Cytochrome P450 2E1 gene polymorphism and alcohol drinking on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

The gene polymorphism of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is supposed to be associated with cancer susceptibility. Many studies focusing on the Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism of CYP2E1 gene and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk have been conducted and the results are conflicting. In the current study, a meta-analysis of published studies was performed to assess the association between CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism and risk to HCC. 11 studies containing 1,178 cases and 1,623 controls were selected to determine whether c2 allele of CYP2E1 gene can increase HCC susceptibility, especially through interacting with alcohol drinking. Using the random effects model, the result indicated that there was no association between CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I genotype and HCC risk [odds ratio (OR) 1.03 (95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.76–1.40) for c2 variant allele and OR 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.51–1.31) for c2 homozygotes compared with wild-type homozygotes]. The association between CYP2E1 (c2) variant allele and HCC susceptibility were found when interacting with alcohol [OR 2.88 (95 % CI: 1.25–6.60)]. In conclusion, this meta-analysis results showed that Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism of CYP2E1may slightly increase the risk of HCC and alcohol consumption increases the probability of developing HCC, especially for the carriers of some CYP2E1 alleles. CYP2E1 Pst I/Rsa I polymorphism may contribute to the proportion cases of HCC, which needs further investigations.     

The mitochondrial complex I of trypanosomatids - an overview of current knowledge

The contribution of trypanosomatid mitochondrial complex I for energy transduction has long been debated. Herein, we summarize current knowledge on the composition and relevance of this enzyme. Bioinformatic and proteomic analyses allowed the identification of many conserved and trypanosomatid-specific subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, revealing a multifunctional enzyme capable of performing bioenergetic activities and possibly, also of functioning in fatty acid metabolism. A multimeric structure organized in 5 domains of more than 2 MDa is predicted, in contrast to the 1 MDa described for mammalian complex I. The relevance of mitochondrial complex I within the Trypanosomatidae family is quite diverse with its NADH oxidation activity being dispensable for both procyclic and bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei, whereas in Phytomonas serpens the enzyme is the only respiratory complex able to sustain membrane potential. Aside from complex I, trypanosomatid mitochondria contain a type II NADH dehydrogenase and a NADH-dependent fumarate reductase as alternative electron entry points into the respiratory chain and thus, some trypanosomatids may have bypassed the need for complex I. The involvement of each of these enzymes in the maintenance of the mitochondrial redox balance in trypanosomatids is still an open question and requires further investigation.     

Essential regions in the membrane domain of bacterial complex I (NDH-1): the machinery for proton translocation

The proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I/NDH-1) is the first and largest enzyme of the respiratory chain which has a central role in cellular energy production and is implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases and aging. It is believed that the peripheral domain of complex I/NDH-1 transfers the electron from NADH to Quinone (Q) and the redox energy couples the proton translocation in the membrane domain. To investigate the mechanism of the proton translocation, in a series of works we have systematically studied all membrane subunits in the Escherichia coli NDH-1 by site-directed mutagenesis. In this mini-review, we have summarized our strategy and results of the mutagenesis by depicting residues essential for proton translocation, along with those for subunit connection. It is suggested that clues to understanding the driving forces of proton translocation lie in the similarities and differences of the membrane subunits, highlighting the communication of essential charged residues among the subunits. A possible proton translocation mechanism with all membrane subunits operating in unison is described.     

Characterization of mitochondrial bioenergetic functions between two forms of Leishmania donovani – a comparative analysis

Leishmaniasis is a growing health problem in many parts of the world partly due to drug resistance of the parasite. This study reports on the fisibility of studying mitochondrial properties of two forms of wild-type L. donovani through the use of selective inhibitors. Amastigote forms of L. donovani exhibited a wide range of sensitivities to these inhibitors. Mitochondrial complex II inhibitor thenoyltrifluoroacetone and F_oF₁-ATP synthase inhibitors oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide were refractory to growth inhibition of amastigote forms, whereas they strongly inhibited the growth of promastigote forms. This result indicated that complex II and F_oF₁-ATP synthase were not functional in amastigote forms suggesting the presence of attenuated oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of amastigote forms. In contrast, mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone and complex III inhibitor antimycin A inhibited cellular multiplication and substrate level phosphorylation in amastigote forms, suggesting the role of complex I and complex III for the survival of amastigote forms. Further we studied the mitochondrial activities of both forms by measuring oxygen consumption and ATP production. In amastigote form, substantial ATP formation by substrate level phosphorylation was observed in NADPH-fumarate, NADH-fumarate, NADPH-pyruvate and NADH-pyruvate redox couples. None of the redox couple generated ATP formation was inhibited by F_oF₁-ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin. Therefore, we may conclude that there are significant differences between these two forms of L. donovani in respect of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our results demonstrated bioenergetic disfunction of amastigote mitochondria. Therefore, these alterations of metabolic functions might be a potential chemotherapeutic target.     

