基于电活性微生物的芳香烃类污染物转化机制研究进展

芳香烃类化合物(aromatic hydrocarbon compounds)是一类基于苯环结构的有机物,广泛分布在自然环境中,难以自然降解、易被生物积累,且有很大的环境危害性。生物法是有机化合物转化降解的主流工艺,而电活性微生物(electroactive microorganisms, EAM)因其独特的胞外电子传递(extracellular electron transfer, EET)能力和生理代谢模式在芳香烃类化合物污染修复领域具有巨大的应用潜力。电活性微生物可以通过还原脱卤、脱硝与氧化开环过程相结合的方式,最终实现芳香烃类污染物的降解矿化。本文重点综述了电活性微生物降解芳香烃类污染物过程中主要还原/氧化反应机理,归纳了电活性微生物高效还原脱卤、脱硝的关键酶活、代谢途径及转化机理,分析了不同含氧条件下电活性微生物开环方式及降解代谢途径,并通过调控微生物胞外聚合物与添加导电材料等途径来提升电活性微生物的胞外电子传递过程,总结了电极电位、电极材料、电解液性质及温度等环境因子对芳香烃类化合物降解的影响,探讨了芳香烃类污染物的强化生物降解策略的可行性。最后,展望了电活性微生物降解技...     

二硝基苯胺类除草剂微生物降解研究进展

二硝基苯胺类除草剂是一类广谱、高效且广泛使用的除草剂,微生物的降解代谢作用是其在环境中消解的最主要因素。分离筛选除草剂的高效降解菌株、分析其降解途径并阐明其微生物降解机制,可为除草剂残留污染的微生物降解修复提供理论依据和优良的降解菌株、降解基因和酶资源。本文简述了二硝基苯胺类除草剂的微生物降解菌株、降解代谢途径和降解基因/酶的研究进展,为进一步研究该类除草剂的微生物降解及其污染生物修复提供理论依据和资源。     

海洋石油降解微生物及其降解机理

微生物修复作为一种新型环保的生物修复技术,已成为海洋石油污染生物修复的核心技术。对海洋石油降解微生物的种类即细菌、蓝藻、真菌以及藻类进行了总结,对微生物对石油烃的降解途径与降解机理进行了综述。微生物降解烷烃的过程包括末端氧化、烷基氢过氧化物以及环己烷降解3种形式。微生物对芳香烃的降解是通过芳香烃被氧化酶氧化导致苯环开环来实现的。微生物对多环芳烃的降解是在单加氧酶或双加氧酶的催化作用下被最终降解为二氧化碳和水而被分解。并对影响石油烃降解微生物的因素包括温度、营养物质等因素进行了分析。     

环境微生物介导的木质素代谢及其资源化利用研究进展

木质素是一种丰富的芳烃生物大分子聚合物,其分解代谢与地球元素循环和生物资源利用密切相关。但由于木质素结构的复杂性和无规则性导致其难以降解,使得木质素降解的研究成为全球碳循环和生物质资源利用研究的难点。近年来,来自不同环境的微生物陆续被发现具有木质素降解能力,并解析出参与木质素分解代谢的多种氧化还原酶。然而对木质素详细的代谢过程仍不十分清楚,因此,探究木质素降解酶系、作用机理和代谢网络是研究微生物代谢木质素机理的关键。本文综述环境中参与木质素降解的微生物,重点解析其木质素解聚酶系组成、分泌机制和木质素的代谢途径,并在此基础上阐明近年来木质素生物转化的最新研究进展,以期为今后环境微生物代谢木质素机理及其资源化利用的研究提供参考。     

石油烃类化合物降解菌的研究概况*

综述了国内外对石油烃类化合物的微生物降解的研究情况 ,分别就石油烃类化合物各组分微生物降解率、不同组分的微生物代谢途径、降解菌种类、降解性质粒、工程菌构建以及生物修复方法进行了介绍 ,以期全面反映此领域的研究成果 ,为研究工作者提供一定参考依据。     

微生物法去除水中氯苯类化合物的研究进展

氯苯类化合物是水环境污染中的主要污染物之一, 本文主要介绍了目前国内外微生物法处理水中氯苯类化合物的最新研究成果, 包括氯苯类化合物的微生物好氧降解、厌氧降解、共代谢、生物活性炭以及生物处理工艺等, 并展望了该领域今后的研究方向。     

