意蜂SOD和POD同工酶在工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王之间的比较

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,以意大利蜜蜂工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王以及两种不同大小幼虫之间的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶分别作了比较。结果表明,这2种同工酶在意蜂幼虫阶段与成体阶段均有明显差异;意蜂工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王都有着不同的同工酶谱型。说明意蜂同工酶在种内的表达受到发育程度、进食质量、分化方向等因素的影响。     

意大利蜜蜂血淋巴HP19蛋白的表达及功能

昆虫血淋巴蛋白HP19主要参与蜕皮激素调控昆虫的变态及发育进程,蜂群内的工蜂、蜂王和雄蜂具有不同的变态和发育历期,为探究hp19在调控意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica三型蜂变态发育中的作用,本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对hp19在不同发育时期的工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王体内的转录水平进行检测。结果表明,该基因在工蜂和雄蜂3龄幼虫体内表达量分别为参照基因的104和105倍,在5龄幼虫体内的表达则分别降为参照的10和102倍,蛹期表达量又都显著提高。hp19在蜂王整个幼虫期的表达保持在参照的102倍,封盖后逐渐上升,至化蛹前达到参照的105倍。在成年工蜂体内的表达为参照的104倍,而在新羽化蜂王和雄蜂体内表达水平为参照的107倍,但在性成熟的产卵蜂王和雄蜂体内的表达显著降低至参照的104倍。hp19在三型蜂体内这种不同的表达模式说明其不仅与三型蜂差异的变态发育历期有关,还可能与雄蜂和蜂王的生殖有关,具有多样的生物学功能。     

王浆主蛋白MRJP7基因在意大利蜜蜂体内的表达

王浆蛋白是蜂王浆生物功能的物质基础,是由王浆蛋白基因家族(mrjps)编码合成的。但部分家族成员如MRJP7在王浆中的含量极少甚至检测不到。基因功能与其在生物体内的时空表达特性相关,为探究mrjp7的生物学功能,本研究利用荧光定量PCR技术对mrjp7在不同发育时期的工蜂和成年工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王的不同组织部位的表达进行定量检测。结果显示mrjp7在成年雄蜂体内的表达水平最低,成年蜂王次之,且在它们的各不同组织部位之间的表达量差异较小。该基因在工蜂幼虫和蛹期的表达同样较低,但在羽化后9日龄前后的哺育蜂王浆腺和头部特异性高表达,这与哺育蜂分泌蜂王浆哺育幼虫和蜂王的功能是相适应的,该结果在转录水平上证实了mrjp7的营养功能,为进一步的研究和应用打下了理论基础。     

意蜂和中蜂四种同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳分析了意蜂和中蜂的酯酶(Est)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶(Idh)、苹果酸酶(Me)和苹果酸脱氢酶(Mdh)同工酶.两个蜂种的四种同工酶谱有不同程度的差别、意蜂酯酶Ⅳ和苹果酸脱氢酶Ⅲ是多态性的;中蜂的四种同工酶没有多态现象.     

中蜂与意蜂无王群培育非自身蜂种蜂子及改造王台特性

以中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂为试验材料,通过组织相应无王群,把一蜂种无王群中的子脾加入到另一蜂种无王群中,进行中蜂和意蜂无王群培育非自身蜂种蜂子和改造王台特性研究,当未培育出蜂王时,分别从原有王群中调入子脾进行第2、第3期试验。结果表明:中蜂无王群中的工蜂会清除引入意蜂子脾中的蜂卵,但随着引入意蜂子脾封盖子羽化出房的意蜂幼蜂数量增加而逐渐接受意蜂幼虫,蜂群未改造意蜂王台,只培育出中蜂蜂王;意蜂无王群中的工蜂会随着引入中蜂子脾中羽化出房的中蜂幼蜂数量增加而逐渐接受中蜂卵及幼虫,并从第2期试验开始会改造中蜂王台,但最终只培育出意蜂蜂王。     

幼虫信息素中三种酯类对中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂工蜂哺育和封盖行为以及蜂王发育影响