Molecular evidence to reconcile taxonomic instability in mahseer species (Pisces: Cyprinidae) of India

The mahseers are an important group of fishes endemic to Asia with most species considered threatened. Conservation plans to save declining wild populations are hindered by unstable taxonomy, and detailed systematic review could form a solid platform for future management and conservation. D-loop and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) mtDNA sequences were examined in nine mahseer species of Tor, Neolissochilus, and Naziritor. Pseudogenes amplified in a portion of the species limited the utility of the D-loop region. ABGD analysis, NJ, ML, and MP methods and genetic distance (TrN?+?I?+?G) using COI data revealed concordant species delimiting patterns. The three genera were monophyletic, separated as distinct clades (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.064 to 0.106), and Naziritor was flagged as a separate genus, distinct from Puntius (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.196). Out of seven nominal species known for Tor cogeners from India, only five were recovered with mtDNA data (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.000 to 0.037) and two species could not be distinguished with the molecular data set employed. Tor mosal, synonymized as Tor putitora, was rediscovered as a distinct species (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.031) based on its type locality. Tor mussulah was confirmed as a separate species (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.019 to 0.026). Two valid species, Tor macrolepis and T. mosal mahanadicus, were not distinct from T. putitora (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.00). The high divergence with mtDNA data failed to validate T. mosal mahanadicus as a subspecies of T. mosal (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.031). Morphological outliers discovered within the distribution range of Tor tor (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.022 to 0.025) shared the same lineage with T. putitora (TrN?+?I?+?G 0.002 to 0.005), indicating a new extended distribution of the Himalayan mahseer T. putitora in the rivers of the Indian central plateau. The findings indicate the need for integrating molecular and morphological tools for taxonomic revision of the Tor and Naziritor genera, so that taxa are precisely defined for accurate in situ and ex situ conservation decisions.     

On the mechanism of respiratory complex I

The energy-converting NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, respiratory complex I, couples the transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone with the translocation of protons across the membrane. Electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography revealed the two-part structure of the enzyme complex. A peripheral arm extending into the aqueous phase catalyzes the electron transfer reaction. Accordingly, this arm contains the redox-active cofactors, namely one flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and up to ten iron-sulfur (Fe/S) clusters. A membrane arm embedded in the lipid bilayer catalyzes proton translocation by a yet unknown mechanism. The binding site of the substrate (ubi) quinone is located at the interface of the two arms. The oxidation of one NADH is coupled with the translocation of four protons across the membrane. In this review, the binding of the substrates, the intramolecular electron transfer, the role of individual Fe/S clusters and the mechanism of proton translocation are discussed in the light of recent data obtained from our laboratory.     

Immune response of mice to the Thy-1.1 antigen: Effect of theIr-5 alleles studied in 129/J and B10.129 (6M) mice

The primary immune response to the Thy-1.1 antigen was measured by a plaque assay that detected cells producing antibodies lytic for AKR thymocytes. B10.129(6M) mice carrying theH-2 complex of an intermediate responder (129) on a low-responder (B10) background, were low responders. Studies employing different F₁ hybrids and segregating generations of 129/J and 6M mice indicated that differences in responsiveness of those two strains depend on alleles at a single locus, loosely linked to theH-2 complex. These results lend further support to the previously advanced concept that the expression of theIr-Thy-1 allcles controlling the response to the Thy-1.1 antigen is influenced by the alleles at theIr-5 locus. In addition, studies employing F₁ hybrids produced through matings of 129/J, 6M, C3H.B10 and C57BL/6J mice to a panel of inbred strains suggested that in regard to the responsiveness to the Thy-1.1 antigen, 129/J and 6M mice are phenotypically, and presumably genotypically, similar to C3H.B10 and C57BL/6J mice, respectively.     

