有机物料在维持土壤微生物体氮库中的作用

采用室内和田间培养试验,研究了有机物料矿化过程中土壤微生物体氮的变化,测定结果表明,有机物料对矿化过程和微生物体氮的影响,既与有机物料本身性质和组成有关,也与土壤肥力水平和施氮与否有关。加入Ｃ／Ｎ比高的有机物料后,微生物对矿质氮的净固定持续时间长,而加入Ｃ／Ｎ比小的则固定时间短;高肥力土壤上的固定时间比低肥力土壤短。不同有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响不同。从加绿豆茎叶、小麦茎叶、未腐解马粪、腐熟马粪、腐熟猪粪到厩肥,土壤微生物体氮依次减小,提供的有效能源物质丰富（如绿豆茎叶）或Ｃ／Ｎ比较高（如小麦茎叶）时影响效果突出。土壤肥力不同,有机物料对微生物体的影响效果不同,在低肥力土壤的效果突出,约为高肥力土壤的４倍,因此,在评价有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响时,既考虑有有机物料的性质和组成,也考虑土壤力水平、矿质氮含量和培养时期。     

水溶性有机物对水田土壤中水溶性氮磷含量及其利用率的影响

采用田间微区试验,研究了施用有机物料对土壤氮磷的变化动态及活性的影响.结果表明,水稻生长过程中土壤溶液中水溶性氮（铵态氮、硝态氮）及磷的含量都随着时间的延长而下降,且氮、磷含量的变化与施入的化学肥料量以及溶液中DOC含量有关;有机物料施用增加了水稻的生物量和对氮、磷的吸收利用;15N示踪显示,与对照的化肥处理相比,施用有机物料处理的微区氮肥利用率及土壤残留率明显增加,同时减少了土壤氮磷的损失.     

有机物料对黄河三角洲滨海盐土根际效应的影响Ⅰ．──养分和酶生物学效应

采用根际袋法研究腐熟有机物料对滨海盐土水稻根际养分和酶活性特征的影响．结果表明,施用有机物料可增加土壤有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｆｅ和Ｚｎ的含量,增强土壤尤其根际土壤的转化酶、碱性磷酸酶和豚酶活性,可加速土壤有机Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ的代谢作用,增加水稻养分吸收,改善生长发育,增强耐盐性．     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机氮组分的影响

通过16年的田间定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥模式对红壤性水稻土有机氮组分的影响.结果表明：长期化肥处理对土壤各氮素含量的作用不明显;有机物料循环特别是有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了土壤矿质氮和有机氮含量,提高幅度分别为55.2%和38.8%.有机物料循环处理显著提高了酸解性氮组分,其对土壤铵态氮、氨基糖氮和未知氮含量的提高幅度分别为36.5%、68.4%和73.9%;有机物料与化肥配施后,氨基酸氮含量也显著提高,提高幅度达71.1%,但是降低了未知氮含量,降低幅度为34.5%.此外,各施肥处理土壤累积矿化氮量均随培养时间的延长呈增加趋势,有机物循环或配施化肥处理土壤矿化氮量均高于单施化肥处理.     

有机物料中有机碳和有机氮的分解进程及分解残留率

在中国科学院沈阳生态站(埋袋法)和海伦站(砂滤管法)研究了不同有机物料中有机碳和有机氮的矿化进程、分解残留率和C/N的动态变化.结果表明:有机物料中有机碳和有机氮的分解进程可分为快、慢2个阶段;各有机物料中有机氮的矿化速率均明显低于有机碳,因而其残留率高于有机碳;有机物料C/N的下降速率也可分为快、慢2个阶段.经3～5年分解后,各种有机物料残留物的C/N趋于稳定:低C/N有机物料(猪粪)残留物的C/N值接近土壤腐殖质的C/N,约为10,已完成其腐殖化过程;高C/N有机物料残留物的C/N值处于适宜微生物活动的25左右,利于增加土壤有机质、培肥土壤.     

