2005～2009年广州南沙湿地鸟类的群落结构及数量动态

2005～2009年对南沙湿地鸟类群落开展了监测.2005年发现50种,隶属12目26科,全年记录到总数3548只;2006年发现57种,隶属12目28科,全年记录到总数5488只;2007年发现64种,隶属12目31科,全年记录到总数5063只;2008年发现69种,隶属12目32科,全年记录到总数4251只;2009年发现73种,属12目32科,全年记录到总数4776只.鸟类群落的数量不同月份有显著的变化,说明南沙湿地秋冬季是南迁北徙鸟类重要的觅食地和栖息地.鸟类群落的种类和数量每年有增加的趋势,2008年和2009年比2005年分别增加19种和23种.鸟类群落的多样性每年在增长,2005年为2.9608,2006年为2.9869,2007年为3.1624,2008年为3.2544,2009年为3.2776,2008年和2009年比2005年分别增长了9.91%和10.7%.从2005～2009年鸟类群落的种类和数量来看,目前南沙湿地开放旅游由于限制了游客数量还没有影响到鸟类种类、数量和栖息地.     

陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落初步研究

1998～2008年,采用直接计数法对陕西省黄河湿地冬季鸟类群落组成、鸟类物种多样性及数量变化进行了调查.在预先设置的5条调查样带中共记录到鸟类14目33科117种.观察结果表明,该地区鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数分别为4.497和0.654.栖息地可分为人工渔塘、芦苇沼泽、滩涂湿地、农田和人工林5种类型.这些生境中鸟类组成及物种多样性差异均较大,其鸟类多样性指数分别为2.826、3.571、3.202、1.205、2.496,以芦苇沼泽中的鸟类多样性指数最高,滩涂湿地中鸟类数量最多,农田中鸟类优势度最高.通过对该地区鸟类群落组成及多样性分析研究以及黄河湿地冬季鸟类栖息地现状评价,为湿地鸟类资源的保护提供科学依据.     

内蒙古锡林浩特市鸟类资源调查

2005年5月至2006年11月,采用固定样点法和样带法,对内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市的鸟类资源进行了调查.共记录到鸟类186种,隶属于18目42科98属.其中,留鸟27种,夏候鸟104种,冬候鸟1种,旅鸟54种.鸟类区系以古北界成分为主,有117种,占繁殖鸟总数的88.6%.国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类28种.湿地生境中鸟类资源最为丰富,有134种.鸟类的G-F指数为0.81.     

内蒙古包头南海子湿地鸟类群落组成及多样性

为了解包头南海子湿地鸟类资源现状,2006年8月至2007年10月,对内蒙古包头市南海子自然保护区的鸟类物种多样性和群落结构进行了调查,共记录到鸟类128种,隶属于15目37科.其中,古北界鸟类110种,占调查区鸟类种数的85.94%.居留型主要以夏候鸟和旅鸟为主.根据鸟类栖息地的生境类型,将保护区的鸟类划分为4个群落.其中,浅水沼泽的鸟类数量最多,多样性指数、均匀度指数均最高.南海子自然保护区对包头市生态旅游产业以及自然保护教育具有重要意义.     

江西齐云山自然保护区冬季鸟类调查及多样性分析

2006年12月至2007年2月,采用样线法对江西齐云山自然保护区冬季鸟类资源及其生境分布进行了调查,记录到鸟类13目38科122种,其中国家重点保护鸟类17种.留鸟90种,冬候鸟28种,夏候鸟4种.研究区冬季鸟类的Shannon-Weiner指数为3.875,Pielou指数为0.791,Simpson指数为0.964.对6种生境中鸟类群落的科数、种数、优势种、多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数和Sorenson相似性指数)等有关生物多样性指标的统计分析表明,不同生境鸟类群落多样性存在差异.     

青海湖国家级自然保护区水鸟的多样性及分布

青海湖国家级自然保护区为国际重要湿地,其野生候鸟种群曾于2005年感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1,对当地野生鸟类种群及牛态环境造成很大威胁.作者于2007年3-12月.采用直接计数法,对该保护区鸟类资源进行凋查.本次考察共记录到鸟类57种,隶属8目14科.其中留鸟2种,迷鸟3种,夏候鸟7种,迁徙路过鸟41种,冬候鸟4种,其中54种鸟类为水鸟.     