Intromitochondrial IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in amyloid β peptide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of amyloid β peptide (Aβ)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism (s) of Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is still not fully understood. There is evidence that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is involved in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and is present in mitochondria. Using HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells and isolated mitochondria, the present study investigated whether intramitochondrial inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)/NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Aβ. It was found that Aβ impaired mitochondrial function through a NF-κB-dependent signaling pathway. Intramitochondrial IκBα/NF-κB pathway, induced by Aβ, decreased the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COXIII) and inhibited COX activity. These results provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the neurotoxic effect of Aβ and open up new therapeutic perspectives for AD.     

Overexpression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor promotes apoptosis and impairs insulin secretion in rat insulinoma cells

Proper follicular development is crucial for cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) maturation, ovulation and luteinisation. All these ovarian processes are regulated by finely tuned rapid tissue remodeling that involves hyaluronan and interconnecting hyaladherins-rich extracellular matrix synthesis and its breakdown by various proteinase systems like matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Disrupted tissue remodeling machinery can result into pathophysiologies like atretic follicular cysts formation in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In present study, we employ superovulated (SO) and polycystic ovary (PCO) rat models and demonstrate that on contrary to SO, PCO rat ovary illustrates abnormal follicular morphology with differential levels of various ovarian factors [like HA (hyaluronan), TSG-6 (TNF-α-stimulated gene/protein 6), PTX-3 (pentraxin-3), HABP1 (hyaluronan binding protein 1), MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase), MT1-MMP (membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase) and COX2 (Cyclooxygenase-2)] along with hyperactivities of gelatinases (like MMP9 and -2). Besides cultured COC expansion is blocked by anti-HABP1 antibody treatment showing reduced HABP1 expression. Overall, as MT1-MMP has inverse relation with HABP1 level and direct effect on MMP2 activity, the observations from current in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that disrupted ovarian HABP1 along with concurrent altered expression and hyperactivation of related MMPs can lead to abnormal follicular maturation resulting into ovarian dysfunction in PCO rat.     

Immune response of mice to Thy-1.1 antigen: Studies on congenic lines

The primary response to Thy-1.1 antigen was measured by a plaque assay that detected cells producing antibodies lytic for AKR thymocytes (PFC). TheH-2 congenic mice (B10.K and B10.BR) carryingH-2 complexes of high responders (CBA and C57BR) on the low-responder background (B10) were found to produce significantly fewer PFC than the corresponding donor of theH-2 complex. On the other hand, C3H.B10 mice carrying theH-2 complex of a low responder on the high-responder background produced significantly more PFC than the donor of theH-2 complex. These findings were interpreted as evidence that alleles at previously described loci believed to be components of theI region of theH-2 complex and controlling immune response to Thy-1.1 are influenced by alleles at another locus. Studies of segregating populations of theH-2 congenic lines supplied evidence that this locus, tentatively calledIr-5, is in chromosome 17 (linkage group IX).     

Influence of physical and chemical properties of HTSXT-FTIR samples on the quality of prediction models developed to determine absolute concentrations of total proteins,carbohydrates and triglycerides: a preliminary study on the determination of their absolute concentrations in fresh microalgal biomass

Absolute concentrations of total macromolecules (triglycerides, proteins and carbohydrates) in microorganisms can be rapidly measured by FTIR spectroscopy, but caution is needed to avoid non-specific experimental bias. Here, we assess the limits within which this approach can be used on model solutions of macromolecules of interest. We used the Bruker HTSXT-FTIR system. Our results show that the solid deposits obtained after the sampling procedure present physical and chemical properties that influence the quality of the absolute concentration prediction models (univariate and multivariate). The accuracy of the models was degraded by a factor of 2 or 3 outside the recommended concentration interval of 0.5–35 µg spot^?1. Change occurred notably in the sample hydrogen bond network, which could, however, be controlled using an internal probe (pseudohalide anion). We also demonstrate that for aqueous solutions, accurate prediction of total carbohydrate quantities (in glucose equivalent) could not be made unless a constant amount of protein was added to the model solution (BSA). The results of the prediction model for more complex solutions, here with two components: glucose and BSA, were very encouraging, suggesting that this FTIR approach could be used as a rapid quantification method for mixtures of molecules of interest, provided the limits of use of the HTSXT-FTIR method are precisely known and respected. This last finding opens the way to direct quantification of total molecules of interest in more complex matrices.     