节水与减氮措施对稻田土壤微生物和微动物群落的影响

水稻生产中的水肥消耗量过大引起的资源环境问题已经引起了普遍关注.本研究分别在水稻分蘖期和成熟期采样,比较了灌溉方式(常规灌溉和节水25%)和施氮水平(常规高氮和减氮40%)对稻田土壤微生物及微动物群落的影响.结果表明:与常规灌溉相比,节水控灌显著降低了分蘖期土壤pH值.土壤可溶性有机碳氮和微生物生物量碳氮均受到灌溉和氮肥及两者交互作用的显著影响.节水或减氮降低了可溶性有机物含量;节水提高了微生物生物量碳而显著降低了微生物生物量氮.节水显著提高土壤硝态氮含量而使铵态氮含量呈下降趋势.在水稻分蘖期,节水处理下土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌和原生动物的生物量高于常规灌溉,而在水稻成熟期,相对应的变化趋势则相反.灌溉、氮肥及两者的交互作用显著影响轮虫数量和食微线虫的比例.在水稻分蘖期,节水灌溉处理土壤轮虫、线虫数量及食细菌线虫比例有提高的趋势;减氮增加了土壤轮虫数量却减少了线虫数量.总之,土壤微生物和微动物群落对节水减氮农业措施的响应不同,不仅与水稻不同生长期有关,而且与水氮之间及食物网内各类群之间的复杂交互作用有关.     

硝态氮和铵态氮对墨兰生长发育的影响

以无土栽培的方法研究不同氮水平的硝态氮和铵态氮对墨兰［Ｃｙｍｂｉｄｉｕｍｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ（Ａｎｄｒ．）Ｗｉｌｌｄ．］生长发育和某些生理特性的影响。１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的硝态氮和铵态氮处理都促进叶芽和叶片正常生长,前者似乎比后者好一些。５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的两种形态的氮均使叶片生长缓慢,尤其是铵态氮。１和１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ硝态氮处理则正常开花,而５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ则例外。铵态氮处理各种浓度均不形成花芽。建议墨兰营养生长期施用１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的硝态氮或铵态氮,但生长后期则应施１—１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ硝态氮,以利花芽分化。作者认为,墨兰生长缓慢与光合速率极慢和硝酸还原酶活性极低有关,墨兰开花与否和Ｅ／Ｎ比大小有关。     

氮肥形态和用量对藏东南地区烤烟产量和质量的影响

在藏东南地区进行了氮肥用量和形态对烟产量与质量影响的田间试验。结果表明,在施N量0－150kg·hm^-2范围内,施N量与烘烤后烟叶产量、产值、氧化钾及总N含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与上中等烟比例、还原糖含量则呈显著负相关,糖／碳比显著下降,氮肥用量75kg·hm^-2时,产量、质量最佳。无机氮肥对烟产量与质量的效应极显著优于有机氮肥。铵态氮、硝态氮、硝铵态氮肥处理间除上中等烟比例,其它各项指标仅略有差异,但均极显著优于酰胺态氮肥。铵态氮对烤烟产量与质量的影响略优于硝态氮,主要在于烟株吸收和同化过程的差异。     

不同腐熟程度有机物料对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

室内培养条件下,施用有机物料初期土壤微生物群落代谢功能Shannon多样性指数降低,中期又提高。有机物料种类和腐熟水平可明显影响土壤微生物群落对Biolog微平板中碳源的利用能力,土壤微生物群落利用各类碳源的能力随培养试验的延长而降低,在25d内新鲜有机物处理对碳源的利用率的下降速度低于同类腐熟有机物料处理。糖类是各处理土壤微生物群落的主要利用碳源。土壤微生物群落主成分分析表明,在施用有机物料后25d内腐熟水平是影响土壤微生物群落的主要因素,新鲜有机物处理的土壤微生物群落相似,腐熟有机物处理的土壤微生物群落相似,培养50d后各处理的土壤微生物群落无差异。     

麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统氮素的合理调控：以山东省桓台县冬？…

探讨了麦玉两熟高产农田生态系统中化肥氮与有机肥之间的交互作用,并提出了安全合理的施Ｎ量,种植制度为冬小麦套种夏玉米,试验处理设氮肥（尿素）４个水平,有机肥（鸡粪）３个水平,采用了裂区试验设计,以有机肥为主区,氮肥为副区,结果表明在供热条件下,化肥氮与有机肥之间有显著的负交互作用,建议３００ｋｇ·ｈｍ＾－２作为供试条件下冬小麦套种夏玉米高产农田生态系统全年安全合理施Ｎ量。     

Utilization of Organic Nitrogen Sources by Two Phytoplankton Species and a Bacterial Isolate in Pure and Mixed Cultures

Algal production of dissolved organic carbon and the regeneration of nutrients from dissolved organic carbon by bacteria are important aspects of nutrient cycling in the sea, especially when inorganic nitrogen is limiting. Dissolved free amino acids are a major carbon source for bacteria and can be used by phytoplankton as a nitrogen source. We examined the interactions between the phytoplankton species Emiliania huxleyi and Thalassiosira pseudonana and a bacterial isolate from the North Sea. The organisms were cultured with eight different amino acids and a protein as the only nitrogen sources, in pure and mixed cultures. Of the two algae, only E. huxleyi was able to grow on amino acids. The bacterium MD1 used all substrates supplied, except serine. During growth of MD1 in pure culture, ammonium accumulated in the medium. Contrary to the expectation, the percentage of ammonium regenerated from the amino acids taken up showed no correlation with the substrate C/N ratio. In mixed culture, the algae grew well in those cultures in which the bacteria grew well. The bacterial yields (cell number) were also higher in mixed culture than in pure culture. In the cultures of MD1 and T. pseudonana, the increase in bacterial yield (number of cells) over that of the pure culture was comparable to the bacterial yield in mixed culture on a mineral medium. This result suggests that T. pseudonana excreted a more-or-less-constant amount of carbon. The bacterial yields in mixed cultures with E. huxleyi showed a smaller and less consistent difference than those of the pure cultures of MD1. It is possible that the ability of E. huxleyi to use amino acids influenced the bacterial yield. The results suggest that interactions between algae and bacteria influence the regeneration of nitrogen from organic carbon and that this influence differs from one species to another.     

The effect of lactate addition on the growth of Penicillium camembertii on glutamate

The effect of an additional carbon source, lactate, on Penicillium camembertii growth on glutamate as both carbon and nitrogen sources was examined. Glutamate (and lactate) was present in excess in both media. Throughout the whole culture, similar growth time-courses were recorded on both media, indicating the absence of a lactate effect on growth. During the first part of growth, corresponding to an increasing amount of viable biomass, the rate of glutamate consumption remained high, as well as the related ammonium production, indicating its use as a carbon source in addition to being nitrogen source. The low growth rates recorded during the last part of growth resulted in low glutamate consumption, while lactate consumption continued mainly by a maintenance mechanism for the energy supply. A clear differentiation appeared therefore between the carbon source and the energy source: glutamate was mainly used as C source (and N source) for biosynthesis, while lactate was mainly assimilated for energy supply. Carbon and nitrogen yield examinations confirmed this result. Indeed, the C/N ratio found for P. camembertii cellular material (8.14) was about twice that of glutamate (4.29). From this, about half of the available nitrogen was used for biomass formation during growth on glutamate-lactate based medium, as experimentally confirmed (constant yield nitrogen from biomass on nitrogen from glutamate was found (0.49), while the excess nitrogen was released as ammonium). The constant and close to unit (0.99) yield carbon from CO2 on carbon from lactate, also recorded during growth on glutamate-lactate based medium, confirmed that lactate was mainly used as an energy source.     

