自发性高血压鼠脑内血管的单胺能神经分布

采用ＡＢＣ免疫过氧化物酶法,以酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）作为标记物,对８只雄性自发性高血压鼠（ＳＨＲ）和４只正常血压鼠（ＷＫＹ）作为对照组脑实质内血管的中枢去甲肾上腺素能神经分布进行了观察。在自发性高血压鼠的端脑皮质、下丘脑、脑桥实质内血管均可见呈棕褐色,似单一细线状结构的免疫反应阳性纤维。测量了各部脑实质内血管的纤维密度,与正常血压鼠同部位脑实质内血管上的纤维密度比较明显增大。经统计学处理,各部Ｐ值均＜０．０５,表明在高血压鼠和正常血压鼠脑实质内血管的中枢去甲肾上腺素能纤维的密度有明显的差异。这可能为高血压鼠较正常血压鼠有更高的交感神经活性提供一个形态学基础,并提示交感神经在自发性高血压鼠的高血压维持和发展方面起着重要的作用。     

心钠素表达细胞移植降低高血压大鼠的血压和增加其尿量

为探讨心钠素基因转移治疗高血压和慢性心肾功能衰竭等慢性疾病的潜力,首先利用逆转录病毒载体获得可表达和分泌人心钠素的遗传工程细胞,然后将这种细胞植于自发性高血压大鼠SHR的皮下。结果发现,人心钠素遗传工程细胞的移植可使动物血浆中的心钠素浓度在移植后第7天时明显升高。在整个实验期间,虽然实验组动物的血压会随个体发育而逐渐升高,但在实验开始后的42 d内却始终明显低于空载体组,其中第14天血压的差异高达33 mm Hg。在实验开始后的第14天和第21天,实验组动物的尿量也明显增加。以上结果说明,人心钠素遗传工程细胞的皮下移植可明显抑制SHR大鼠血压的上升趋势和改善其泌尿功能,提示该方法具有治疗高血压和慢性心肾功能衰竭等慢性疾病的潜力。     

慢性低氧时自发性高血压大鼠血浆心钠素、肾素—血管紧张素系统与血液动力学的变化

实验采用同龄自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和Wistar-Kyoto大鼠(WKY),各随机分为对照组(N)和低氧组(H)。实验前 SHR 尾动脉压(25.4±2.6kPa,n=20)明显高于WKY(13.1±1.6kPa,n=20),P<0.001。SHR-N组血浆心钠素(ANP)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅡ)含量和肾素活性(RA)明显高于WKY-N。SHR-N经实验两周后血压自然上升(P<0.01)。SHR和WKY缺氧后ANP、AⅡ、RA各值均比各自对照值增加,但血压无明显改变.而肺动脉压均明显升高。以上结果提示,SHR 大鼠慢性缺氧后,ANP和肾素-血管紧张素系统可能对防止血压上升和限制肺动脉高压进一步发展起一定的调节作用。     

ET-1神经分布异常与高血压鼠脑动脉神经源性调节的关系

目的探讨ET-1（Endothelin-1,ET-1）能神经纤维分布与高血压鼠脑血管的神经源性调节的关系,探讨ET-1神经是否参与高血压时期脑血流的调节。方法应用免疫组织化学技术观察自发性高血压鼠和Wistar正常血压鼠脑底动脉（包括大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉和基底动脉）ET-1能神经纤维的分布密度和走行方式。结果自发性高血压鼠和Wistar正常血压鼠脑底动脉均可见棕褐色的ET-1能免疫反应阳性纤维,似细线状,攀附于血管壁上,自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉各主要分支ET-1能免疫反应阳性纤维密度较Wistar正常血压鼠明显增加,纤维走行大多呈网状。结论实验结果提示自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉增加的ET-1能免疫反应阳性纤维可能与脑血管的神经源性调节有关;高密度的ET-1能神经纤维可能涉及高血压时期脑血流的调节。     

自发性高血压可能与红细胞中一种多肽有关

一般认为自发性高血压(SH)大鼠血压升高是由于血管平滑肌细胞钙的异常转运,致使外周血管收缩所引起的。最近,Wright等从SH大鼠红细胞中提取出一种小分子、酸性多肽,发现它对离体血管组织钙的摄取有促进作用。这种小分子多肽是否与高血压有关?他们对此进行了观察,用这种多肽给正常血压的     