为研究蜜蜂幼虫信息素中3种酯类成分（甲基棕榈酸酯、乙基棕榈酸酯和乙基油酸酯）对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana和意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂哺育行为、封盖行为以及蜂王发育影响, 在人造蜂蜡王台中加入1%和0.1%（w/w）的3种酯类作为实验组, 以不添加酯类（0%）的为对照组, 移入1日龄工蜂幼虫, 测定王台接受率、单个王台中幼虫和王浆重量; 另将分别添加1%和0.1%（w/w）3种酯类的石蜡假幼虫放入工蜂巢房中, 同样设对照组, 测定假幼虫的封盖率; 在新鲜王浆中以1%和0.1%（w/w）分别加入3种酯类作为实验组, 以不添加酯类（0%）的作为对照组, 再分别在1日龄、2日龄和3日龄幼虫王台中加入0.01 mL含有酯类的蜂王浆, 并测定蜂王初生重和卵巢管数量。结果表明: 0.1%甲基棕榈酸酯可以显著提高中蜂和意蜂幼虫重量; 意蜂的甲基棕榈酸酯和乙基油酸酯两个实验组(1.0%, 0.1%)假幼虫封盖率都极显著高于对照组; 乙基油酸酯两个实验组(1.0%, 0.1%)都显著降低了中蜂和意蜂蜂王初生重和卵巢管数量。这说明不同蜜蜂幼虫信息素具有不同的生物学效应。     

蜂王上颚腺信息素对中华蜜蜂、意大利蜜蜂雄蜂选择行为的影响

【目的】分析蜂王上颚腺信息素(Queen mandibular pheromone,QMP)对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana(简称中蜂)雄蜂与意大利蜜蜂Apismelliferaligustica(简称意蜂)雄蜂行为反应的变化,探索两蜂种雄蜂之间婚飞的干扰机理。【方法】本试验通过室内Y型嗅觉仪检测QMP及其主要成分反式-9-氧代-2-癸烯酸[(E)-9-oxodec-2-enoicacid,9-ODA]对飞行、爬行状态下中蜂雄蜂与意蜂雄蜂选择行为的差异进行研究。【结果】飞行或爬行状态下的中蜂雄蜂和意蜂雄蜂,均对3.5、7.0和14.0μg/μL的9-ODA没有显著趋向性反应(P 0.05);飞行中蜂雄蜂、飞行与爬行意蜂雄蜂均对0.04、0.2、1.0及7.0μg/μL的QMP具有显著趋避反应(P 0.05),而QMP对爬行中蜂雄蜂无显著影响(P 0.05);在中蜂雄蜂和意蜂雄蜂共存时的试验中发现:飞行、爬行意蜂雄蜂均对7.0μg/μL QMP存在显著趋避反应(P 0.05),而7.0μg/μL QMP对飞行或爬行中蜂雄蜂均无显著影响(P 0.05)。【结论】在室内环境下,QMP对中蜂、意蜂雄蜂有驱避作用。     

短舌熊蜂及红光熊蜂耐寒力的测定

以过冷却点和冰点为评价指标,对短舌熊蜂Bombus terrestris的幼虫,蛹,成年工蜂,成年雄蜂,处女蜂王,越冬后的蜂王及红光熊蜂Bombus ignitus的成年工蜂,成年雄蜂,处女蜂王的耐寒力进行检测。结果显示,短舌熊蜂幼虫期耐寒力最低,其次是蛹,工蜂和雄蜂,处女王较高。耐寒力最高的是越冬后的蜂王,其含水量也最低。将短舌熊蜂与红光熊蜂的成年工蜂,成年雄蜂和处女蜂王三型蜂分别进行对比,结果显示,红光熊蜂成年雄蜂与处女蜂王的耐寒力要比短舌熊蜂高。样本的湿重和含水量与过冷却点和冰点无显著相关性。     

意大利蜜蜂amPGAM2基因的克隆、序列特征及表达分析

【目的】磷酸甘油酸变位酶(PGAM)是糖酵解和葡萄糖异生途径中一种发挥重要作用的蛋白酶,本研究拟明确amPGAM2基因的序列特征及表达模式。【方法】以意大利蜜蜂Apismellifera为研究对象,克隆了amPGAM2基因的cDNA序列,分析了其序列特征及其在工蜂、雄蜂、蜂王的不同发育时期的表达模式。【结果】序列特征分析表明,克隆所得序列全长976 bp,包含1个完整的开放阅读框,共编码254个氨基酸。该基因核苷酸序列与中华蜜蜂Apiscerana(98.4%)高度相似,并存在15个潜在抗原表位、9个磷酸化位点和5个组氨酸磷酸酶域活性部位,属于组氨酸磷酸酶超家族,是一种二磷酸甘油酸依赖性的可溶中性稳定蛋白。荧光定量PCR结果表明,amPGAM2基因在不同品级、不同发育时期的表达差异显著(P0.05)。工蜂卵期3日龄、幼虫期5日龄表达最高,雄蜂成虫期表达最高,蜂王幼虫期4日龄表达最高,且工蜂、雄蜂及蜂王由卵孵化成幼虫阶段和由红眼蛹羽化至成虫阶段,其表达都呈上升趋势。【结论】本研究结果推测amPGAM2基因在卵的孵化及精卵发生过程中具有重要作用,为进一步认识意大利蜜蜂生殖发育过程中的能量代谢提供理论基础。     

牛皮蝇、纹皮蝇的EST和LDH同工酶的比较研究

本文首次对我国西北地区的牛皮蝇Hypoderma bovis L. 2、3龄幼虫和蛹期与纹皮蝇Hypoderma lineatum(De Villers)的相应阶段的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酯酶(EST)两种同工酶作了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析。结果表明两种皮蝇的EST同工酶在酶带数目和相对迁移率(Rf)上均有较大差别;而LDH同工酶仅在2龄幼虫期纹皮蝇比牛皮蝇多显带2条。本文认为EST同工酶对皮蝇属的种和种下分化鉴定有十分重要的意义,而LDH同工酶也可作为鉴定皮蝇属虫种的参考依据。     

中华蜜蜂雄蜂脑部组织结构观察

通过组织化学方法,对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius雄蜂的脑部的形态结构进行观察。结果表明,雄蜂的脑由前脑、中脑和后脑三部分构成,前脑视叶两侧具有大而显著的复眼,而其他结构相对较小。蕈形体在脑中所占的比例小于工蜂和蜂王;中心体的比例小于工蜂,与蜂王接近;中脑的嗅叶相对较为发达,这使它们在同蜂王的交配过程中,能够更灵敏地接收来自于蜂王性外激素的刺激。中华蜜蜂雄蜂的嗅叶具有性二态现象,但是与意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera L.雄蜂发达的巨大纤维球复合体相比,中华蜜蜂并不明显;除此之外,它们在脑部结构上没有显著差异。     

高背银鲫、大口胭脂鱼及胭脂鲫(F1)不同组织的同工酶的表型分析

本文对高背银鲫、大口胭脂鱼及胭脂鲫（F1）不同组织的脂酶（EST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）四种酶的同工酶的表型进行了分析,结果表明：在肝脏中胭脂鲫EST多一条谱带,而在性腺中,LDH、MDH、SOD同工酶谱带,胭脂鲫与父母本均存在一定的差异。     

A Game Theoretical Analysis of the Mating Sign Behavior in the Honey Bee

Queens of the honey bee, Apis mellifera (L.), exhibit extreme polyandry, mating with up to 45 different males (drones). This increases the genetic diversity of their colonies, and consequently their fitness. After copulation, drones leave a mating sign in the genital opening of the queen which has been shown to promote additional mating of the queen. On one hand, this signing behavior is beneficial for the drone because it increases the genetic diversity of the resulting colony that is to perpetuate his genes. On the other hand, it decreases the proportion of the drone??s personal offspring among colony members which is reducing drone fitness. We analyze the adaptiveness and evolutionary stability of this drone??s behavior with a game-theoretical model. We find that theoretically both the strategy of leaving a mating sign and the strategy of not leaving a mating sign can be evolutionary stable, depending on natural parameters. However, the signing strategy is not favored for most scenarios, including the cases that are biologically plausible in reference to empirical data. We conclude that leaving a sign is not in the interest of the drone unless it serves biological functions other than increasing subsequent queen mating chances. Nevertheless, our analysis can also explain the prevalence of such a behavior of honey bee drones by a very low evolutionary pressure for an invasion of the nonsigning strategy.     

驼背鲈不同组织5种同工酶表达的差异

运用聚丙烯酰胺垂直梯度凝胶电泳法研究了驼背鲈(Cromileptes altivelis)6种组织(肌肉、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑、脾脏)中的5种同工酶(酯酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶),并对其同工酶位点及其酶谱表型进行了分析。结果表明,驼背鲈的5种同工酶系统具有不同程度的组织特异性。酯酶检测到3条酶带,由3个基因座位编码。乳酸脱氢酶检测到5条酶带,由3个基因座位编码,其中C位点具有组织特异性。苹果酸脱氢酶检测到3条酶带,由1个基因座位编码,6组织均有相同的3条酶带,组织差异性不显著,而且只发现了上清液型,线粒体型的苹果酸脱氢酶没有发现。苹果酸酶有4条酶带,由2个基因座位编码。天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶在6种组织都有发现,只有一条酶带。     

The changing epidemiology of dengue in Delhi, India

The distribution of deformed wing virus infection within the honey bee reproductive castes (queens, drones) was investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistology from paraffin embedded sections. Digoxygenin or CY5.5 fluorochrome end-labelled nucleotide probes hybridizing to the 3' portion of the DWV genome were used to identify DWV RNA, while a monospecific antibody to the DWV-VP1 structural protein was used to identify viral proteins and particles. The histological data were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR of dissected organs. Results showed that DWV infection is not restricted to the digestive tract of the bee but spread in the whole body, including queen ovaries, queen fat body and drone seminal vesicles.     

