短链硫酯酶缺失对大肠杆菌合成聚羟基丁酸乳酸酯的影响

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs)是一种具有优质生物相容性的可降解生物基材料,其理化性质优越,具备替代石油基塑料的潜力.P(3HB-co-LA)是PHAs的一种,融合了聚乳酸(Polylactic acid,PLA)和聚3-轻基丁酸(poly(3-hydroxybutyrate),P...     

嗜盐菌生物合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)的研究进展

微生物体内积累的聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)是一种可降解的生物塑料,利用微生物合成绿色环保的PHAs替代石化塑料可减少白色污染。嗜盐菌合成PHA可省略繁琐的灭菌和无菌条件培养的苛刻条件,较其他微生物更具有经济效益和竞争性。结合目前国内外嗜盐菌合成PHA的研究进展,对嗜盐菌合成的PHA进行分类,并对由嗜盐菌合成PHA的影响因素进行总结分析。同时,对嗜盐菌合成PHA的发展前景进行了展望。     

细菌聚羟基脂肪酸酯检测方法研究进展*

细菌聚羟基脂肪酸酯（polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs）是存在于许多细菌细胞内的聚合物,是一种新型的生物材料,在生态研究中可作为营养指标。回顾有关PHAs的研究方法的同时介绍用PT-IR技术从细胞水平快速定性和定量分析细菌PHAs。     

细菌聚羟基脂肪酸酯检测方法研究进展

细菌聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs）是存在于许多细菌细胞内的聚合物,是一种新型的生物材料,在生态研究中可作为营养指标。回顾有关PHAs的研究方法的同时介绍用FT-IR技术从细胞水平快速定性和定量分析细菌PHAs。     

利用废弃物发酵法生产聚羟基烷酸PHAs

聚羟基烷酸(PHAs)是一种可降解聚合物,与石化塑料相比它具有生物降解性及生物相容性等优点,在不久的将来必然有广阔的应用前景。生产PHAs的主要方法是发酵法,在过去的几十年里传统的深层发酵法生产PHAs的工艺已经得到深入的研究,近些年固态发酵法生产PHAs也吸引了越来越多研究者的关注。     

利用转基因植物合成生物可降解材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯

聚羟基脂肪酸酯 (polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHAs)因其完全的生物可降解性、良好的物理加工特性以及生物相容性使其应用前途十分广泛。本文综述了利用转基因植物合成PHAs的研究概况和存在问题 ,进一步探讨了其解决方法。     

微生物解聚木质素合成聚羟基脂肪酸脂的研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸脂(PHAs)作为一种具高生物降解性和易加工性的细胞内储能物质,有希望代替石油基塑料,在全球生物塑料市场受到越来越多的关注。木质素作为地球上最为丰富的天然可再生芳香聚合物,可作为底物通过微生物降解转化为苯酚等单环芳香化合物,然后芳香化合物进一步转化,最终合成PHAs。综述了木质素降解转化合成PHAs的微生物及其相关途径,阐述了目前存在的问题和困难。深入探讨了提高木质素降解转化合成PHAs的生产效率及产物性能的研究进展。同时提出了木质素转化合成PHAs面临的挑战以及对未来发展的展望。     

活性污泥合成聚羟基脂肪酸脂的研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸( PHAs) 是许多原核微生物在不平衡生长条件下合成的细胞内能量和碳源储藏性物质,同时也是一种可完全生物降解的塑料,由于其良好的环境效应及机械性能而受到广泛关注.使用活性污泥合成PHA既能降低PHA的生产成本,又能充分利用活性污泥资源,减少对环境的污染.综述了活性污泥合成PHA的研究进展, 包括合成PHA的主要微生物、碳源及影响PHA积累的因素.     