内蒙古乌海民航机场鸟类多样性与鸟撞防范

为了开展鸟撞预防工作、减少鸟撞事故的发生,2009年8月-2010年7月,每月对乌海民航机场及其周围7种生境的鸟类进行调查,并分析了鸟类多样性指数.共记录到鸟类106种,隶属于16目37科,其中繁殖鸟78种,非繁殖鸟28种.依据重要值,并结合鸟类的分布系数和集群行为以及是否穿越跑道及跑道上空等因素,将调查记录到的106种鸟类划分为严重危险、很危险、较危险和一般危险4个等级.根据调查资料和吸引鸟类分布的主要环境因子分析,提出了乌海机场鸟撞防范对策.     

中国北回归线附近岛屿及沿海初夏鸟类报告

于2001年6月8日至19日对位于北回归线附近的粤闽沿海岛屿及沿海湿地(东迄福建省南部的东山岛,西至广东省东部汕头地区的牛田洋湿地和南澳及其附近诸岛)进行鸟类调查,后又于2004年6月做了补充调查.共记录到鸟类77种,其中海岛鸟11种,湿地鸟25种,陆地鸟41种,包括国家一、二级保护种类分别为白腹军舰鸟Fregata andrewsi和岩鹭Egretta sacra.观察新增了10种以往未曾在该地区记录到的鸟类,首次记录到岩鹭在南澳及其附近诸岛的繁殖,再次印证了粉红燕鸥Sterna dougallii、黑枕燕鸥.Sterna sumatrana、褐翅燕鸥Sterna anaethetus和黑叉尾海燕Oceanodroma monorhis在该地区的繁殖记录.通过对比该地区一个多世纪以来鸟类记录(包括繁殖记录)的差异,探讨该地区鸟类区系的演替过程.     

上海南汇东滩湿地鸟类资源调查

2008年1～12月采用样点法和样线法对上海南汇东滩湿地鸟类资源进行调查.共记录到鸟类158种,隶属于14目40科.其中旅鸟有63种,占所调查鸟类总物种数的39.87%;冬候鸟58种,占36.71%;夏侯鸟19种,占12.03%;留鸟18种,占11.39%,迁徙鸟类占有绝对优势.繁殖鸟有37种,其中东洋界种类25种,占该区繁殖鸟类种数的67.57%,该区域东洋界区系特色明显.记录到国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物12种,上海市重点保护鸟类4种,上海市鸟类新纪录2种.     

中国鸟类种新记录——黑颏穗鹛

2010年2月12-13日,在西藏日喀则樟木镇海拔2070m及1900m处的公路旁分别观察并拍摄到一种鸟类.根据观察资料及所拍照片,鉴定为黑颏穗鹛(Stachyris pyrrhops)(图1).经查阅文献(Zheng,2002;Zheng,2005)属鹟科(Turdinae)画鹛亚科(Timaliinae)穗鹛属(Stachyris)的中国鸟类新记录,特此报道.     

Extracting bird migration information from C‐band Doppler weather radars

Although radar has been used in studies of bird migration for 60 years, there is still no network in Europe for comprehensive monitoring of bird migration. Europe has a dense network of military air surveillance radars but most systems are not directly suitable for reliable bird monitoring. Since the early 1990s, Doppler radars and wind profilers have been introduced in meteorology to measure wind. These wind measurements are known to be contaminated with insect and bird echoes. The aim of the present research is to assess how bird migration information can be deduced from meteorological Doppler radar output. We compare the observations on migrating birds using a dedicated X‐band bird radar with those using a C‐band Doppler weather radar. The observations were collected in the Netherlands, from 1 March to 22 May 2003. In this period, the bird radar showed that densities of more than one bird per km³ are present in 20% of all measurements. Among these measurements, the weather radar correctly recognized 86% of the cases when birds were present; in 38% of the cases with no birds detected by the bird radar, the weather radar claimed bird presence (false positive). The comparison showed that in this study reliable altitudinal density profiles of birds cannot be obtained from the weather radar. However, when integrated over altitude, weather radar reflectivity is correlated with bird radar density. Moreover, bird flight speeds from both radars show good agreement in 78% of cases, and flight direction in 73% of cases. The usefulness of the existing network of weather radars for deducing information on bird migration offers a great opportunity for a European‐wide monitoring network of bird migration.     