Patterns of inheritance with RAPD molecular markers reveal novel types of polymorphism in the honey bee

Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to generate random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) from honey bee DNA samples in order to follow the patterns of inheritance of RAPD markers in a haplodiploid insect. The genomic DNA samples from two parental bees, a haploid drone and a diploid queen, were screened for polymorphism with 68 different tennucleotide primers of random sequence. Parents were scored for the presence or absence of individual bands. An average of 6.3 bands and 1.3 polymorphisms for presence/absence were observed per primer between the parents. Thirteen of these primers were used to determine the inheritance of RAPD marker alleles in the resulting progeny and in haploid drones from a daughter queen. Four types of polymorphisms were observed. Polymorphisms for band presence/absence as well as for band brightness were inherited as dominant markers, meeting Mendelian expectations in haploid and diploid progeny. Polymorphisms for fragment-length were also observed. These segregated in a near 11 ratio in drone progeny. The last type of polymorphism was manifested as a diploid-specific band. Mixing of amplification products after PCR showed that the diploid-specific band was the result of heteroduplex formation from the DNA of alternate alleles in heterozygotes. In two of the four cases of heteroduplex formation, the alternative alleles were manifested as small fragment-length polymorphisms, resulting in co-dominant markers. This is the first demonstration that a proportion of RAPD markers are not inherited in a dominant fashion.     

The effects of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queen reproductive potential on colony growth

Reproduction in species of eusocial insects is monopolized by one or a few individuals, while the remaining colony tasks are performed by the worker caste. This reproductive division of labor is exemplified by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), in which a single, polyandrous queen is the sole colony member that lays fertilized eggs. Previous work has revealed that the developmental fate of honey bee queens is highly plastic, with queens raised from younger worker larvae exhibiting higher measures in several aspects of reproductive potential compared to queens raised from older worker larvae. Here, we investigated the effects of queen reproductive potential (“quality”) on the growth and winter survival of newly established honey bee colonies. We did so by comparing the growth of colonies headed by “high-quality” queens (i.e., those raised from young worker larvae, which are more queen-like morphologically) to those headed by “low-quality” queens (i.e., those raised from older worker larvae, which are more worker-like morphologically). We confirmed that queens reared from young worker larvae were significantly larger in size than queens reared from old worker larvae. We also found a significant positive effect of queen grafting age on a colony’s production of worker comb, drone comb, and stored food (honey and pollen), although we did not find a statistically significant difference in the production of worker and drone brood, worker population, and colony weight. Our results provide evidence that in honey bees, queen developmental plasticity influences several important measures of colony fitness. Thus, the present study supports the idea that a honey bee colony can be viewed (at least in part) as the expanded phenotype of its queen, and thus selection acting predominantly at the colony level can be congruent with that at the individual level.     

菘蓝属植物的同工酶分析及其系统学意义

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,比较了菘蓝属（Isatis L.)5种2变种1多倍体品种及1外类群种共计20个样本的酯酶同工酶和超氧化物歧化酶同工酶的酶谱差异,并运用数量分类学的原理和方法对酶谱数据进行了聚类分析。20个样本的酯酶同工酶酶谱共有18条酶带,可分为慢带区（A区）、中带区（B区）和快带区（C区）3个区,其中A区的Rf0.09酶带为所有样本共有,而B区和C区不仅酶带数多,而且活性较强,并表现出很大差异。20个样本的超氧化物歧化酶同工酶酶谱有8条酶带,略有差异。聚类分析结果表明,20个样本被明显分成10组,与形态性状分类结果基本一致。利用酶带的有无、酶带的活性差异以及聚类分析结果,可以初步作出菘蓝属类群间亲缘关系的判定。     

Organization of the antennal lobe in the queen honey bee,Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae)

Antennal afferent pathway topography was studied in the queen honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) by staining with cobalt chloride applied directly to the cut antennal axons. Antennal lobe organization in the queen was compared with those in worker and drone bees. The organization is similar in queen and worker bees. For the first time in a female insect the possible existence of a macroglomerulus is shown, which may be involved in the processing of species-specific information. A comparative quantitative neuromorphological study of the glomeruli was performed between young queens (8-day old) and 1-yr-old queens. The mean volume of the glomeruli is 46% greater in the older queens.