胍乙啶的血流动力作用

本文用正常血压及腎型高血压狗研究胍乙啶对心和腎的血流动力作用,并用大白鼠試驗其对循环及器官血容量的影响。根据Fick氏原則測定心輸出量,同时从腎脏对于对氨基馬尿酸及肌酐的清除率計算腎血流量及腎小球滤过率。靜脉注射胍乙啶5毫克/公斤1小时后,正常狗血压略有降低,高血压狗降压則較为明显。胍乙啶对正常血压狗的心輸出量、心搏量及心室作功量有減 低的趋向,而对腎型高血压狗則略有增加,但均不显著。胍乙啶不影响正常狗的外周血管阻力,而能显著降低腎型高血压狗的总外周阻力,扩张其外周血管。注射胍乙啶后,正常血压及腎型高血压狗的尿量增加均非常显著。腎型高血压狗的腎小球滤过率及腎血流量都非常显著地低于正常狗,腎血管阻力則大大地高于正常狗,靜脉注射胍乙啶后,滤过率及血流量均明显增加,而血管阻力則大大降低。正常大白鼠腹腔注射胍乙啶20毫克/公斤后,3小时內循环血量略有增加,但不显著,6小时后开始恢复,2斗小时后回至原水平。对注射DOCA的大白鼠的循环血量則沒有明显影响。正常大白鼠注射胍乙啶后,各器官及組織內合血量普遍有增加趋势,其中以脾及腎的血容量增加最为明显,說明胍乙啶对这些部位的血管有扩张作用。上述資料証明:胍乙啶的降压作用并非通过循环血量的減少,而是由于外周血管的扩张所致。胍乙啶能扩张腎血管,改善腎缺血状态,从而緩解腎型高血压的病理生理过程。     

人尾加压素Ⅱ对大鼠脑微循环的影响

目的:探讨尾加压素Ⅱ(UII)对于大鼠软脑膜微循环的影响.方法:健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、生理盐水(NS)、UII(10-7mol/L)、去甲肾上腺素(NA,10-6mol/L)、UII(10-7mol/L) NA(10-6mol/L)等五组,采用活体微循环观测技术观察大鼠软脑膜微血管内径、血流速度等微循环参数,采用激光多普勒血流量仪测定软脑膜血流量的变化.结果:正常对照组软脑膜细动脉和细静脉血管内径分别为(35.4±3.6)μm和(40.6±8.5)μm,UII组于滴加UII(10-7mol/L)后即刻细动脉和细静脉出现收缩,1 min时细动脉和细静脉收缩达到高峰,血管内径分别为(25.6±3.4)μm和(23.4±3.3)μm (与正常对照组比较,P均<0.05);细动、静脉内血流速度无明显变化(与正常对照组比较P均>0.05);软脑膜血流量于滴加UII(10-7mol/L)后1 min开始升高,5 min达到高峰(3.5±0.4 )PU 值,正常对照组(2.3±0.6)PU值(P<0.05).结论:UII可以使大鼠软脑膜微血管收缩,血流量增加.     

内源性中枢血管紧张素Ⅱ在慢性应激大鼠血压高反应性中的作用

心理生理学研究表明,高血压病人对应激刺激的反应性要高于正常血压者,高血压息者对刺激产生的血压变化在幅度与时限上均强于正常血压者。动物实验表明,与Wistar-Kyoto(WKY)大鼠相比,自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)对环境心理应激的心血管反应性增强,并可能与遗传有关。在SHR的高血压维持中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅡ)起一定作用。本实验探讨内源性中枢AⅡ在慢性应激Wistar大鼠动脉血压高反应     

利钾尿肽和心钠素在自发性高血压大鼠肾内的降解代谢

利钾尿肽 (ｋａｌｉｕｒｅｔｉｃｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ ,ＫＰ)是近年发现的与心钠素 (ａｔｒｉａｌｎａｔｒｉｕｒｅｔｉｃｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ ,ＡＮＰ)源于同一前体的具有 2 0个氨基酸的生物活性多肽。它不仅具有和心钠素一样的利尿、舒张血管、抑制肾素一血管紧张素系统的作用 ,还具有抑制心肌Ｎａ -Ｋ ＡＴＰ酶的作用 ,在调节机体血压和高血压发病中有重要意义。我们最近的研究发现 ,自发性高血压大鼠 (ｓｐｏｎｔａｕｅｏｕｓｌｙｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｒａｔ,ＳＨＲ)循环血液内的ＫＰ水平显著高于正常对照组Ｗｉｓｔａｒ Ｋｙｏｔｏ大鼠 (Ｗ…     