由细菌产生的新型生物高分子材料——具新型结构的聚羟基脂肪酸酯PHAs简介

许多微生物能产生聚－β－羟基丁酸酯（PHB）,与淀粉一样作为细胞内的能量和碳源储存物。另外在一定条件下,细菌还可积累具不同结构的单体的共聚松。由荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas积累的PHAs的结构单元可以是多种多样的。碳链长度可在6－14之间,可由各种饱和的和不饱和的3－羟基脂肪酸组成的。P．oleovorans以正烷烃、正烷基酯或正烷醇为基质,得到的PHAs是以结构单元长度与基质相同的3－羟基脂肪酯为主要组成部分的无视共聚物。含有高达九个碳原子测链的PHAs已可由P.oleovorans利用正烷烃和脂肪酸来合成。P.oleovorans利用1－烯烃或烯酸可合成倒链具不饱和健的聚－β－羟基烷烯酯。通过改变基质中正坡泛与1－烯径的比例,PHAs的不饱和度可由0增加到50％。当以1－辛烯和1－癸烯为碳源时,所得的聚酯主要由β－羟基脂肪酯组成,而链端则是不饱和的β－羟基烷烯酯,侧链可由丙基变化到庚基。最近的研究表明,在生物合成过程中还可在PHAs的侧基上引入部分含Br、Cl、CN的苯基的官能团,或在PHAs合成过程中,可进行β－氧化形成含3－羟酰基的中间产物和再次对脂肪酸进行生物合成。P．oleovorans的这种可将官能团引入聚合物分子链中的特征．为聚合物进行剪裁提供了可能性。     

羟基丁酸及中链羟基脂肪酸共聚物的微生物合成

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（polyhydroxyalkanoicacids,简称PHAs）是许多原核生物于非平衡生长（如缺乏氮、磷、镁、氧）条件下合成的细胞内碳源和能源的贮藏性聚合物,其分子通式可表述为川．其中m＝l,2和3,一般为m＝l,即p一羟基脂肪酸。n为单体数目。R为侧链,多为不同链长的正烷基,也可以是支链的,不饱和的或带取代基的烷基。自从1926年聚羟基丁酸（Polyhydroxyblltyrate,简称PHB）被首次发现后,已有约80种不同的脂肪酸作为PHAs的单体在约300种细菌中被发现,包括碳原子数从3到14的大量含饱和或不饱和键或支链的脂肪族以及芳香族3羟基…     

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from waste materials and by-products by submerged and solid-state fermentation

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biodegradable polymers produced by prokaryotic organisms from renewable resources. The production of PHAs by submerged fermentation processes has been intensively studied over the last 30 years. In recent years, alternative strategies have been proposed, such as the use of solid-state fermentation or the production of PHAs in transgenic plants. This paper gives an overview of submerged and solid-state fermentation processes used to produce PHAs from waste materials and by-products. The use of these low-cost raw materials has the potential to reduce PHA production costs, because the raw material costs contribute a significant part of production costs in traditional PHA production processes.     

Recent strategies for efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by micro‐organisms

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters accumulated by many bacteria under unbalanced growth conditions, and have been used to meet the various demands in areas of agriculture, medicine, and materials especially belong to a rapidly expanding area of biomedical research. Unfortunately, the high production cost than the traditional synthetic materials has greatly limited the wide application of PHA. Here, we systematically summarized recent progress in production of PHAs and a series of optimization strategies such as supplying renewable carbon substrates, developing better bacterial strains, optimization of fermentation processes, engineering new pathways and etc., were applied to reduce production cost, therefore providing many new ideas and methods for the production of PHAs in economically viable processes. This is believed to be a comprehensive report to show different strategies and methods for low‐cost production of PHAs. Further studies are still needed to make PHAs more and more economically viable to meet a wide range of applicability.     

微生物合成中链聚羟基烷酸酯研究进展

某些微生物细胞在特定营养限制的条件下会产生聚羟基烷酸酯作为碳源储备。和短链聚羟基烷酸酯(PHB)一样 ,中链聚羟基烷酸酯由于具有更优良的性能、更高的附加值和更广泛的用途而受到人们的关注 ;此外 ,中链聚羟基烷酸酯还可以被人工合成为具有功能性侧链的半合成高聚物 ,并因此能够具有更好的弹性和更理想的结晶性能等优点 ,从而成为近年来对环境友好的生物可降解材料的研究重点。在能够合成中链聚羟基烷酸酯的微生物中 ,食油假单胞菌是最典型 ,也是研究得最多的一种。本文对由食油假单胞菌合成中链聚羟基烷酸酯的特点、代谢机制、发挥过程等内容进行了综述 ,并提出了这一研究领域未来可能的研究方向     

Molecular insight into activated sludge producing polyhydroxyalkanoates under aerobic–anaerobic conditions