Platelet-derived growth factor mediates interleukin-13-induced collagen I production in mouse airway fibroblasts

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) is associated with the production of collagen in airway remodelling of asthma. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying IL-13 induction of collagen remain unclear; the aim of this study is to address this issue. IL-13 dose- and time-dependently-induced collagen I production in primary cultured airway fibroblasts; this was accompanied with the STAT6 phosphorylation, and pre-treatment of cells with JAK inhibitor suppressed IL-13-induced collagen I production. Further study indicated that IL-13 stimulated JAK/STAT6-dependent PDGF production and subsequent ERK1/2 MAPK activation in airway fibroblasts, and the presence of either PDGF receptor blocker or MEK inhibitor partially suppressed IL-13-induced collagen I production. Taken together, our study suggests that activation of JAK/STAT6 signal pathway and subsequent PDGF generation and resultant ERK1/2 MAPK activation mediated IL-13-induced collagen I production in airway fibroblasts.     

The Attenuation of Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury by Oxymatrine

To investigate the protective effects of oxymatrine (OMT) on lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI) in rabbits, models of LIRI in rabbit were used. Thirty-two rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: control group (n = 8), ischemia reperfusion group (I/R group, n = 8), OMTl group (n = 8), OMT2 group (n = 8). Lung tissue samples were collected at 40, 80, 120 min time-points after lung ischemia reperfusion. TNF-α, 1I-8, IL-10, apoptosis index (AI), and index of quantitative assessment of histologic lung injury (IQA) were measured in each group. TNF-α and IL-8 in I/R group were significantly higher than those of the control group and OMT2 group (P < 0.01), but in OMT2 group they were significantly lower than those of OMTl group (P < 0.05). IL-10 in OMT2 group and OMTl group was significantly higher than that of I/R group (P < 0.01). But in OMTl group it was significantly lower than that of OMT2 group (P < 0.05). AI in I/R group was significantly higher than that of OMT2 group and the control group at 80 min after lung ischemia reperfusion (P < 0.01). IQA in OMTl group and OMT2 group was significantly lower than that of the I/R group (P < 0.01). Oxymatrine can protect against LIRI in rabbits by upregulating levels of IL-10 and downregulating levels of TNF-α and IL-8, inhibiting the alveolar cells apoptosis and inflammatory response, and attenuating the acute LIRI.     

Fasudil Hydrochloride Protects Neurons in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Region through Inhibiting GluR6–MLK3–JNKs Signal Pathway

Fasudil hydrochloride (FH), a Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, has been reported to prevent cerebral ischemia in vivo from increasing cerebral blood flow and inhibiting inflammatory responses. However, it is uncertain by what mechanism a ROCK inhibitor can directly protect neurons against ischemic damage. The present study was designed to evaluate whether FH decreased the increased phosphorylation of glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) and its downstream in GluR6–MLK3–JNKs signal transduction pathway following global transient cerebral ischemia, as a result of protecting against neuronal apoptosis and death. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by the Pulsinelli–Brierley four-vessel occlusion method. FH (15 mg/kg) was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection 30 min before ischemia. The phosphorylation and protein expression of GluR6 at 6 h during reperfusion were detected using immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting analysis. The phosphorylation and protein expression of Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) at ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) 6 h and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) at I/R 3 d were detected using immunoblotting analysis, respectively. The same method was used to detect the expression of caspase-3 at I/R 6 h. Furthermore, we also use TUNEL staining and Cresyl violet staining to examine the survival neurons in rat hippocampal CA1 regions after 3 and 5 d reperfusion, respectively. Our study indicated that FH could inhibit the increased phosphorylation of GluR6 and MLK3 and the expression of caspase-3 at peaked 6 h of reperfusion and the phosphorylation of JNK (3 d) (p < 0.5). The results of TUNEL staining and Cresyl violet showed that the number of surviving pyramidal neurons in rats hippocampal CA1 subfield increased markedly in FH-treated rats compared with ischemic groups after 3 or 5 d of reperfusion following ischemia (p < 0.5). These results suggested that FH, as a ROCK inhibitor, may be partly responsible for its protective effects against such damage by taking part in GluR6-MLK3-JNKs signaling pathway which modulates ischemic damage. Taken together, this is the first study investigating Rho and ROCK as the upstream of GluR6 taking part in GluR6–MLK3–JNKs signal transduction pathway following cerebral ischemia.     

