脱落酸 (ABA)诱导基因表达的调控元件

本文详细介绍了脱落酸（ABA）诱导基因表达的各种调控元件及各调控元件间的相互作用和关系。综述了近年来对ABA诱导基因表达的调控元件的研究进展。     

真核细胞内可诱导基因表达系统研究进展

建立可诱导基因表达系统是研究基因功能的重要手段。迄今为止的许多真核细胞内可诱导基因表达系统,包括以真核调控元件及原核基因调控元件为基础的可诱导表达系统,双系统、组织特异性及可诱导基因打靶系统等。     

脱落酸应答基因的结构,表达调控及信号转导

许多脱落酸应答的基因已被克隆,并已研究了一些基因的调控。其启动子有G－box和ABARE顺式元件。ABARE与Leuzippier（亮氨酸拉链蛋白）互相作用,ABA与某些基因产物结合以及蛋白质磷酸化在基因表达调控中起重要作用。ABA涉及的信号转导是多途径或单途径的。文中讨论了ABA应答基因的结构、表达调控及信号转导的研究方向。     

重组DNA技术中可诱导的基因表达调控系统

在重组DNA技术中,可诱导的基因表达调控系统可被用来调节目的基因的表达以达到基因功能研究、转基因动物研究、以及基因治疗研究等目的。该系统主要由诱导剂、可诱导的受体或转录因子、顺式作用元件以及载体系统四部分组成。本文以诱导剂为分类依据,叙述目前主要的6类可诱导的基因表达调控系统:类固醇激素受体诱导的基因表达调控系统、四环素诱导的基因表达调控系统、缺氧诱导的基因表达调控系统、高热诱导的基因表达调控系统、电离辐射诱导的基因表达调控系统和lac基因表达调控系统。     

三个拟南芥NAC同源基因突变体的ABA响应及下游基因表达分析

在获得拟南芥NAC同源基因(NAC019、NAC055和NAC072)双突变体和三突变体纯系的基础上,进一步分析它们对ABA响应的生理差异及其ABA诱导相关下游基因的表达变化,深入探讨它们与ABA响应的关系。结果表明,在种子绿胚建成的过程中,NAC055和NAC072基因与ABA响应相关;在根生长方面,三者在ABA响应中作用不明显。经ABA处理后,突变体nac072和nac055nac072与野生型比较,RAB18、RD29A和RD29B基因表达上调显著,推测在ABA响应的基因表达调控过程中,NAC072和NAC055起负调控协同作用,而NAC019则发挥拮抗作用。     

植物环境响应启动子的诱导元件及转录因子

光、温度、水分等环境因素影响植物的生长发育,植物可以通过启动子中顺式作用元件与转录因子的相互协调作用,对这些信号产生响应,调控基因表达。本文综述了光、温度、水分诱导表达启动子中的顺式作用元件及相关转录因子研究的最新进展,从分子水平上探讨了环境因子诱导的基因表达调控,对研究植物适应环境的机制具有一定的意义。     

脱落酸与Em基因的表达调控

Em基因的表达受ABA诱导,干旱和盐胁通过增加ABA含量或改变植物细胞对ABA的敏感性而诱导Em基因的表达。植物Em基因启动子存在3个功能区:5′远端AT富集区通过影响转录调节表达量,作用类似于非专一性增强子;ABA应答元件ABRE在ABA存在的情况下与转录因子EmBP1相互作用能显著增强Em基因的表达;5′UTR可能通过转录后调控而影响最终表达水平 。     

内源ABA信号水平动态调控的分子机制

从逆境信号感知、ABA合成的触发到ABA水平的动态调控,是细胞内重要的逆境信号传导途径,相对于应答ABA的下游信号事件,该领域研究滞后。研究显示,根系中ZEP、限速酶NCED、AtRGS1等合成酶基因及ABA2基因响应胁迫反应上调ABA信号水平。而7′-,8′-,9′-hydroxylase和糖基转移酶基因受逆境诱导激活,负调节ABA的积累。同时,提高的内源ABA信号水平能激活合成酶基因和代谢酶基因的表达。此外,基因表达和源库动力学分析显示,叶片ABA动态库的维持依赖根源ABA的持续供应。值得一提的是,miRNA与ABA信号起源及动态水平维持有关。进一步的代谢动力学分析揭示,ABA信号水平受合成酶基因和代谢酶基因表达的协同控制,多因素共同参与内源ABA信号水平的动态调控。     

