基于醇溶蛋白的20份小麦种质遗传完整性分析

采用醇溶蛋白电泳技术对同一品种不同繁殖年份的20份小麦种质进行遗传完整性分析。结果表明：供试种质中有10份具有一种醇溶蛋白谱带带型的同质性种质;另外10份具有2～4种醇溶蛋白谱带带型的异质性种质,其中6份为地方品种。表明地方品种具有较高的遗传多样性。在10份异质性种质中,两个繁殖年份种质之间的醇溶蛋白带型频率变化差异不显著的有5份,其第一繁殖年份的种质发芽率均高于75％,而另外5份存在显著差异的种质,第一年份的发芽率都低于66％。进一步分析表明,这10份异质性种质在两个繁殖年份之间,其发芽率差值与带型频率差值之间呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0．8665。上速结果表明,小麦更新时较高的发芽率是维持异质性种质遗传完整性的关键因素。     

温度和土壤含水量对青冈栎种子萌发的影响

运用直播法,研究应用人工气候箱控制温度和土壤含水量对野生青冈栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在12h光照条件下,青冈栎种子在变温为10℃/15℃时,萌发率很低,仅为(12±12.29)%;变温为30℃/35℃时,萌发率达最大,为(81±13.7)%。土壤含水量为30%～40%时,萌发率为(79±15.9)%;土壤含水量为90%～100%时,萌发率为(56.67±19.36)%。青冈栎种子萌发呈现出迅速萌发和推迟萌发的特点;温度对青冈栎幼苗的苗高、叶长和叶宽影响显著,对幼苗的地径、叶片数量影响不显著。恒温下,不同梯度土壤含水量处理对幼苗的苗高、地径、叶长、宽影响不显著。     

Germination characteristics of some plant species from calcareous fens in southern Germany and their implications for the seed bank

Seeds of 25 plant species from calcareous fen hay meadows were exposed to different experimental conditions and their germination was characterised. Constant temperature inhibited germination especially in Cyperaceae . Both gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate failed to terminate dormancy. Increased germination rates were found in dicot species after treatment with gibberellic acid. Temperature fluctuations increased germination of Cyperaceae as well as dicotyledons. Treatment with gibberellic acid removed the chilling requirement in some of the species. Dormancy of small seeds with thin seed coats was broken by the application of gibberellic acid or fluctuating temperature; large thick-coated seeds were unaffected by gibberellic acid. No obligatory darkness requirement was found in any species; three species germinated irrespective of light treatments. All other species achieved higher percentage germination in daylight or in red (670 nm) light. Permanent darkness and far-red light (730 nm) reduced germination drastically. The results indicate that germination characteristics of the species investigated can be related to their seed bank types.     

等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对杠柳种子萌发的影响

通过等渗的NaCl和PEG溶液模拟盐分和水分胁迫,设置渗透梯度,在控制条件下对杠柳种子的萌发过程中总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、胚根生长、种子活力、发芽值等指标系统研究,对种子萌发率与渗透势之间关系进行回归分析,主要结果包括：（1）杠柳种子萌发过程中总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数和发芽值四项指标均随NaCl和PEG溶液的渗透势降低逐渐下降,综合研究活力指数和发芽值表明渗透势≥-0.5 MPa和≤-1.4 MPa时,PEG对种子萌发抑制作用大于NaCl,其他情况相反;（2）杠柳种子逐日萌发率和胚根日变化研究表明,与NaCl相比,PEG推迟杠柳种子萌发,并且对胚根增长抑制作用较大;（3）建立盐分和水分胁迫条件下种子萌发率与渗透势回归方程,发现杠柳种子在PEG胁迫下的萌发临界值和极限值为-1.0和-1.4 MPa,在NaCl胁迫下是-0.9和-1.3 MPa,解除胁迫条件,不同处理的杠柳种子复水萌发率均达到100%。说明杠柳具有良好的耐盐抗旱的特性。     

Ecological determinants for germination and growth of some Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. from maize grain