Effects of high glucose and high insulin concentrations on osteoblast function in vitro

Bone disease as a consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is not fully understood. The effects of high glucose (30 mM), high insulin (50 nM), or mannitol (30 mM; osmotic control) were evaluated on MC3T3-E1 cells (osteoblasts) in vitro. The mRNA and protein levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor (PTH1R), collagen I, RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glucose transporter (GLUT1) were estimated by real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blotting. The mineralization capacity was analyzed by von Kossa staining. High glucose induced overexpression of RANKL (2×) and OPG (30×), suggesting that RANKL-induced osteoclast activity might not be a dominant mechanism of bone disease in DM, since this increase was followed by increased OPG. Collagen I increased by 12×, indicating an excess of organic matrix production. The expression of ALP decreased by 50 %, indicating a deficit in mineralization capacity, confirmed by von Kossa staining. Mannitol induced similar effects as glucose suggesting that extracellular hyperosmolarity was able to stimulate organic matrix production. GLUT1 expression was not altered, and insulin did not reverse most of the effects of glucose, suggesting that glucose uptake by osteoblasts was not altered by high glucose. The data suggest that the bone fragility typical of DM is not a consequence of excessive bone reabsorption but is instead attributable to a defect in organic matrix mineralization. The heightened increase in OPG versus RANKL might cause a decrease in the bone-remodeling cycle. Osteoblasts appear to be more sensitive to extracellular hypertonicity than to the intracellular metabolic effects of hyperglycemia.     

Platelet-derived growth factor blockade on cardiac remodeling following infarction

Cardiac repair and remodeling occur following myocardial infarction (MI). Our previous study demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A/-D and PDGF receptors (PDGFR) are increased in the infarcted heart, with cells expressing PDGFR primarily endothelial and fibroblast-like cells. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that PDGF contributes to cardiac angiogenesis and fibrogenesis post-MI. Rats with experimental MI were treated with either a PDGFR antagonist (Imatinib, 40 mg/kg/day) or vehicle by gavage, and sham-operated rats served as the controls. Cardiac fibrogenesis, angiogenesis, and ventricular function were detected at weeks 1 and 4 post-MI. We found that (1) transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1/-2, and type I collagen mRNA were all significantly increased in the infarcted heart at week 1 post-MI, while PDGFR blockade significantly reduced these fibrogenic mediators in the noninfarcted myocardium as compared to controls; (2) fibrosis developed in both the infarcted and noninfarcted myocardium at week 4 with PDGFR blockade significantly suppressing collagen volume in the noninfarcted myocardium; (3) angiogenesis was activated in the infarcted myocardium, particularly at week 1, and was not altered by treatment with imatinib; and (4) ventricular dysfunction was evident in MI rats at week 4, and mildly improved with imatinib treatment. These observations indicated that PDGF can contribute to the development of cardiac interstitial fibrosis in the noninfarcted myocardium, but does not alter scar formation in the infarcted myocardium. Further, this study suggests the potential therapeutic effects of PDGFR blockade on interstitial fibrosis of the infarcted heart.     

Roles of semiquinone species in proton pumping mechanism by complex I

Complex I (NDH-1) translocates protons across the membrane using electron transfer energy. Two different coupling mechanisms are currently being discussed for complex I: direct (redox-driven) and indirect (conformation-driven). Semiquinone (SQ) intermediates are suggested to be key for the coupling mechanism. Recently, using progressive power saturation and simulation techniques, three distinct SQ species were resolved by EPR analysis of E. coli complex I reconstituted into proteoliposomes. The fast-relaxing SQ (SQ_Nf) signals completely disappeared in the presence of the uncoupler gramicidin D or the potent E. coli complex I inhibitor squamotacin. The slow-relaxing SQ (SQ_Ns) signals were insensitive to gramicidin D, but they were sensitive to squamotacin. The very slow-relaxing SQ (SQ_Nvs) signals were insensitive to both gramicidin D and squamotacin. Interestingly, no SQ_Ns signal was observed in the ΔNuoL mutant, which lacks transporter module subunits NuoL and NuoM. Furthermore, we sought out the effect of using menaquinone (which has a lower redox potential compared to that of ubiquinone) as an electron acceptor on the proton pumping stoichiometry by in vitro reconstitution experiments with ubiquinone-rich or menaquinone-rich double knock-out membrane vesicles, which contain neither complex I nor NDH-2 (non-proton translocating NADH dehydrogenase). No difference in the proton pumping stoichiometry between menaquinone and ubiquinone was observed in the ΔNuoL and D178N mutants, which are considered to lack the indirect proton pumping mechanism. However, the proton pumping stoichiometry with menaquinone decreased by half in the wild-type. The roles and relationships of SQ intermediates in the coupling mechanism of complex I are discussed.