Nitrogen fixation in lichens is important for improved rock weathering

It is known that cyanobacteria in cyanolichens fix nitrogen for their nutrition. However, specific uses of the fixed nitrogen have not been examined. The present study shows experimentally that a mutualistic interaction between a heterotrophic N₂ fixer and lichen fungi in the presence of a carbon source can contribute to enhanced release of organic acids, leading to improved solubilization of the mineral substrate. Three lichen fungi were isolated fromXanthoparmelia mexicana, a foliose lichen, and they were cultured separately or with a heterotrophic N₂ fixer in nutrient broth media in the presence of a mineral substrate. Cells of the N₂-fixing bacteria attached to the mycelial mats of all fungi, forming biofilms. All biofilms showed higher solubilizations of the substrate than cultures of their fungi alone. This finding has bearing on the significance of the origin and existence of N₂-fixing activity in the evolution of lichen symbiosis. Further, our results may explain why there are N₂-fixing photobionts even in the presence of non-fixing photobionts (green algae) in some remarkable lichens such asPlacopsis gelida. Our study sheds doubt on the idea that the establishment of terrestrial eukaryotes was possible only through the association between a fungus and a phototroph.     

The Proportion of Empneuston and Total Atmospheric Inputs of Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Nutrient Budget of a Small Mesotrophic Lake (Piburger See,Austria)

Litter and wet traps were employed to determine the inputs of coarse organic matter (empneuston), total organic carbon, total nitrogen and phosphorus through dry fallout and precipitation to a soft-water, mesotrophic lake. The dispersal of airborne material over the lake surface was investigated, and a method for the calculation of total input was developed. The component of the particulate matter larger than 1 mm contained the largest proportion of organic carbon, while the dissolved and the fine particle (smaller than 1 mm) fractions made greater contributions to the inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. The importance of the large particle fraction of the airborne organic matter in the lake's nutrient budget during the autumnal fall of litter was confirmed. However, the maximum total airborne input seems to occur during spring and summer. The input of phosphorus compounds through the atmosphere to small forest lakes is large compared to that from other sources. Airborne material accounts for 39% of the total phosphorus loading.     

The dynamics of microflora and the occurrence of phytotoxic substances in different soils with corn residues and inorganic nitrogen

In an incubation experiment the development dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities as well as the level of phytotoxicity were analysed in sand and three soils differing in mechanical structure and amended with corn residues and mineral nitrogen. Bacterial biomass was positively correlated with the degree of dispersion of the solid phase of the soil, whereas the ratio of fungal to bacterial biomass (F:B) was found to be negatively correlated. Fungi were much more tolerant to carbon or nitrogen deficit than bacteria. Introduction of the plant material alone, characterized by a broad carbon to nitrogen ratio, led to the domination of fungi in microbial communities. The level of soil phytotoxicity built up with increasing level of crop residues. Phytotoxicity was observed for the longest time period in soil with the highest silt and clay content. The narrowing of the C:N ratio at introduction of the appropriate amount of mineral nitrogen (larger in heavier soils) resulted in accelerated disappearance of phytotoxicity and at the same time favoured bacterial development. This points to a significant participation of bacteria in the degradation of phytotoxic substances in the soil.     

Improving the quality of municipal organic waste compost

The effects of different municipal organic waste (MOW) management practices (shredding, addition of carbon-rich materials and inoculation with earthworms) on organic matter stabilization and compost quality were studied. Four static piles were prepared with: (i) shredded MOW; (ii) shredded MOW+woodshavings; (iii) non-shredded MOW; and (iv) non-shredded MOW+woodshavings. After 50 days, a part of each pile was separated for vermistabilization, while the rest continued as traditional thermophilic composting piles. At different sampling dates, and in the finished products, the following parameters were measured: pH, electrical conductivity, carbon dioxide evolution, and concentrations of organic matter, total nitrogen, water-soluble carbon, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and extractable phosphorus. Shredded treatments exhibited faster organic matter stabilization than non-shredded treatments, evidenced specially by earlier stabilization of carbon dioxide production and shorter thermophilic phases. Woodshavings addition greatly increased quality of final products in terms of organic matter concentration, and pH and electrical conductivity values, but decreased total nitrogen and available nutrient concentrations. Vermicomposting of previously composted material led to products richer in organic matter, total nitrogen, and available nutrient concentrations than composting only, probably due to the coupled effect of earthworm activity and a shorter thermophilic phase.     