脱落酸与Em基因的表达调控

En基因的表达受ABA诱导,干旱和盐胁通过增加ABA含量或改变植物细胞对ABA的敏感性而诱导Em基因的表达。植物Em基因启动存在3个功能区：5′远端AT富集区通过影响转录调节表达量,作用类似于非专一性增强子;ABA应答元件ABRE在ABA存在的情况下与转录因子EmBP-1相互作用能显著增强Em基因的表达;5′UTR可能通过转录后调控而影响最终表达水平。     

内源ABA信号水平动态调控的分子机制

从逆境信号感知、ABA合成的触发到ABA水平的动态调控, 是细胞内重要的逆境信号传导途径, 相对于应答ABA的下游信号事件, 该领域研究滞后。研究显示, 根系中ZEP、限速酶NCED、AtRGS1等合成酶基因及ABA2基因响应胁迫反应上调ABA信号水平。而7′-, 8′-, 9′-hydroxylase和糖基转移酶基因受逆境诱导激活, 负调节ABA的积累。同时, 提高的内源ABA信号水平能激活合成酶基因和代谢酶基因的表达。此外, 基因表达和源库动力学分析显示, 叶片ABA动态库的维持依赖根源ABA的持续供应。值得一提的是, miRNA与ABA信号起源及动态水平维持有关。进一步的代谢动力学分析揭示, ABA信号水平受合成酶基因和代谢酶基因表达的协同控制, 多因素共同参与内源ABA信号水平的动态调控。     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Foliar sclereids in the Magnoliaceae

The foliar sclereids in 136 species representing 11 of the 12 genera of Magnoliaceae were studied and compared. Sclereids occur in four different cell assemblages within the leaf: diffuse idioblasts, mesophyll, dermal system, and the vein sheath including terminal elements. Tropical members tend to have the most highly sclerified leaves. In species of Manglietia the leaves have sclerified spongy mesophyll and either sclerified epidermis or hypodermis. In Talauma , sclerification affects the vein sheath and terminal cells of veinlets, with a specialized thick marginal vein in the Asian taxa but not in the American ones. Liriodendron and the magnolias native to the north temperate zone have only minimal sclerification, which usually is confined to the vein sheath of the midrib and the main lateral veins, and as idioblastic sclereids in the petiole and the midrib near the base of the blade. The two largest genera Magnolia and Michelia are heterogeneous and include species which vary as to their combinations of sclerified elements among the four possible types.     

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe the use of a simple device to cut and ‘roll’ mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations of superior and uniform quality to that which can be achieved by hand. The device comprises a base that holds 4 stainless steel rods and a top, which acts a cutting guide. The rods are inserted into the lumen of the small intestine [divided into thirds] and the colon. The rods and samples are then placed over a piece of filter paper or card into the holding slots in the base of the device. The top of the device is then positioned and serves as a cutting guide. The two angled sections in the center of the top piece are used to guide a knife or scalpel and cut the intestines longitudinally on the top of the rods. Once the intestinal sections have been cut, the top is removed and the card, tissue and rods gently removed from the device and placed on the bench. The rods are then gently rolled sideways to flatten and stick the intestinal segments onto the underlying piece of filter paper or card. The final preparation can then be examined or fixed and stored for later analysis. The preparations are invaluable for the study of intestinal changes in normal or genetically modified mouse models. The preparations have been used for the study and quantification of the effects of inflammation (colitis), damage, pre-cancerous lesions (aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and mucin depleted foci (MDFs)) and polyps or tumors.     