原发性高血压患者红细胞中存在抗高血压因子

本研究利用热处理和Sephadex G-150凝胶过滤层析等方法,从原发性高血压病患者(EHS)红细胞中部分纯化了抗高血压因子(AHF)。AHF具有热稳定性,分子量大于6kDa;能明显降低卒中易感型自发性高血压大鼠(SHR_(sp))血压,腹腔一次注入AHF(1.6mg/kg)30min后,SHR_(sp)收缩压从原来的27.6±0.7kPa降低到21.4±0.8kPa(p<0.001),4h后收缩压恢复至原水平。AHF能显著抑制自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和肾性高血压大鼠(RHR)主动脉(A)及肠系膜动脉(MA)血管平滑肌(VSM)Ca~(2 )内流。且对MA Ca~(2 )内流的抑制作用强于A。以上结果表明:EHS红细胞中存在AHF,能显著降低高血压大鼠血压,其降压机制可能与其抑制VSM特别是小动脉VSM Ca~(2 )内流有关。     

Impact of Short-Term Treatment with Telmisartan on Cerebral Arterial Remodeling in SHR

Background and Purpose

Chronic hypertension decreases internal diameter of cerebral arteries and arterioles. We recently showed that short-term treatment with the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan restored baseline internal diameter of small cerebral arterioles in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), via reversal of structural remodeling and inhibition of the angiotensin II vasoconstrictor response. As larger arteries also participate in the regulation of cerebral circulation, we evaluated whether similar short-term treatment affects middle cerebral arteries of SHR.

Methods

Baseline internal diameters of pressurised middle cerebral arteries from SHR and their respective controls, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and responses to angiotensin II were studied in a small vessel arteriograph. Pressure myogenic curves and passive internal diameters were measured following EDTA deactivation, and elastic modulus from stress-strain relationships.

Results

Active baseline internal diameter was 23% lower in SHR compared to WKY, passive internal diameter (EDTA) 28% lower and elastic modulus unchanged. Pressure myogenic curves were shifted to higher pressure values in SHR. Telmisartan lowered blood pressure but had no effect on baseline internal diameter nor on structural remodeling (passive internal diameter and elastic modulus remained unchanged compared to SHR). Telmisartan shifted the pressure myogenic curve to lower pressure values than SHR.

Conclusion

In the middle cerebral arteries of SHR, short-term treatment with telmisartan had no effect on structural remodeling and did not restore baseline internal diameter, but allowed myogenic tone to adapt towards lower pressure values.     

Vascular receptors for angiotensin, vasopressin, and atrial natriuretic peptide in experimental hypertension

Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (AVP) are two powerful vasoconstrictors, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a potent vasorelaxant. The changes in the density or affinity of binding sites for these agents that may alter target organ responsiveness in hypertension are reviewed. ANG II binding in mesenteric arteries was unaltered in one-kidney, one-clip (1-K, 1-C) and in 2-K, 1-C hypertensive rats, while in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats ANG II binding to blood vessels was significantly increased. A role of mineralocorticoids to increase the number of vascular ANG II sites in some hypertensive models is suggested. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) ANG II receptors were increased in young rats in the prehypertensive stage with respect to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats, but normal in older rats. AVP binding in the vasculature of hypertensive rats was uniformly decreased in inverse correlation to plasma AVP levels, but vascular responsiveness to AVP was exaggerated. Inositol trisphosphate production by blood vessels of SHR in response to AVP showed that increased AVP receptor-coupled phospholipase C activity may mediate in part the exaggerated pressor response in spite of reduced or normal density of receptors for vasoconstrictor peptides. Vascular ANP sites in 2-K, 1-C, 1-K,1-C, and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats varied inversely with plasma concentrations of ANP. Normal densities of ANP receptors in saralasin-sensitive 2-K, 1-C hypertensive rats correlated with ANP sensitivity, while saralasin-insensitive 2-K, 1-C hypertensive rats, which did not respond to ANP, had significantly decreased density of ANP vascular receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Opiate antagonist binding sites in discrete brain regions of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats

The binding of 3H-naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, to membranes of discrete brain regions and spinal cord of 10 week old spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was determined. The brain regions examined were hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus striatum, pons and medulla, midbrain and cortex. 3H-Naltrexone bound to membranes of brain regions and spinal cord at a single high affinity site with an apparent dissociation constant value of 3 nM. The highest density of 3H-naltrexone binding sites were in hippocampus and lowest in the cerebral cortex. The receptor density (Bmax value) and apparent dissociation constant (Kd value) values of 3H-naltrexone to bind to opiate receptors on the membranes of amygdala, hippocampus, corpus striatum, pons and medulla, midbrain, cortex and spinal cord of WKY and SHR rats did not differ. The Bmax value of 3H-naltrexone binding to membranes of hypothalamus of SHR rats was 518% higher than WKY rats but the Kd values in the two strains did not differ. It is concluded that SHR rats have higher density of opiate receptors labeled with 3H-naltrexone in the hypothalamus only, in comparison with WKY rats, and that such a difference in the density of opiate receptors may be related to the elevated blood pressure in SHR rats.     

Increased sympathetic innervation in the cerebral and mesenteric arteries of hypertensive rats

The density of catecholamine-containing nerve fibers was studied in the cerebral and mesenteric arteries from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) in the growing (SHR, WKY) and adult (SHR, SHRSP, WKY) animals. Cerebral arteries from SHR showed an increased adrenergic innervation from day 1. The nerve plexuses reached an adult pattern earlier in SHR than in WKY. The arteries from adult SHR and SHRSP (22 weeks old) showed a markedly higher nerve density than WKY. There was a positive linear correlation between blood pressure and nerve density for four cerebral arteries. The mesenteric arteries were not innervated at birth. However, hyperinnervation of these arteries in the SHR was already present at 10 days of age as compared with WKY. Sympathectomy with anti-nerve growth factor and guanethidine caused a complete disappearance of fluorescent fibers in the mesenteric arteries from SHR and WKY, and in the cerebral arteries of WKY. The same procedure caused only partial denervation of the cerebral arteries from hypertensive animals. We postulate that the increase in nerve density in the cerebral arteries from the hypertensive rats may contribute to the development of arterial hypertrophy in chronic hypertension through the trophic effect of the sympathetic innervation on vascular structure.     

Effect of angiotensin II and peptide YY on cerebral and circumventricular blood flow

Angiotensin II and peptide YY (PYY) are putative neuro/humoral agents acting at several circumventricular regions. These peptides also constrict cerebral vessels. We examined the effect of acute intravenous infusion of saline, angiotensin II and peptide YY on local cerebral blood flow (14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography) in the circumventricular and non-circumventricular brain regions of 17 conscious rats. No reductions in brain blood flow (28 regions) were observed although angiotensin II and PYY infusion elevated arterial blood pressure 15-25% without influencing heart rate, suggesting an increase in peripheral resistance. However, local blood flow was dependent on the peptide infused. During PYY infusion, blood flow was rather constant in the 20 non-circumventricular regions examined whereas an increase in blood flow and a slight decrease in cerebrovascular resistance occurred in the circumventricular regions. The area postrema exhibited the most pronounced changes--an elevation in blood flow of 44 +/- 11% and a reduction in resistance of 20 +/- 5% in comparison to that in control animals. During angiotensin II infusion, local cerebral blood flow was similar to that in controls and local cerebrovascular resistance was elevated. Thus, the local cerebral circulatory response to peptide administration was dependent on the location of the region examined (circumventricular or non-circumventricular) and on the vasoactive peptide infused.     

No rarefaction of cerebral arterioles in hypertensive rats

A reduction in the density of small arterioles (rarefaction) has been reported in several vascular beds of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). There have been conflicting reports on the existence of rarefaction in the pial vasculature of SHR. In this study, we determined whether there was rarefaction of pial arterioles in several models of hypertension. We studied SHR; two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats; deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertensive rats; and Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed high salt diet. The two groups of normotensive controls were Wistar--Kyoto rats and Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed low salt diet. The duration of hypertension was about 2 months. Density of first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order arterioles was determined by counting the number of vessels from enlarge photographs. We also measured the lengths of segments of the arterioles. We did not observe any evidence of rarefaction of arterioles in the pial vasculature in any of the hypertensive groups of rats. We conclude that (i) rarefaction of arterioles does not occur in the pial microvasculature after approximately 2 months of hypertension and (ii) rarefaction of pial arterioles does not account for abnormalities in the cerebral circulation of hypertensive rats such as protection of the blood-brain barrier or changes in autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.     

