了槭树科(Aceraceae)槭属21组33种和金钱槭属2种植物的花粉形态。本科花粉近球形至长球形,极面观为三裂圆形。从花粉萌发孔类型看,金钱槭属Dipteronia具三孔沟,槭属（Acer)除4组具三孔沟外,其余均为三沟。从花粉外壁纹饰看,金钱槭属2个种和槭属的大多数种为条纹状,罕为细条纹－拟网状和皱波状。通过花粉形态分析,并结合其它方向的证据,我们认为：（1）Sect.Palmata,Sect.Spicata和Sect.Microcarpa可能是槭属中与金钱槭属关系最密切的类群;（2）A.distalum和A.nipponicum代表了近缘的两个单种组;（3）A.pseudoplatanus不同于Sect.Acer的其它4个种而与A.saccharum可能存在更为密切的关系;（4）Sect.Carpinifolia(细条纹－拟网状外壁纹饰）和Sect.Negundo(皱波状外壁纹饰）则可能代表了槭属中最特化的类群;（5）按槭树科花粉三孔沟到三沟的演化规律,Dipteronia较Acer原始。     

中国水青冈属 （壳斗科） 叶结构及分类学意义

叶结构对壳斗科(Fagaceae)现存植物和化石的鉴定具有重要意义。通过对水青冈属5种植物叶结构特征进行细致的研究,结果发现水青冈属植物叶脉有羽状弓形脉、羽状半达缘脉两种类型;三级脉有波状对生贯穿、互生贯穿及混合贯穿三种类型;小脉缺失、简单无分支或一次分支;脉间区发育良好,网眼有三边形、四边形和五边形三种类型,排列规则;具齿种类叶齿由齿主脉和齿侧脉构成,齿侧脉环状。研究结果表明水青冈属二级脉与更高级脉序形成的结构稳定且存在种间差异,具重要分类学价值。基于水青冈属叶结构特征观察结果,本次研究编制了水青冈属植物的分种检索表;参照已有研究结果并结合重要外部形态学特征,编制了壳斗科相关类群分属检索表。     

The Structural Features of Leaf Epidermis in Oryza and Their Systematic Significance

The rice genus (Oryza L. ) belongs to the grass family(Poaceae) and contains 24 annual or perennial species, including two cultivated rice species, i.e., the Asian rice ( O. sativa L. ) and African rice (O. glaberrima Steud. ), and 22 wild species distributed throughout the tropics of the world. Species in this genus have been extensively studied by scientists with different approaches, including morphological characterization and cytological and molecular investigations. The leaf epidermis is an important morphological character which has been studied for taxonomic identification and studies on systematic relationships of species, particularly in grasses. In this study, morphological features of the leaf epidermis of 23 rice species were observed through light microscopy. The results showed that some characters of the rice leaf epidermis had significant diversity between species and these characters were valuable for the identifying Oryza species, and for assessing systematic relationships in the genus. For example, O.schlechteri, O.ridleyi, O.longiglumis, O.granulata, and O. rneyeriana had elliptic stomatal complexes, whereas the other species had rhombic stomatal complexes. In most cases, papillae on the surface of the epidermis were variable in size and distribution between species. The size of papillae varied from small ( 1.5～4.4µm in diameter), medium-sized (9～18µm), to large (21～30µm) , and the pattern of papillary size and distribution were very useful for identification of rice species. In addition, the number and location of the small papillae in stomatal complexes were particularly different between species. Based on the following combinations of leaf-epidermic characters, i.e., the size and distribution of papillae on the abaxial surface of the epidermis, the number and location of the small papillae in stomatal complexes, and the shape of stomatal complexes, the 23 studied Oryza species could be divided into three major groups. The first group comprises O.longiglumis, O.ridleyi, O.meyeriana, and O.granulata. In these species, neither large nor medium-sized papillae, in some cases extremely rare small papillae, were found on the surfaces of epidermis, and there were no small papillae found in stomatal complexes. All species in the first group had elliptic stomatal complexes. The second group consists of O.brachyantha, diploid and tetraploid O.officinalis, O.minuta, O.eichingeri, O. punctata, O.latifolia, O.alta, O.grandiglumis, O.rhizomatis, and O.australiensis. In these species usually no large papillae were observed, but medium-sized and densely populated small papillae were found to cover the surface of epidermis, and at least four small papillae were found in stomatal complexes (in guard cells) of most species. The third group contains O.sativa, O.nivara, O.rufipogon, O.longistaminata, O. glumaepatula, O.meridionalis, O.barthii, O.glaberrima and O. schlechteri. The abaxial leaf epidermis of these species was usually covered with large papillae, medium-sized, and small papillae. In addition, more than 4 (usually 6～8 ) small papillae were found in guard cells or/and subsidiary cells of the stomatal complexes. Most species in the second and third groups had rhombic stomatal complexes. These results agree mostly with previous re-ports on the biosystematic studies of rice species by applying other methodologies.     