This study compared the effect of temperature (5-45 degrees C), water availability (water activity, aw; 0.995-0.75) and their interactions on the temporal rates of germination and mycelial growth of three mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus ochraceus and one isolate each of A. flavus, A. niger, Penicillium aurantiogriseum and P. hordei in vitro on a maize extract medium. Germination was very rapid at > 0.90 aw with an almost linear increase with time for all species. However, at < 0.90 aw, the germination rates of A. flavus and P. hordei were slower. The aw minima for germination were usually lower than for growth and varied with temperature. The effect of aw x temperature interactions on the lag phases (h), prior to germination, and on the germination rates (h(-1)), were predicted for the first time for these fungi using the Gompertz model modified by Zwietering. This showed that A. flavus, A. niger and the two Penicillium spp. had very short lag times between 0.995-0.95 aw over a wide temperature range. At marginal temperatures, these were significantly higher, especially at < 10 degrees C for Aspergillus spp. and > 30 degrees C for Penicillium spp. There were also statistically significant differences between lag phases and germination rates for three different isolates of A. ochraceus. The Aspergillus spp. also germinated faster than the Penicillium spp. The temperature x aw profiles for mycelial growth varied considerably between species, both in terms of rates (mm d(-1)) and tolerances. Predictions of the effects of important environmental factors such as temperature, aw and their interactions on lag times to germination, germination rates and mycelial growth are important in the development of hurdle technology approaches to predicting fungal spoilage in agricultural and food products.     

水深、基质、光和去苗对菹草石芽萌发的影响

通过野调查,研究了水深对菹草石芽萌发率的影响,比较了梁子湖与湖北省其他四个不同水深的湖泊间菹草石芽明发率月动态;并通过萌发实验探讨了基质、光和去苗对菹草石芽萌发的影响。结果如下：无光环境下菹草石芽的萌发率较有光下的小,基质的有无及其类型对萌发率影响不大,去苗能使其萌发第二苗和第三苗的百分离分别从自然状态下的3．2％和1．0％提高至96．8％和64．0％（12月初）;五个湖泊的石芽均于7月初即开始萌发,相同月份不同湖泊石芽的平均萌发率基本与其平均水深成负相关关系,但12月初各湖泊的平均萌发率相近（＞95％）;同一湖泊水深越大,相同月份的萌发率越低,水深的增加能显著推迟萌发起始时间,但不改变其最终萌发率（12月初＞95％）。菹草石高萌发率的特征和极高的萌发第二、第三苗的潜力可能是其成为许多湖泊优势种的两个极其重要的维持机制。     

转基因插入对水稻花粉活力和杂交结实的影响

以花粉活力和杂交结实率评价转基因插入对水稻品种异交潜力的影响.选用含bar、crylAb、BADH和Xa21等4种基因的5份转基因水稻品系研究转基因插入对转基因受体品种花粉离体萌发率的影响.结果表明,不同受体品种花粉离体萌发率差异显著;转基因水稻花粉离体萌发率在0.416～0.584间,与受体品种(0.004～0.574)相近;转基因品种与相应受体品种间花粉离体萌发率差异不显著.对所选配的26个人工杂交组合杂种结实调查表明,bar、crylAb基因的插入对受体品种杂交结实率影响显著,而Xa21基因的插入对受体品种杂交结实率影响较小;转基因水稻品种(花粉供体)与非转基因水稻品种的杂交结实率变幅为0.056～0.13,在受体品种(花粉供体)与非转基因水稻品种的杂交结实率范围(0.052～0.417)之内.本研究花粉离体萌发和杂交结实结果表明转基因的插入对水稻品种异交潜力的影响甚微.     