Effect of vasopressin and V1 receptors blockade on hypotensive action of ANP in normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The aim of the study was to find out whether vasopressin (AVP) modifies hypotensive and heart rate accelerating effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) conscious rats. The effect of i.v. administration of 1; 2 and 4 micrograms of ANP on blood pressure (MP) and heart rate (HR) was compared during i.v. infusion of 0.9% NaCl (NaCl), NaCl+AVP (1.2 ng kg-1 min-1) and NaCl+dEt2AVP (V1 receptors antagonist, 0.5 microgram kg-1 min-1). AVP increased MP in SHR and WKY and decreased HR in SHR. V1 antagonist decreased MP and increased HR only in SHR. In SHR ANP decreased MP and increased HR during NaCl, AVP and V1 antagonist infusion. In WKY these effects were observed only during AVP administration. In each experimental situation hypotension and tachycardia induced by ANP were greater in SHR than in WKY. In both strains ANP induced changes in MP and HR were enhanced during AVP in comparison to NaCl infusion. V1 antagonist did not modify effects of ANP in WKY and SHR. The results indicate that ANP abolishes hypertensive response induced by blood AVP elevation and that the basal levels of endogenous vasopressin acting through V1 receptors does not interfere with hypotensive action of ANP neither in WKY nor in SHR.     

Natriuretic peptide receptors in the central vasculature of the toad, Bufo marinus

Natriuretic peptide receptors in the central vasculature of the toad, Bufo marinus, were characterized using autoradiographical, molecular, and physiological techniques. Specific 125I-rat ANP binding sites were present in the carotid and pulmonary arteries, the lateral aorta, the pre- and post-cava, and the jugular vein, and generally occurred in each layer of the blood vessel. The 125I-rat ANP binding was partially displaced by the specific natriuretic peptide receptor C ligand, C-ANF, which indicates the presence of two types of natriuretic peptide receptors in the blood vessels. This was confirmed by a RT-PCR study, which demonstrated that guanylyl cyclase receptor (NPR-GC) and NPR-C mRNAs are expressed in arteries and veins. An in vitro guanylyl cyclase assay showed that frog ANP stimulated the production of cGMP in arterial membrane fractions. Physiological recordings from isolated segments of the carotid and pulmonary arteries and the lateral aorta, which had been pre-constricted with arginine vasotocin, showed that rat ANP, frog ANP and porcine CNP relaxed the vascular smooth muscle with relatively similar potency. Together, the data show that the central vasculature contains two types of natriuretic peptide receptors (NPR-C and NPR-GC) and that the vasculature is a target for ANP and CNP.     

Lower number of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors in thymocytes and spleen cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have a much lower number of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors in thymus and spleen from young and adult animals than age-matched normotensive controls. In spite of this low receptor concentration, the ANP-stimulated cyclic GMP response in isolated thymocytes and spleen cells from SHR was similar to that of normotensive control rats. Alterations in ANP receptor concentration in thymus and spleen of SHR may be related to the immune abnormalities described in these animals, and to the pathophysiology of genetic hypertension.     

Muscarinic cholinoceptors and choline acetyltransferase activity in the hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats

To study the role of central cholinergic mechanisms in hypertension, we have determined muscarinic receptors using [³H](-)quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the brain regions of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and renal hypertensive rats. The number of muscarinic receptors was significantly (33–38%) elevated in the hypothalamus of SHR and SHRSP at the ages of 16 and 24 weeks compared to that of Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). An increased density of muscarinic receptors was consistently observed in the prehypertensive (5 weeks) and developmental (10 weeks) stages of hypertension. In contrast, in the hypothalamus of rats with renal hypertension there was no muscarinic receptor alteration. The receptor alteration in the SHRSP hypothalamus was not abolished by a chronic hypotensive treatment which prevented the development of hypertension, suggesting that an enhancement of the muscarinic receptors in spontaneous hypertension does not occur secondarily to the elevation of blood pressure. The hypothalamus of SHR and SHRSP at the ages of 5 and 24 weeks showed significantly less activity of ChAT. These data demonstrate that there is a specific increase in muscarinic receptors and a decrease in cholinergic activity in the hypothalamus of SHR and SHRSP. Thus, the present study suggests an important role for hypothalamic cholinergic receptors in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension.