病毒与细胞的微生态学研究进展

微生态学（microecology）是细胞水平或分子水平的生态学,它是研究微生物群的结构和功能,以及微生物与其宿主相互依赖、相互制约关系的科学。病毒（virus）是一种比细菌还要微小和简单的非细胞形态微生物（acellular microorganism）,不仅可寄生于动植物体的组织细胞表面或内部,还可寄生于细菌、真菌等微生物内部。作为宿主以及细胞内的寄生体,病毒除引起宿主多种类型的感染外,还可参与宿主组织细胞的微生态系的组成,赋予细胞干扰相关病毒增殖与复制、抵抗特定病毒感染感染的作用,并能引起宿主细胞产生特定毒素、获得新抗原性等改变。本研究通过微生态学角度,对病毒与细胞的相互关系及病毒与细胞微生态学在医学上的作用作一综述。     

微生态学与免疫学关系探讨

1引言 微生态学与微生物学仅一字之差,简言之都是研究微生物与生命的关系,前者研究非致病微生物群,后者研究致病微生物.微生态学尚未列入必修课也未列入选修课,足见人们对它的不认识.然而,它很可能成为揭示生命奥秘的极重要课程,是太平盛世的中国人欣开了生命科研新一页的主导学科.已有人和院校对它重视和研究.大连医科大学魏曦院士(已故)、康白教授等奠定和发展了我国微生态学,在国内外有很好的影响.     

21世纪植物微生态学、植物宏观生态学、植物分子生态学的发展和统一

微生态学问世30年,发展之迅速出乎人的意料。尤其是对生态学发展起了积极的推动作用。但微生态学学科本身尚有不足之处,关于边界不清就是一例。1992年巴西环境与发展大会是全球环境保护与生态建设的一个重要里程碑。生态学发展至今,已不仅仅是研究和揭示生态系统与环境系统相互关系的一门学科,它已经成为指导人类行为准则的一门学科。微生态学越来越引起人们注意,但微生态学边界不清,妨碍了学科发展。尤其在植物病理学科界,认识差距较大,微生态学者正在努力,使其早日求得统一。     

微生态学正在迅猛发展

微生态学正在迅猛发展大连医科大学微生态学研究所大连１１６０２７康白人类面临着内、外两个环境的挑战。内环境属于微观生态学研究领域,外环境属于宏观生态学的研究领域。宏观生态学,已经取得了大量的科学信息,并引起了人类的高度重视。微观生态学（微生态学）,却刚...     

微生态学的中国进程和学科结构探析——兼论中医药微生态学CSCD

微生态学在中国的发展始于20世纪50年代初大连医学院的人体菌群研究,经历了学科孕育期、学科初创期和学科扩张期3个发展阶段。从1988年中国第一部微生态学标志性专著问世以来,微生态学在30多年的演进历程中分化衍生出一系列分支学科,成为包含概观微生态学科、系统微生态学科、专类微生态学科、人体微生态学科、医疗微生态学科的学科门类。中医药微生态学作为微生态学在中国的“地标”性分支学科,在理论、实验和学科探索中都获得了可喜成果,今后需要积极拓展研究的广度和深度,加强学科元研究。     

蜜蜂化学生态学化学通讯与信息素研究进展

概括了蜜蜂化学生态学的主要研究内容和领域,重点评述了蜂群内的化学通讯和蜜蜂信息素研究的进展。迄今,已经鉴定的蜂王信息素有９－氧化－（反）－２－癸烯酸（９－ＯＤＡ）,Ｒ（一）－９－羟基癸烯酸Ｒ（一）－９ＨＤＡ）,Ｓ（＋）－９－羟基癸烯酸（Ｓ（＋）－９ＨＤＡ）,对－羟基苯甲酸甲酯（ＨＯＢ）和４－羟基－３－甲本基乙醇（ＨＶＡ）等５种;工蜂那氏信息互膛牛醇,橙花醇,（反,反）－法尼醇,（反）柠檬醛,（顺）     

微生态学及生态疗法

生态学是研究生物与其环境之间相互关系的科学,它分宏观生态和微观生态.实际上,宏观和微观是生态学的两个不同层次,一切宏观生态因素都必须通过微观生态规律起作用。忽视那个层次都是不行的。一、微生态学的概念微生态学是研究微生物群与其宿主(人、动物、植物及微生物)相互关系的科学。微生态学重点研     

消化道微生态学（续）

消化道优势菌群的作用由众多不同的细菌所组成的消化道菌群具有大量的不同的酶活潜势,因此可以认为存在于消化道中的这些酶群可显著地影响动物宿主的主要新陈代谢活动。以下(消化道菌群的作用)列举了至今所见到的由菌群所引起的动物宿主的某些改变。 1、消化道内容物质量的修饰:物理(pH;氧化还原电位);生化学(细菌代谢物)。 2、消化道解剖学的修饰:不同腔窒的体积:消化道壁的结构;消化道粘膜可吸收面积。 3、消化道生理学的修饰:肠蠕动;消化道上皮细胞的再生;脂、糖、氮、水、无机物等物质的吸     

微生态学方法学的研究进展

随着现代科学技术的不断发展,特别是免疫技术、生物化学技术、示踪原子、基因工程、生物工程和分子生物学技术的快速发展,促进了微生物学检测技术的发展和微生态方法学的进步,不断地开拓了微生态学的研究领域,并把它引向深入。近几年来,新的微生物检验技术在微生物定性和定量方面已具有了长足的发展,现将在微生态学研究的应用综述如下。1色谱技术1.1高效色谱技术高效液相色谱(h igh perform ance liqu idchrom atography,HPLC)又叫高压(高速)液相色谱。它在生物大分子的分离和纯化方面占据了极其重要的地位。高效液相色谱仪是20世纪60年代…     

A new year and a new era for cell

Small regulatory RNAs can act by pairing with their target messages, targeting themselves and the mRNA for degradation; Lenz et al. (this issue of Cell) now report that multiple small RNAs are essential regulators of the quorum-sensing systems of Vibrio species, including the regulation of virulence in V. cholerae.     

Transgenic trees for a new era

Summary Traditional breeding has been widely used in forestry. However, this technique is inefficient because trees have a long and complex life cycle that is not amenable to strict control by man. Fortunately, the development of genetic engineering is offering new ways of breeding and allowing the incorporation of new traits in plant species through the introduction of foreign genes (transgenes). The introduction of selected traits can be used to increase the productivity and commercial value of trees and other plants. For example, some species have been endowed with resistance to herbicide and pathogens such as insects and fungi. Also, it has been possible to introduce genes that modify development and wood quality, and induce sexual sterility. The development of transgenic trees has required the implementation of in vitro regeneration techniques such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Release of transgenic species into the agricultural market requires a standardized biosafety regulatory frame and effective communication between the scientific community and society to dissipate the suspicions associated with transgenic products.     

Redirecting T lymphocyte specificity by T cell receptor gene transfer--a new era for immunotherapy

The therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been demonstrated in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, cytomegalovirus-mediated disease, and Epstein-Barr virus-positive B cell lymphomas. It is however limited by the difficulty of generating sufficient amounts of CTLs in vitro, especially for the treatment of solid tumors. Recent gene therapy approaches, including two clinical trials, successfully apply genetic engineering of T cell specificity by T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer. In this review we want to elucidate several principles of the redirection of T cell specificity. We cover basic aspects of retroviral gene transfer, regarding transduction efficacy and transgene expression levels. It was demonstrated that the number of TCR molecules on a T cell is important for its function. Therefore, an efficient transfer system that yields high transduction efficiency and strong and stable transgene expression is a prerequisite to achieve effector function by redirected T cells. Furthermore, we consider more recent aspects of T cell specificity engineering. These include the possibility of co-transferring coreceptors to create for example functional T helper cells by engrafting CD4(+) T cells with a MHC class I restricted TCR and the CD8 coreceptor and vice versa. Also, risks related to the adoptive transfer of TCR gene-modified T cells and possible safety mechanisms are discussed. Finally, we summarize recent findings describing transferred TCRs capable of displacing endogenous TCRs from the cell surface.     

MicroRNA transport: A new way in cell communication

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can efficiently regulate gene expression by targeting mRNA to cause mRNA cleavage or translational repression. Growing evidence indicates that miRNAs exist not only in cells but also in a variety of body fluids, which stimulates substantial interest in the transport mechanism and regulating process of extracellular miRNAs. This article reviews the basic biogenesis of miRNAs in detail to explore the origin of extracellular miRNAs. Different miRNA transporters have been summarized (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, apoptosis bodies, and RNA‐binding proteins). In addition, we discuss the regulators affecting miRNA transport (e.g., ATP and ceramide) and the selection mechanism for different miRNA transporters. Studies about miRNA transporters and the transport mechanism are new and developing. With the progress of the research, new functions of extracellular miRNAs may be uncovered in the future. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 1713–1719, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A new era for proteomics research?

A report of the 7th Annual Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 16-20 August 2008.