梨远缘花粉原位萌发及生长特性

应用荧光标记方法对梨远缘花粉在‘丰水’和‘噢嗄二十世纪’柱头上萌发及花粉管生长特性进行观察,结果表明:(1)梨远缘花粉均能在柱头上萌发,但其萌发率不同,授粉后24 h,在‘丰水’柱头上‘红叶桃’花粉萌发率最高,达62.8%,而‘盖县大李’花粉萌发率仅为12.0%,各种远缘花粉在‘丰水’柱头萌发率均高于‘噢嗄二十世纪’柱头。(2)各种远缘花粉管在梨柱头或花柱内生长情况也有差异,‘红叶桃’等核果类花粉管在梨柱头上均表现为扭曲、盘绕等现象,不能穿过柱头;‘红星’和‘红富士’花粉管虽然有少量穿过柱头,但不能进一步在花柱内生长,表现为扭曲变形、先端膨大等不亲和性现象。因此,梨与远缘果树杂交不亲和在柱头上就已发生,这与梨自交不亲和反应发生在花柱内的现象不同。     

Frugivory and the effects of ingestion by bats on the seed germination of three pioneering plants

The dispersion and seedling establishment of pioneering plants can be favoured by the presence of frugivorous bats because the bats usually improve seed germination after ingestion. Although seed germinability is known to vary greatly after ingestion by different bats, the relative contribution of each bat species to seed germination within plant communities is poorly understood. In this study, we first determined the fauna of frugivorous bats in a semideciduous seasonal forest remnant in southern Brazil and subsequently identified the plant species of the seeds passed through their guts. Second, the germination performance (i.e., germination percentage and speed) of the seeds of three pioneering plants (Piper aduncum, Piper hispidinervum and Solanum granuloso-leprosum) ingested by the most abundant bats was compared with that of the non-ingested seeds (seeds collected from fruits). Additionally, the effects on seed germination of different bat species were compared. During one year, five species of frugivorous bats were caught, and the seeds of eleven identifiable plant species (not counting those of undetermined species) were found in their faeces. We found that the germination performance of the seeds of Piper species was significantly enhanced after ingestion by bats, whereas S. granuloso-leprosum seeds had neutral or reduced germinability when seeds in faeces were compared with pulp-removed seeds. Our results revealed that the bat species that were captured exerted different effects upon seed germination; such a disparity is expected to result in different rates of early establishment of these pioneer plants in tropical forests, most likely affecting forest composition and structure, particularly during the initial stages of succession.     

Amino acids,polyamines and proteins during seed germination of two species of Dipterocarpaceae

Summary Amino acid, polyamine and protein concentrations in seeds and their evolution during seed germination of two dipterocarp species, Hopea odorata and Dipterocarpus alatus, were determined with the help of a multianalytical system. Glutamic acid and glutamine were the major amino compounds present. Hopea seeds also contain high levels of aspartic acid/asparagine, serine, threonine, arginine and alanine, while those of Dipterocarpus contain high levels of alanine, arginine and threonine. These species were quite different in their germination behavior and thus in their protein and amine metabolism rates. In Hopea, polyamines increased during the first 3 days of germination and reached a maximum by the 3rd day, 1 day before maximum germination rate. In Dipterocarpus polyamines reached their maximum at the 6th day while maximum germination rate is observed by the 7th day. This suggests that polyamine compounds could play a role in the early part of the germination process in Hopea and Dipterocarpus seeds. The possibility that control of polyamine biosynthesis could be used for the establishment of biochemical methods to improve seed storage and to control germination of these recalcitrant seeds is discussed.     

猕猴桃种子发芽试验报告

报道在桂林的条件下猕猴桃属几个主要种类的不同的播种期、贮藏方法、药剂处理等发芽试验的结果:1.中华猕猴桃以三月中旬至四月巾旬为适宜的播种期.此时播种的发芽率为21.75—54.67％;2.沙贮猕猴桃种子可保持较高的发芽率,比袋藏的高7.5—54.75％;3.猕猴桃种子播种前以激动素处理有较高的发芽率,比对照高38.06—48.02％。     

Germination and seedling morphology of four South American Smilax (Smilacaceae)