One of the options enabling more economic production of polyhydroxyalkanoates compared to pure cultures is the application of mixed cultures. The use of a microbial community in a sequencing batch reactor has a few advantages: a simple process control, no necessity for sterile processing, and possibilities of using cheap substrates as a source of carbon. Nevertheless, while cultivation methods to achieve high PHAs biomass concentration and high productivity in wild and recombinant strains are defined, knowledge about the cultivation strategy for PHAs production by mixed culture and species composition of bacterial communities is still very limited. The main object of this study was to characterize on the molecular level the composition and activity of PHAs producing microorganism in activated sludge cultivated under oxygen limitation conditions. PHAs producers were detected using a PCR technique and the created PHA synthase gene library was analyzed by DNA sequencing. The obtained results indicate that PHAs-producers belonged to Pseudomonas sp., and possessed genes coding for mcl-PHA synthase. The kinetics of mcl-PHA synthase expression was relatively estimated using real-time PCR technology at several timepoints. Performed quantitative and qualitative analysis of total bacterial activity showed that there were differences in total activity during the process but differential expression of various groups of microorganisms examined by using DGGE was not observed.     

Advance on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed cultures

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)are the polymers of hydroxyalkanoates that accumulate as carbon/energy or reducing-power storage material in various microorganisms.PHAs have attracted considerable attention as biodegradable substitutes for conventional polymers.Until now,however,industrial production of PHAs has encountered only limited success.The main barrier to the replacement of synthetic plastics by PHAs has been the higher cost.The use of mixed cultures and renewable sources obtained from waste organic carbon can substantially decrease the cost of PHA and increase their market potential.This work reviews two main methods of PHA production by mixed cultures,anaerobicaerobic processing and aerobic transient feeding processing,and analyzed the metabolic and effective factors.     

Advance on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by mixed cultures

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the polymers of hydroxyalkanoates that accumulate as carbon/energy or reducing-power storage material in various microorganisms. PHAs have attracted considerable attention as biodegradable substitutes for conventional polymers. Until now, however, industrial production of PHAs has encountered only limited success. The main barrier to the replacement of synthetic plastics by PHAs has been the higher cost. The use of mixed cultures and renewable sources obtained from waste organic carbon can substantially decrease the cost of PHA and increase their market potential. This work reviews two main methods of PHA production by mixed cultures, anaerobic-aerobic processing and aerobic transient feeding processing, and analyzed the metabolic and effective factors.     

Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Gram-positive bacteria: insights from the genera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces</Emphasis>

Gram-positive bacteria, notably Bacillus and Streptomyces, have been used extensively in industry. However, these microorganisms have not yet been exploited for the production of the biodegradable polymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Although PHAs have many potential applications, the cost of production means that medical applications are currently the main area of use. Gram-negative bacteria, currently the only commercial source of PHAs, have lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which co-purify with the PHAs and cause immunogenic reactions. On the other hand, Gram- positive bacteria lack LPS, a positive feature which justifies intensive investigation into their production of PHAs. This review summarizes currently available knowledge on PHA production by Gram- positive bacteria especially Bacillus and Streptomyces. We hope that this will form the basis of further research into developing either or both as a source of PHAs for medical applications.     

Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Current applications in the medical field

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a class of biopolyesters that are synthesized intracellularly by microorganisms, mainly by different genera of eubacteria. These biopolymers have diverse physical and chemical properties that also classify them as biodegradable in nature and make them compatible to living systems. In the last two decades or so, PHAs have emerged as potential useful materials in the medical field for different applications owing to their unique properties. The lower acidity and bioactivity of PHAs confer them with minimal risk compared to other biopolymers such as poly-lactic acid (PLA) and poly-glycolic acid (PGA). Therefore, the versatility of PHAs in terms of their non-toxic degradation products, biocompatibility, desired surface modifications, wide range of physical and chemical properties, cellular growth support, and attachment without carcinogenic effects have enabled their use as in vivo implants such as sutures, adhesion barriers, and valves to guide tissue repair and in regeneration devices such as cardiovascular patches, articular cartilage repair scaffolds, bone graft substitutes, and nerve guides. Here, we briefly describe some of the most recent innovative research involving the use of PHAs in medical applications. Microbial production of PHAs also provides the opportunity to develop PHAs with more unique monomer compositions economically through metabolic engineering approaches. At present, it is generally established that the PHA monomer composition and surface modifications influence cell responses.PHA synthesis by bacteria does not require the use of a catalyst (used in the synthesis of other polymers), which further promotes the biocompatibility of PHA-derived polymers.