Hierarchical semantic information modeling and ontology for bird ecology

Birds have become an increasing concern for ecological preservation and safety. This paper proposes hierarchical architecture of semantic sensing information for bird acoustic data representation in bird ecological environment. This architecture provides various real-time sensing data such as bird calls using acoustic sensors in sensor networks. In this paper, we implement an ontology structure of hierarchical semantic information representation in bird’s ecological environment. Information of this architecture supports to recognize bird calls, identify birds, classify species, and to track a bird behavior in bird ecological environment. All of this would indicate that we suggest relationship between phenomenon data to service/semantic information in bird ecology.     

样线法和网捕法在机场鸟情调查中的应用比较

鸟击事件主要发生在机场范围内,对机场周边生境的鸟类组成进行调查,是制定鸟击防范对策的重要前提。国内多数机场已经开展了相关的鸟类组成调查,但是选用的调查方法却存在较大差异。以样线法和网捕法两种常用的调查方法对沈阳桃仙国际机场周边的迁徙期鸟类进行了研究,旨在比较两种调查方法在机场鸟类群落组成调查中的效果及调查的鸟类群落组成差异。结果表明：两种方法均适合机场鸟类调研,共记录到鸟类97种,网捕法记录的鸟类种数(83种vs. 57种)高于样线法,网捕法单独记录的鸟类种数(40种vs. 14种)也高于样线法。尽管两种方法每期(半个月)调查的物种数和目的数量无明显差别,但随调查强度(如调查次数)增加,网捕法累计记录到的鸟类种类明显高于样线法,且较晚达到渐近线。另外,两种方法调查记录的鸟类群落组成也具有显著的差别,如网捕法记录到较多鹌鹑和鸮形目等夜间迁徙或活动鸟类,而样线法可记录到鹭科和雁鸭类水鸟等。这说明两种调研方法在鸟类调查中有较好的互补性。因此,本研究认为机场鸟情调研时应该根据鸟情特点,选择合适的鸟类调研方法,综合采用多种调研方法可更有利于获得科学的鸟情信息。     

The effectiveness of bird hides in mitigating recreational disturbances of birdwatchers

Bird hides are often built to ameliorate the disturbance of birdwatchers at birdwatching sites. However, the effectiveness of such shelters is rarely evaluated. This study investigated the recreational disturbances induced by birdwatchers at Mai Po Nature Reserve in Hong Kong and examined the effectiveness of bird hides in mitigating birdwatcher impacts. A bird disturbance survey was conducted to record the disturbances caused by birdwatchers and responses shown by birds at three sampling sites in Mai Po Nature Reserve. A total of 469 observations were recorded in 25 field days from Oct 2019 to April 2020. The results indicated that bird hides significantly mitigated the frequency of disturbance and level of response of birds. With a bird hide, the frequency of disturbance was lower than the unsheltered site given that both sites have a similar level of visitation, yet, disturbance frequency was not significantly lower if the bird hide was highly utilized by birdwatchers. Birds had shown less vigorous and slower responses to disturbances at sites with bird hides than that without. On the other hand, at those sites with bird hides, birds responded at a farther distance than birds at the unsheltered site, which a longer distance may represent a greater level of disturbance. Upon disturbances, birds at the unsheltered site tended to stay in the original area, while birds around bird hides tend to settle further from the original habitat. Visual disturbances were well avoided at bird hides when compared to an unsheltered environment, however, disturbance from noise was found to be more prevalent at bird hides. Implications of these findings were discussed, and recommendations regarding the use, setting, and design of bird hides, and visitor management were given.     