Species of Smilax, also known as greenbrier, are widely distributed in Brazil and their commercial trades are carried out by the extractivism of native species. We the aim to provide information about the germination and development of seedlings in four Smilax species, different experiments were developed under controlled conditions. We evaluated two germination treatments: temperature (30 degrees C and 20-30 degrees C) and light (presence/ absence), and for few cases the tetrazolium treatment was applied. A different treatment response was observed among the studied species. Light had a significant influence in S. brasiliensis, with the highest germination rates at 20-30 degrees C in dark conditions. S. campestris showed significant differences among temperature treatments, but not to light; while S. cissoides showed high germination rates (66-78%), independently of treatment. However, S. polyantha had low germination rates (19-24%). After one year, the expanded leaves showed different characteristics among the studied species. Leaves of S. brasiliensis were ovate, coriaceous, three main veins and prickle-like structures only on the midrib on abaxial face. S. campestris leaves were oblong, coriaceous and prickle-like structures were located at the leaf midrib and margin. S. cissoides had ovate-elliptic, membranaceous leaves, with three main veins with prickle-like structures on the abaxial face. S. polyantha leaves showed ovate-elliptic, coriaceous leaves, with three main veins, translucent secondary veins and no prickle-like structures. A seedling identification key was elaborated based on morphological characteristics.     

茄子根系分泌物中香草醛和肉桂酸对黄萎菌的化感效应

采用室内培养和生物测定的试验方法,研究了不同浓度的香草醛和肉桂酸对黄萎菌（Verticillium dahliae）及茄子种子萌发、幼苗生长的化感效应.结果表明,香草醛和肉桂酸对茄子黄萎菌的化感效应存在差异,表现为所有浓度的肉桂酸都抑制了黄萎菌孢子萌发,当浓度为0.5mmol/L时抑制作用最大;香草醛在浓度为0.1mmol/L时抑制孢子萌发,其余浓度则表现出促进作用.对香草醛和肉桂酸的生物测定结果显示,当浓度为0.1mmol/L时,肉桂酸促进茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,其余浓度则表现为抑制作用,并且随着浓度的加大抑制作用增强;香草醛在各浓度水平下都促进了茄子种子萌发和幼苗生长,当浓度为0.5mmol/L时促进作用最大.     

Germination responses of three grassland species differ between native and invasive origins

The germination stage is critical in plant life-history and is also a key process during the expansion of species’ ranges into new environments. In this study we investigated the germination patterns of three plant species (Achillea millefolium, Hieracium pilosella and Hypericum perforatum) that are invasive to New Zealand (NZ) and native to Central Europe. We asked whether the species show differences in germination temperature requirements, germination speed and maximum germination rates, and thus, whether they display evidence of adaptation to different conditions in the invasive range. Seeds from three populations per species and region were subjected to three different temperature regimes to compare germination rates among origins and across temperature conditions. For Achillea millefolium and Hypericum perforatum, germination rates were significantly higher for invasive NZ provenances than for native German ones. Seeds from invasive populations of all three species displayed increased maximum germination at medium temperature conditions when compared to native populations, which indicates altered germination strategies in the invaded range. Changes in temporal development patterns were most conspicuous for invasive Hieracium pilosella and Hypericum perforatum populations. These findings imply that adaptation in germination patterns towards different climatic conditions in invasive populations has occurred. Our study emphasises the importance of the germination stage during plant invasion and its role in explaining range expansion of these species.     