中国无患子科的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对狭义无患子科25属33种植物以及七叶树科2种植物和槭树科2属4种植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现这三科植物叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或无规则形,垂周壁一般为平直、弓形或浅波状.气孔器主要有6种类型,通常仅分布在下表皮(倒地铃Cardiospermum halicacabum和伞花木Eurycorymbus cavaleriei偶尔可在上表皮观察到),除无规则型(如波叶异木患Allophylus caudatu、掌叶木Handeliodendron bodinieri、茶条木Ddavaya toxocarpa等16种)最为常见外,辐射型(细子龙Amesiodendronchinense、七叶树Aesculus chinensis、金钱槭Dipteronia sinensis等11种)和环列型(如龙眼Dimocarpus longan、荔枝Litchi chinensis、韶子Nephelium chryseum等6种)也较为普遍,短平列型(赛木患 Aphania oligophylla、绒毛番龙眼Pometia tometttosa、干果木Xerospemuan bonii、假山萝Harpullia cupaniodes)和十字型(广西檀栗Pavieasia kwangsiensis)仅在少数几属中出现,不等细胞型仅出现在倒地铃Cardioslx,mmm halicacabum中.在扫描电镜下,角质层多具有条纹、鳞片或颗粒等特征;三科植物的气孔外拱盖内缘大多为浅波状.本文试图通过对三科的叶表皮特征,尤其是气孔器类型等形态特征的观察,寻求有意义的叶表皮性状,为进一步探讨无患子科尤其是掌叶木属、茶条木属与七叶树科乃至与槭树科亲缘关系提供资料.研究结果从叶表皮特征的角度说明了这三个科在系统上的密切联系.     

国产五味子科五种植物叶片脉序研究

首次报道了国产五味子科５种植物的叶脉特征,对科、属、种的特征作了描述,编排有分种检索表．通过与八角科叶脉的比较,支持建立五味子科与八角科的观点,认为五味子属的系统位置在南五味子属之后,并讨论了八角目的演化趋势     

中国柴胡属植物叶表皮特征及系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对我国柴胡属（Bupleurum L．）13种（含1变种）植物的叶表皮进行了观察,首次报道了它们的微形态特征。结果表明：除了大叶柴胡（B．longiradiatum Turczaninow）气孔器仅存在于下表皮,其余12种柴胡的上、下表皮都存在气孔器,气孔器类型包括不规则型和不等型两种。叶表皮细胞形状为多边形或不规则型,垂周壁式样可区分为平直一弓形、浅波状。保卫细胞壁加厚明显,极端联合形成极层结构。在扫描电镜下,气孔器内陷于表皮细胞间。角质膜条纹状,有的条纹隆起,有的条纹上附有蜡质胶状分泌物和鳞片。光镜和电镜下叶表皮柴胡属微形态表现出相当高的多态性;而在特定的分类群中,又表现为高度的一致性,为种间分类提供了新的证据。     

中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析.结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性.表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异.近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状.在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构.气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征.研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表.     

柃属植物叶宏观结构及其分类学意义

为了探讨柃属植物属下等级的系统演化路线及一些种的具体分类学地位,采用脉络法对国产柃属植物34种1变种进行了叶宏观结构比较研究,结果显示柃属植物脉序类型皆为环节曲行羽状脉,一级脉表现为较高的一致性,二级脉与一级脉的夹角为锐角或近直角,二级间脉为简单型或复合型,三级脉多为结网型,叶缘末级脉序结环或不完全,网眼的形状和大小不规则,发育不完全或不完善;这些特征存在种间差异,可用于类群的比较和鉴别。研究同时采用UPGMA法对所选16个叶宏观结构性状进行聚类分析,根据系统树的5个分支,讨论了柃属植物叶的基本演化路线。研究证明叶宏观结构特征对本属植物分类及系统演化关系具有重要意义。     

十字花科四属植物叶片脉序的比较研究

对十字花科有争议的岩荠属Cochlearia,泡果荠属Hilliella,阴山荠属Yinshania,棒毛荠属Cochleariella植物的叶片脉序进行了研究。结果表明：岩荠属为环结曲行羽状脉,泡果荠属为直行羽状脉,阴山荠属为半直行羽状脉,棒毛荠属种的叶脉与浙江泡果荠相似。前3属植物在网眼的大小,叶缘末级脉和叶先端的形态上也存在着差异。据此作者认为岩荠属,泡果荠属和阴山荠属这3属植物分开是合理的,但棒毛荠属的分类地位值得进一步研究。还得出这几个属的叶脉演化关系是;基出完全掌状脉→环结曲行羽状脉→直行羽状脉。     

中国秋海棠属植物的叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜下,对中国秋海棠属(Begonia)植物7组52种2变种的叶表皮进行观察。结果表明秋海棠属植物叶表皮形态在属内组间具有较大的相似性,表皮细胞为多边形或近多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,大多数种类表皮细胞内具有晶体,气孔器仅分布于下表皮,且以不等型为主。叶表皮综合特征,例如表皮细胞形状,表皮毛类型,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,气孔器形态以及与一些种类独有特征的组合,在种间,尤其在近缘种之间具有明显的差异。