一株氯霉素降解细菌的分离鉴定与代谢特性研究

微生物是介导环境中氯霉素降解转化的主要驱动者,但高效降解矿化菌株资源匮乏,氧化反应介导的代谢途径不清。为研究微生物介导下氯霉素的环境归趋过程,为氯霉素污染环境强化修复提供菌株资源,文中以受氯霉素污染的活性污泥为接种源,首先富集获得一个由红球菌Rhodococcus主导 (相对丰度>70%) 的氯霉素高效降解菌群,并从中分离获得一株能够高效降解氯霉素的菌株CAP-2,通过16S rRNA基因分析鉴定为红球菌Rhodococcus sp.。菌株CAP-2能在不同营养条件下高效降解氯霉素。基于菌株CAP-2对检测到的代谢产物对硝基苯甲酸和已报道的代谢产物对硝基苯甲醛和原儿茶酸的生物转化特征,提出其降解途径是由氯霉素侧链氧化断裂生成对硝基苯甲醛,进一步氧化为对硝基苯甲酸的新型氧化降解途径。该菌株对于氯霉素分解代谢的分子机制研究以及受氯霉素污染环境的原位生物修复应用具有巨大潜力。     

微生物法去除水中氯苯类化合物的研究进展

氯苯类化合物是水环境污染中的主要污染物之一,本文主要介绍了目前国内外微生物法处理水中氯苯类化合物的最新研究成果,包括氯苯类化合物的微生物好氧降解、厌氧降解,共代谢、生物活性炭以及生物处理工艺等,并展望了该领域今后的研究方向.     

分解代谢质粒

天然的与合成的有机化合物的循环很大程度上依赖于细菌和真菌各种分解代谢活性。一些复杂的代谢途径,其中许多是微生物所独有的。通过它降解各类不同的化合物,多年来的研究证明,这些代谢途径是微生物生物化学家的最丰富的领域。这种降解     

微生物降解4-羟基苯甲酸的研究进展

4-羟基苯甲酸(4HBA)是在自然界中广泛存在的芳香族化合物,也是很多天然产物和人工合成化合物的中间代谢产物。4HBA的代谢途径有原儿茶酸开环途径、脱碳酸途径和厌氧微生物的苯甲酰-CoA还原途径,以及尚未完全阐明的龙胆酸开环途径。从4HBA转化为龙胆酸的过程包含NIH重排反应步骤,本综述重点介绍NIH重排反应的研究进展并初步介绍了涉及4HBA降解过程中的酶。在本综述中,结合我们的研究工作介绍了一个嗜热Bacillus sp.B1菌株降解4HBA等芳香族化合物的代谢途径,最后对4HBA降解过程中的NIH重排反应研究进行了展望。     

Comparison of tolerance of four bacterial nanocellulose-producing strains to lignocellulose-derived inhibitors

Background

Through pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification lignocellulosic biomass has great potential as a low-cost feedstock for production of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a high value-added microbial product, but inhibitors formed during pretreatment remain challenging. In this study, the tolerance to lignocellulose-derived inhibitors of three new BNC-producing strains were compared to that of Komagataeibacter xylinus ATCC 23770. Inhibitors studied included furan aldehydes (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) and phenolic compounds (coniferyl aldehyde and vanillin). The performance of the four strains in the presence and absence of the inhibitors was assessed using static cultures, and their capability to convert inhibitors by oxidation and reduction was analyzed.

Results

Although two of the new strains were more sensitive than ATCC 23770 to furan aldehydes, one of the new strains showed superior resistance to both furan aldehydes and phenols, and also displayed high volumetric BNC yield (up to 14.78 ± 0.43 g/L) and high BNC yield on consumed sugar (0.59 ± 0.02 g/g). The inhibitors were oxidized and/or reduced by the strains to be less toxic. The four strains exhibited strong similarities with regard to predominant bioconversion products from the inhibitors, but displayed different capacity to convert the inhibitors, which may be related to the differences in inhibitor tolerance.

Conclusions

This investigation provides information on different performance of four BNC-producing strains in the presence of lignocellulose-derived inhibitors. The results will be of benefit to the selection of more suitable strains for utilization of lignocellulosics in the process of BNC-production.

     

Microbial Engineering for Aldehyde Synthesis

Aldehydes are a class of chemicals with many industrial uses. Several aldehydes are responsible for flavors and fragrances present in plants, but aldehydes are not known to accumulate in most natural microorganisms. In many cases, microbial production of aldehydes presents an attractive alternative to extraction from plants or chemical synthesis. During the past 2 decades, a variety of aldehyde biosynthetic enzymes have undergone detailed characterization. Although metabolic pathways that result in alcohol synthesis via aldehyde intermediates were long known, only recent investigations in model microbes such as Escherichia coli have succeeded in minimizing the rapid endogenous conversion of aldehydes into their corresponding alcohols. Such efforts have provided a foundation for microbial aldehyde synthesis and broader utilization of aldehydes as intermediates for other synthetically challenging biochemical classes. However, aldehyde toxicity imposes a practical limit on achievable aldehyde titers and remains an issue of academic and commercial interest. In this minireview, we summarize published efforts of microbial engineering for aldehyde synthesis, with an emphasis on de novo synthesis, engineered aldehyde accumulation in E. coli, and the challenge of aldehyde toxicity.     

Functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde or keto groups

The functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde or keto groups has become the subject of intensive research since the discovery of the inhibition properties of peptide aldehydes and the advent of protein engineering. The first part of this review focuses upon the tremendous efforts devoted to the solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes as protease inhibitors. The second part describes the utility of the aldehyde or keto functionalities for the site-specific modification of peptides or proteins.     