植冠与土壤种子库储存种子的萌发特性及策略

为明确黄土丘陵沟壑区植物种子库如何调控种子萌发来提高个体适合度,选择研究区7种具有种子库的主要物种为研究对象,以刚成熟和室内储存种子为对照,比较植冠宿存(5个宿存期)和土壤埋藏(5a埋藏期)对植物种子萌发特性的影响,探讨植冠种子库与土壤种子库储存下的种子萌发策略。结果表明:7种植物种子经过不同种子库储存后萌发特性表现出明显的种间差异,黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)和水栒子(Cotoneaster multiflorus)种子萌发力表现为植冠宿存不变型、土壤储存增强型,土壤储存明显提高水栒子种子萌发速率;达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)和狼牙刺(Sophora davidii)种子萌发力表现为植冠宿存增强型、土壤储存减弱型,种子萌发历时表现为植冠宿存延长型,土壤种子库储存还可加快达乌里胡枝子萌发速率、缩短萌发历时;茭蒿(Artemisia giralaii)和铁杆蒿(Artemisia gmelinii),种子萌发率随植冠宿存时间先升高后降低,随土壤储存时间先降低后升高,土壤储存可推迟其萌发,铁杆蒿种子萌发速率在植冠与土壤储存后均加快;紫丁香(Syringa oblata)种子萌发率随植冠宿存先升高后降低,土壤储存明显加快其种子启动萌发与速率。在黄土丘陵沟壑区,植物种子经过植冠或土壤种子库储存,或增加、加快、提早萌发充分利用有利条件提高占据性,或减少、减缓、推迟萌发分摊不利条件的风险;而且该区植物植冠与土壤储存后种子萌发特性间的关系,体现各自适应环境与应对干扰的分工与协作策略,主要表现为:单一主导型和相辅相成型。     

Effects of mucilage on seed germination of the desert ephemeral plant Plantago minuta Pall. under osmotic stress and cycles of wet and dry conditions

To test the role of the seed mucilage of Plantago minuta Pall. in regulating germination under osmotic stress and cycles of hydration and dehydration, two experiments were carried out using seeds with intact mucilage and mucilage‐free seeds. In Experiment 1 seeds were immersed in a range of iso‐osmotic polyethylene glycol solutions (?1.15 to 0 MPa) for 14 days; any ungerminated seeds were transferred to deionized water to investigate the recovery germination. In Experiment 2 seeds were immersed in deionized water for 24 h, and were then incubated on filter paper for an additional 13 days to ensure complete desiccation before reimbibition to test the germination recovery percentage. Under mild osmotic stress (?0.73 to 0 MPa), the intact seeds with mucilage were shown to have higher germination rates than the mucilage‐free seeds, indicating that the mucilage led to a “fast sprouting” germination strategy under mild osmotic stress. However, when seeds were exposed to high osmotic stress (?1.15 MPa), the mucilage apparently slowed the germination rate, resulting in a “risk‐balancing” germination strategy. Extreme drought induced by polyethylene glycol solution and the desiccation pretreatment accelerated germination rates compared to non‐pretreated seeds; both germination potential and recovery percentage of the mucilage seeds were significantly higher than that of the mucilage‐free seeds. Our results revealed that the seed mucilage of P. minuta plays a crucial role in regulating seed germination rates and the germination strategies adopted by controlling seed water absorption when the seeds experience different osmotic stresses or alternating wet and dry conditions.     

Water activity and temperature effects on germination and growth of Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri and E. herbariorum isolates from bakery products

This study investigated the effect of temperature (5-30 degrees C), water activity (0.775-0.90 aw) and their interactions on the temporal rates of germination and mycelial growth of three species of Eurotium on flour wheat sucrose medium. Germination was quite rapid at aw >0.85, with an almost linear increase with time for all isolates. However, under more extreme water stress, germination was slower. The aw minima for germination were usually lower than those for growth and varied with temperature. The effect of aw x temperature interactions on the lag phases (h) prior to germination and on the germination rates (h-1) were predicted using the Gompertz model modified by Zwietering. Eurotium spp. had shown short lag times at 0.90 aw over a wide range of temperatures. At marginal temperatures, lag phases were significantly longer, especially at >15 degrees C. The temperature x aw profiles for mycelial growth varied between species in terms of rates (mm d(-1)). Predictions of the effect of important environmental factors, such as temperature, aw and their interactions on lag times to germination, germination rates and mycelial growth, are important in the development of hurdle technology approaches to predict fungal spoilage in food products.     