Effects of the administration of corticosterone,parathyroid hormone,or both,and of their withdrawal,on rat bone and cartilage histomorphometric parameters,and on osteoprotegerin and RANKL mRNA expression and proteins

We have studied the effects of the treatment with corticosterone (CORT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), or both (CORT + PTH), and of their withdrawal (CORT-rec and CORT + PTH-rec), on the osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) localization and expression and on histomorphometric parameters in primary and secondary spongiosa of rat femur and tibia metaphyses. In the secondary spongiosa of the CORT group, the bone remodeling and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio decreased. In the PTH group, the bone turnover and the structural and connectivity indices increased, and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio fell; this ratio rose, however, in the primary spongiosa. In the CORT + PTH group, remodeling values intermediate between those of the CORT and PTH groups, were detected in the secondary spongiosa, where OPG and RANKL mRNA rose. Return towards control values was found in the recovery groups. The Cartilage Growth Plate Width was reduced in the CORT and CORT + PTH groups and returned to normal values in the recovery groups, while it was not affected by PTH. Independently of treatments, both OPG and RANKL mRNA and proteins were co-localized in the same cartilage and bone cells and in several bone marrow cells. In conclusion, the catabolic effects induced by CORT treatment occur together with an OPG fall and a RANKL rise. In the PTH group in which the bone turnover increase, the OPG and RANKL mRNA expressions differ in the primary and secondary spongiosa, confirming that the bone tissue in these sites can have different metabolic trends.     

Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to Determine As,Cd, Cr,Cu, Hg,and Pb in Soils and Sediments: A Review and Perspectives

Environmental pollution from trace elements has been increasing in recent decades and has become an important concern for environmental agencies. The trace elements arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and lead are among the elements that cause the greatest environmental impact and carry the highest risk to human health. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) has long been employed in trace element determination. In the last few years the main constraints of spectroscopy absorption methods have been overcome. These advances have increased the possibilities and the utility of ETAAS for trace element determination at μg L^?1 levels in difficult matrices such as soils and sediments, giving greater accuracy and precision, lower economic cost, and easier sample pretreatment than other methods. The main advances come from sample manipulation for matrix destruction and preconcentration, the use of new lab-on-valve FIA systems, the solid sampling, the use of new, more efficient modifiers and in situ trapping methods for analyte stabilization and pre-concentration, and the progress in the capacity to control the atomization temperature and to correct background spectral interferences. All of them have permitted an improvement in the sensitivity, decreasing the detection limits and manipulation process, and increasing the accuracy and precision of the analyses.

Moreover, the new technology in the optic and detector systems have given rise to high-resolution continuum source ETAAS (HR-CS ETAAS) spectrometers that solve most of the constraints presented by the more conventional line source ETAAS (LS ETAAS) spectrometers. HR-CS ETAAS enables a rapid detection of several elements at once, facilitates direct determination from solid sampling, and reduces the matrix interferences and background noise. Here we give an overview of the recent advances and the different possibilities of using ETAAS, drawing on studies from the last decade on methods to analyze As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb in soils and sediments.     

种子蛋白质与蛋白质组的研究

综述了种子蛋白质与蛋白质组的研究,主要介绍了种子发育与形成、种子休眠与萌发、种子保存与活力以及种子与环境相互作用的蛋白质与蛋白质组的研究.同时阐述了当今蛋白质组学在种子研究中的应用以及所取得的成果,并展望了种子蛋白质组学的发展方向,种子生物学的研究将从基因水平走向整体水平,因此环境因子与种子蛋白质的相互作用是研究的重点.运用蛋白质组学将能揭示蛋白质的功能并明晰种子的生命机制.     

周期性气候变化与人类适应

从古至今,气候变化特别是周期性气候变化,一直深刻影响着人类社会的变革和发展,从旧石器时代人类起源迁移、新石器时代文化文明演变、历史时期王朝兴衰更替,到工业化以来社会经济发展动荡等,无不留下周期性气候变化影响的烙印。本文依据近年来古气候、古人类、环境考古等研究的新证据、新进展,从周期性气候变化的角度审视人类社会各个发展阶段、关键节点的气候特征;通过典型案例,介绍和分析旧石器、新石器、历史时期不同时空尺度周期性气候变化和人类活动之间复杂的相互作用关系,讨论自然科学和人文社会科学对气候变化与人类活动关系认识的异同,阐述在学科交叉背景下研究气候与人类活动关系的新范式。     