A comparison between the effect of fresh and dried organic materials added to soil on carbon and nitrogen mineralization

Summary Incubation experiments were carried out at 29°C in which fresh chopped, dried chopped, or dried and ground material of wheat plants,Polygonum nodosum, Senecio congestus (R. Br. DC.) and lucerne was mixed with a heavy calcareous loam. The C/N ratios of these materials were 45.9, 32.0, 19.3, and 12.6, respectively. At intervals of one or two weeks the content of mineral nitrogen in the treated and untreated soils was determined. In this way the immobilised or released nitrogen could be calculated. Parallel to this experiment the production of CO₂ in the soils treated in the same way was determined.The experiments have clearly shown that the mineralization of the carbon and nitrogen of incorporated organic materials is influenced not only by the N-content, the C/N ratio of the materials and the amount of the materials, but also depends on whether the plant materials are in fresh chopped, or dried chopped, or dried and ground condition.In most cases a retardation of the rate of nitrogen mineralization was found after drying the organic materials due to an increase of the C/N ratio of the water-soluble organic fraction by drying. The depressing effect of drying on the rate of nitrogen mineralization was increased by a mechanical breaking-up of the dried materials, presumably due to an increased surface of the non-soluble carbonaceous compounds.     

Nitrogen transformation during organic waste composting by the Rutgers system and its effects on pH, EC and maturity of the composting mixtures

The evolution of the different forms of nitrogen during the composting of several wastes was studied, as well as its relation to the pH, electrical conductivity and parameters of maturity of the composts obtained. Four mixtures were prepared from different organic materials: sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, brewery sludge, sorghum bagasse, cotton waste and pine bark. The evolution of the different forms of nitrogen during composting depended on the material which supplied the nitrogen to the mixtures and the organic matter (OM) degradation rate during composting. The greatest concentration of ammonium was observed during the first weeks of composting, coinciding with the most intense period of OM degradation, and ammonium then decreased gradually to reach final values of below 0.04%. The use of urea as a nitrogen source in the mixtures led to high ammonium levels during the first weeks as a result of its rapid hydrolysis. The nitrification process began only when the temperature of the mixtures had dropped below 40 degrees C and its intensity depended on the quantity of ammonium present when the process began. The highest concentrations of NO3-N were always produced at the end of maturation, reaching values of 0.52%, 0.53%, 0.12% and 0.20% in the four mixtures studied. Nitrogen losses during composting depended on the materials used and on the pH values of the mixtures. Mixtures with the highest lignocellulose content showed the lowest losses (below 25%), while those containing municipal solid waste lost more than 40% of the initial content. Statistically significant correlations at a high probability level were found between the NO3-N concentration and pH and electrical conductivity. confirming that nitrification was responsible for the falling pH values and increasing electrical conductivity. The ratio of NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations was shown to be a clear indicator of the maturity of the mixtures during composting, the final values of 0.08, 0.04, 0,16 and 0.11 for the four mixtures being equal to, or below the maximum value established as a maturity index in other materials.     

Transformations of carbon and nitrogen in a Calciorthid soil amended with a range of organic residues

A calcareous soil was treated with an organic fertilizer mixture of grape debris and peat, or with pig manure, chicken manure, city refuse or with aerobic or anaerobic sewage sludges. Changes in different fractions of carbon and nitrogen were followed by analysis of the soil, immediately after these additions, after they had decomposed for six months in the soil, after a maize harvest, and after a subsequent barley harvest. The various forms of carbon had decreased after six months. The rate of decrease varied with the nature of the organic materials. In all samples, the fulvic acids fraction decreased most. The main transformations happened during the first six months whether there was a crop growing or not, but the crops had no influence on the breakdown of the organic materials. The ratio of humic acids/fulvic acids had increased after six months of humification and, in general terms, the final values of the ratio oxidizable carbon/extractable carbon were lower than the initial ones, indicating a higher degree of humification in the organic matter by the end of the experiment. The total nitrogen level remained practically constant after the first six months of humification even after the second crop. Part of the organic nitrogen of the soil samples amended with chicken manure, city refuse or the two sludges was transformed into mineral nitrogen during the humification process. The extractable nitrogen values increased because of the fertilizer applied during the pot trials.