游憩活动对琅琊山风景区两种草地植物种子发芽率的影响

在琅琊山风景区通过实地实验,分析了游憩活动对琅琊山风景区两种草地植物紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)和白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)种子发芽率的影响.结果表明:(1)游憩活动强度与两种植物种子发芽率呈负线性相关.近游道、中距离游道和远距离游道的3个实验组,紫花苜蓿种子平均发芽率依次为31.29%、39.41%、55.21%;白三叶依次为8.42%、14.62%、23.89%.距游道越远的实验组种子的发芽率越高,距游道最远的实验组和最近的实验组的种子发芽率差异显著.(2)柏油、水泥、台阶和泥质4种游道实验区的种子平均发芽率,紫花苜蓿依次为37.20%、40.27%、41.28%、48.13%;白三叶依次为10.37%、10.92%、14.23%、27.05%.旅游和游憩活动量较少的游道实验区种子的发芽率高于游憩活动量较大的游道实验区.此外,相同游道、相同实验位置的两种植物种子发芽率亦存在显著差异,表明不同植物种子萌发受到旅游活动的干扰存在差异.     

盐胁迫对4种短命植物种子萌发及植株生长的影响

以新疆北部4种十字花科短命植物为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫下其种子萌发及植株生长特性,以明确它们的耐盐性强弱。结果显示:(1)随着NaCl浓度的增加,4种植物种子萌发率、萌发指数和相对萌发率均不同程度下降,而相对盐害率则逐渐升高,并以绵果荠的耐盐性最好,其在300 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下仍有22.22%的萌发率。(2)4种植物的生长在50~150 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下没有受到明显抑制,在200 mmol.L-1浓度下受不同程度的抑制,而在300 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下抑制作用更严重,其中绵果荠在各浓度处理下长势均最好,能够在300 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下存活10 d。(3)在盐胁迫条件下,4种植物细胞质膜透性不同程度增加,而叶片相对含水量和光合色素含量均不同程度降低,并以绵果荠各项指标的变化幅度最小。可见,4种新疆短命植物种子萌发和植株生长均受到盐胁迫的伤害,但它们的耐盐阈值明显不同,并以绵果荠的耐盐性最强。     

Effects of overexpression of nutrient receptors on germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis

The rates of germination of Bacillus subtilis spores with L-alanine were increased markedly, in particular at low L-alanine concentrations, by overexpression of the tricistronic gerA operon that encodes the spore's germinant receptor for L-alanine but not by overexpression of gerA operon homologs encoding receptors for other germinants. However, spores with elevated levels of the GerA proteins did not germinate more rapidly in a mixture of asparagine, glucose, fructose, and K(+) (AGFK), a germinant combination that requires the participation of at least the germinant receptors encoded by the tricistronic gerB and gerK operons. Overexpression of the gerB or gerK operon or both the gerB and gerK operons also did not stimulate spore germination in AGFK. Overexpression of a mutant gerB operon, termed gerB*, that encodes a receptor allowing spore germination in response to either D-alanine or L-asparagine also caused faster spore germination with these germinants, again with the largest enhancement of spore germination rates at lower germinant concentrations. However, the magnitudes of the increases in the germination rates with D-alanine or L-asparagine in spores overexpressing gerB* were well below the increases in the spore's levels of the GerBA protein. Germination of gerB* spores with D-alanine or L-asparagine did not require participation of the products of the gerK operon, but germination with these agents was decreased markedly in spores also overexpressing gerA. These findings suggest that (i) increases in the levels of germinant receptors that respond to single germinants can increase spore germination rates significantly; (ii) there is some maximum rate of spore germination above which stimulation of GerA operon receptors alone will not further increase the rate of spore germination, as action of some protein other than the germinant receptors can become rate limiting; (iii) while previous work has shown that the wild-type GerB and GerK receptors interact in some fashion to cause spore germination in AGFK, there also appears to be an additional component required for AGFK-triggered spore germination; (iv) activation of the GerB receptor with D-alanine or L-asparagine can trigger spore germination independently of the GerK receptor; and (v) it is likely that the different germinant receptors interact directly and/or compete with each other for some additional component needed for initiation of spore germination. We also found that very high levels of overexpression of the gerA or gerK operon (but not the gerB or gerB* operon) in the forespore blocked sporulation shortly after the engulfment stage, although sporulation appeared normal with the lower levels of gerA or gerK overexpression that were used to generate spores for analysis of rates of germination.