环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响分析

湿地鸟类在能量转换和维护生态系统的稳定性方面起着举足轻重的作用,同时也是监测、评价湿地生态环境极其敏感的指标。本文总结了环境因子对湿地鸟类多样性的影响,对湿地鸟类多样性的研究提出展望,为更好地保护湿地鸟类资源及生态环境提供科学依据。     

Avian translocations restore dual interaction networks in an island ecosystem

Many island bird species have been driven to extinction by introduced predators. Although poorly understood, these extinctions could have a 2-fold impact on bird–plant mutualisms, because island bird species can serve as both pollinators and seed dispersers. We investigated how avian translocations into a mammal-free reserve in New Zealand affected the structure of bird–flower and bird–fruit interactions. We observed bird–fruit and bird–flower interactions over a 9-year period to establish (1) the extent to which native birds are both nectivorous and frugivorous (i.e. “dual mutualists”) and (2) how avian translocations and conservation reestablished nectivory and frugivory networks. Results showed that all but one native bird species were dual mutualists. Pairwise species interaction frequencies were positively correlated between networks. However, overall levels of nectivory by each bird species were unrelated to levels of frugivory. Interaction specialization and species strength also did not differ between networks. The reintroduction of threatened and endangered bird species appeared to have restored both interaction networks, and the sequence of species recovery accelerated restorative changes. Overall results indicate that not only does the extinction of dual mutualists have a 2-fold, negative effect on mutualistic interactions with plants, they can also accelerate the recovery of ecosystem services following restoration efforts.     

Bergmann's rule in alien birds

Native bird species show latitudinal gradients in body size across species (Bergmann's rule), but whether or not such gradients are recapitulated in the alien distributions of bird species are unknown. Here, we test for the existence of Bergmann's rule in alien bird species worldwide, and investigate the causes of the observed patterns. Published databases were used to obtain the worldwide distributions of established alien bird populations, the locations of alien bird introductions, and bird body masses. Randomisation tests and linear models were used to assess latitudinal patterns in the body masses of introduced and established alien bird populations. Established alien bird species exhibit Bergmann's rule, but this is largely explained by where alien bird species have been introduced: latitudinal variation in the body masses of established alien bird species simply reflects latitudinal variation in the body masses of introduced species. There is some evidence that body mass is implicated in whether or not established species’ alien ranges spread towards or contract away from the Equator following establishment. However, most alien bird ranges are encompassed by the latitudinal band(s) to which the species was introduced. Bergmann's rule in alien birds is therefore a consequence of where humans have introduced different species, rather than of natural processes operating after population introduction.     

鸟类羽毛鉴定技术和分类研究回顾及展望

鸟类羽毛鉴定技术及分类研究是使用传统分类学、显微学、数学方法以及分子生物学、化学分析等手段对现有的完整或者不完整的羽毛材料进行观察和研究,并结合已有材料及经验来达到鸟类物种分类鉴定的目的.本文介绍了国内外鸟类羽毛鉴定技术的研究现状及进展,对羽毛分类研究中存在的问题进行探讨,并在此基础上对鸟类羽毛分类鉴定的应用前景进行了展望.     

气候变暖对我国鸟类分布的影响

研究了１０年来国内有关鸟类分布及越冬地变化的资料,结合我国近年来气候变暖的事实,初步探讨了气候变暖对我国鸟类可能产生的影响,并针对这些影响提出了一些保护对策。     

鸟粪对同里湿地公园土壤重金属及其形态的影响

为了解鸟粪对同里湿地公园土壤重金属全量及形态转化的影响,测定了公园内有鸟粪土壤、无鸟粪土壤、鸟粪沉积物的理化性质,Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn全量及其形态分布,并进行统计分析。结果显示:同里湿地公园土壤及沉积物p H值平均含量达4.5,N、C、H、S和TP平均含量分别达到3.69、38.07、10.97、0.52、1.43g/kg,有鸟粪土壤中N、C、H和S含量显著高于无鸟粪土壤。Cu、Zn、Co平均含量呈现出鸟粪沉积物有鸟粪土壤无鸟粪土壤;Cr的平均含量表现为鸟粪沉积物无鸟粪土壤有鸟粪土壤;Ni呈现出有鸟粪土壤鸟粪沉积物无鸟粪土壤。总体上,鸟粪的进入增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Co、Ni含量。因此应及时清理土壤上覆鸟粪,降低对当地重金属污染风险。相对于无鸟粪土壤中不同重金属形态的分布,有鸟粪土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Zn的活性态占全量的百分比均略有下降,非活性态呈上升趋势。鸟粪的加入,虽然会在一定程度上降低活性态重金属占总量的比例,但因总量和活性态含量均上升,向植物系统的迁移量会呈现增加趋势,因此对鸟粪施肥再利用应慎重。