Effect of sulfur oxyanions on lignocellulose-derived fermentation inhibitors

Recent results show that treatments with reducing agents, including the sulfur oxyanions dithionite and hydrogen sulfite, efficiently improve the fermentability of inhibitory lignocellulose hydrolysates, and that the treatments are effective when the reducing agents are added in situ into the fermentation vessel at low temperature. In the present investigation, dithionite was added to medium with model inhibitors (coniferyl aldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, or acetic acid) and the effects on the fermentability with yeast were studied. Addition of 10 mM dithionite to medium containing 2.5 mM coniferyl aldehyde resulted in a nine-fold increase in the glucose consumption rate and a three-fold increase in the ethanol yield. To investigate the mechanism behind the positive effects of adding sulfur oxyanions, mixtures containing 2.5 mM of a model inhibitor (an aromatic compound, a furan aldehyde, or an aliphatic acid) and 15 mM dithionite or hydrogen sulfite were analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS). The results of the analyses, which were performed by using UHPLC-ESI-TOF-MS and UHPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap-MS/MS, indicate that the positive effects of sulfur oxyanions are primarily due to their capability to react with and sulfonate inhibitory aromatic compounds and furan aldehydes at low temperature and slightly acidic pH (such as 25°C and pH 5.5).     

Fungal metabolism of fermentation inhibitors present in corn stover dilute acid hydrolysate

Use of agricultural residues for ethanol production requires pretreatment of the material to facilitate release of sugars. Physical–chemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass can, however, give rise to side-products that may be toxic to fermenting microorganisms and hinder utilization of sugars obtained from biomass. Potentially problematic compounds include furan aldehydes formed by degradation of sugars, organic acids released from hemicellulose side-groups, and aldehydes and phenolics released from lignin. A fungal isolate, Coniochaeta ligniaria NRRL30616, metabolizes furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as well as aromatic and aliphatic acids and aldehydes. NRRL30616 grew in corn stover dilute-acid hydrolysate, and converted furfural to both furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid. Hydrolysate was inoculated with NRRL30616, and the fate of pretreatment side-products was followed in a time-course study. A number of aromatic and aliphatic acids, aldehydes, and phenolic compounds were quantitated by analytical extraction of corn stover hydrolysate, followed by HPLC–UV–MS/MS analysis. Compounds representing all of the classes of inhibitory side-products were removed during the course of fungal growth. Biological abatement of hydrolysates using C. ligniaria improved xylose utilization in subsequent ethanol fermentations.     

Multiple gene-mediated NAD(P)H-dependent aldehyde reduction is a mechanism of in situ detoxification of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are representative inhibitors generated from biomass pretreatment using dilute acid hydrolysis that interfere with yeast growth and subsequent fermentation. Few yeast strains tolerant to inhibitors are available. In this study, we report a tolerant strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-50049, which has enhanced biotransformation ability to convert furfural to furan methanol (FM), HMF to furan di-methanol (FDM), and produce a normal yield of ethanol. Our recent identification of HMF and development of protocol to synthesize the HMF metabolic conversion product FDM allowed studies on fermentation metabolic kinetics in the presence of HMF and furfural. Individual gene-encoding enzymes possessing aldehyde reduction activities demonstrated cofactor preference for NADH or NADPH. However, protein extract from whole yeast cells showed equally strong aldehyde reduction activities coupled with either cofactor. Deletion of a single candidate gene did not affect yeast growth in the presence of the inhibitors. Our results suggest that detoxification of furfural and HMF by the ethanologenic yeast S. cerevisiae strain Y-50049 likely involves multiple gene mediated NAD(P)H-dependent aldehyde reduction. Conversion pathways of furfural and HMF relevant to glycolysis and ethanol production were refined based on our findings in this study. The mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

Ethane release during metabolism of aldehydes and monoamines in perfused rat liver

Infusion of aldehyde such as acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde or benzaldehyde to perfused rat liver leads to an increase in hepatic ethane production. Half-maximal effect was obtained with about 20 microM acetaldehyde, a concentration range found in plasma during ethanol metabolism. Compounds which metabolically generate aldehydes such as monoamines (benzylamine, phenylethylamine) as substrates for monoamine oxidase or ethanol as substrate for alcohol dehydrogenase [A. Müller and H. Sies (1982) Biochem. J. 206, 153-156] are also able to elicit ethane release. Results obtained with inhibitors of hepatic aldehyde metabolism (pargyline or cyanamide) or of monamine oxidase (pargyline or tranylcypromine) suggest that metabolism of the aldehydes is required for ethane production. Radical scavenging by the addition of the flavonoid, cyanidanol, or by pretreatment with vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) abolished ethane release, in agreement with lipid peroxidation as a source of alkane production during aldehyde metabolism.