Germination and development of Mimosa pilulifera in petroleum-contaminated soil and bioremediated soil

In 2000 there was an oil spill at the Getúlio Vargas Refinery (REPAR/PETROBRÁS) in Paraná, Brazil. Nearly five years after contamination and the use of bioremediation, a study was carried out to identify the effects of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil on the germination and initial growth of Mimosa pilulifera seedlings. The experiment consisted of three treatments: petroleum-contaminated soil, bioremediated soil and uncontaminated soil, with five repetitions each. The following measurements were taken after 30, 60 and 90 days of planting: the percentage of germination, biomass and leaf area of the eophylls, biomass and length of the shoot and the roots in addition to the shoot/root ratio. The percentage of germination and the root biomass were not affected by the contaminated soil or by the bioremediated soil. On both the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil biomass and leaf area of the eophyll were reduced. Plant length and shoot biomass were lower in the contaminated soil. Furthermore, the effect of the contaminated soil and the bioremediated soil was greater in the shoot than in the root system, since the bioremediation reduced the toxicity of the petroleum-contaminated soil.     

Recent advances and prospects in Prunus virology

The stone fruit genus Prunus, within the family Rosaceae, comprises more than 230 species, some of which have great importance or value as ornamental or fruit crops. Prunus are affected by numerous viruses and viroids linked to the vegetative propagation practices in many of the cultivated species. To date, 44 viruses and three viroids have been described in the 9 main cultivated Prunus species. Seven of these viruses and one viroid have been identified in Prunus hosts within the last 5 years. This work addresses recent advances and prospects in the study of viruses and viroids affecting Prunus species, mostly concerning the detection and characterisation of the agents involved, pathogenesis analysis and the search for new control tools. New sequencing technologies are quickly reshaping the way we can identify and characterise new plant viruses and isolates. Specific efforts aimed at virus identification or data mining of high‐throughput sequencing data generated for plant genomics‐oriented purposes can efficiently reveal the presence of known or novel viruses. These technologies have also been used to gain a deeper knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanisms at the gene and miRNA expression level that underlie the interactions between Prunus spp. and their main viruses and viroids. New biotechnological control tools include the transfer of resistance by grafting, the use of new sources of resistance and the development of gene silencing strategies using genetic transformation. In addition, the application of next generation sequencing and genome editing techniques will contribute to improving our knowledge of virus–host interactions and the mechanisms of resistance. This should be of great interest in the search to obtain new Prunus cultivars capable of dealing both with known viruses and viroids and with those that are yet to be discovered in the uncertain scenario of climate change.     

Histoire plio-pléistocène des écosystèmes végétaux de Méditerranée sud-occidentale : apport de l’analyse pollinique de deux sondages en mer d’Alboran

The pollen analysis of sediments of two boreholes located in the northeastern Morocco (Nador 1) and in the southeastern Spain (Andalucia G1) has allowed shedding a new light on the vegetation and climate of the North African littoral plains, the Rif Massif and the Betic Range during the Pliocene. The vegetation around the Alboran Sea was open and xeric during the Zanclean, dominated by herbs including subdesertic elements as Calligonum, Lygeum, Nitraria and Neurada. This type of vegetation indicates a dry and hot climate. The southwestern Mediterranean steppes have therefore a climatic character; they existed before the presence and the heavy pressure of Man on the environment. From the Piacenzian, the development, at Andalucia as well as at Nador, of Artemisia and the appearance of some altitude trees such as Cedrus and Cathaya indicate a vegetation change linked to a climatic change. Modifications in the vegetation observed during the same period in northwestern Mediterranean seem to indicate that the vegetation changes observed at Andalucia and Nador are controlled by the appearance of the first arctic glacial-interglacial cycles. The cedar tree appears at Nador only at the end of the Piacenzian, at time of the first cooling, while it has been found punctually in Messinian and early Pliocene sediments of Habibas in Algeria and in Messinian sediments of the Bou Regreg section at Salé in Morocco. The regular presence of Cedar at Bou Regreg during the Messinian, allows supposing that it was present in the Middle Atlas Mountains and that its development was favoured by colder conditions.