精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰的研究进展

精子发生是一个高度复杂且受到精密调控的生物学过程,其中蛋白质作为生命活动的最终执行者,其翻译后修饰发挥着重要的调控作用。精子发生过程中存在多种蛋白质翻译后修饰,如磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化等,其异常可引起精子发生障碍,严重的甚至可导致不育。随着蛋白质组学技术的快速发展,基于临床不育样本和模式动物的功能研究,可以系统性解析精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰的动态调节与功能,揭示精子发生的分子调控机制以及男性不育的发病机理。该文就近年来精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰调控机制,以及少精子症、弱精子症和畸形精子症等临床疾病中蛋白质翻译后修饰的研究进展进行了综述。     

精子发生过程中翻译后修饰的蛋白质组学研究进展

精子发生由一系列多阶段、复杂的生物学事件所组成,受到多因素的调控。精子发生过程存在翻译延迟的现象,因此转录和蛋白表达水平变化不完全一致。蛋白质的翻译后修饰作为蛋白质功能的重要调控方式,在精子发生过程中起着重要调控作用。近年来,蛋白质组学(proteomics)的发展促进了蛋白质翻译后修饰的解析和功能研究。本文综述了精子发生过程中多种翻译后修饰的蛋白质组学研究进展,并讨论了它们在精子发生、精子功能和男性生育能力中的作用以及它们在未来临床诊疗中的价值。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

蛋白质是执行细胞功能的基本功能单元,其表达受基因组和表观遗传学的调控。通常,蛋白质在表达以后还需要经过不同程度的修饰才能发挥所需要的功能。这种翻译后修饰过程受到一系列修饰酶和去修饰酶的严格调控,使得在某一瞬间细胞中蛋白质表现出某种稳定或动态的特定功能。最新的研究表明,真核细胞中存在着各种各样的蛋白质修饰过程,其中大约70%目前还无法解释。有理由认为,这种经过了特定修饰的蛋白质,更客观地反映了细胞的各种生理以及病理过程。因此,除了基因组所编码的＂裸＂蛋白质组的表达以外,更需要对经过翻译后修饰的蛋白质及蛋白质组的调控过程进行深入的研究。该文对常见翻译后修饰以及研究方法进行了综述。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

翻译后修饰在蛋白质加工、成熟的过程中发挥着重要的作用,它可以改变蛋白质的物理、化学性质,影响蛋白质的空间构象、立体位阻及其稳定性,进而对蛋白质的生物学活性产生作用,引起蛋白质的功能改变。修饰基团自身的结构特性对蛋白质的性质、功能也会产生深远的影响。在已有的研究基础上,综述蛋白质翻译后修饰的主要类型以及各修饰作用潜在的生物学功能。     

烟曲霉的蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

前言烟曲霉是一种常见的机会性致病真菌,其孢子漂浮在空气中,人体每天吸入上百个孢子,免疫功能正常人群可通过自身免疫清除吸入的孢子,而在免疫抑制患者中常引起曲霉病[1-2],曲霉病分为非侵袭性和侵袭性两大类,其中侵袭性肺曲霉病为严重的感染类型,死亡率可高达50%~100%[3]。唑类药物为侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床一线用药,但近年来全球陆续报道烟曲霉对唑类抗真菌药物的耐药率逐年递增。荷兰一项基于1994—2016年的烟曲霉唑类耐药趋势研究共收集4268株菌株,结果显示唑类耐药率高达4.2%(179/4268),且近5年明显呈递增趋势[4]。     

非限制翻译后修饰鉴定方法的研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰在真核生物细胞内广泛存在,对蛋白质的结构和功能有着十分重要的影响.串联质谱技术的快速发展为翻译后修饰鉴定提供了高通量、高灵敏度和高分辨率的分析平台,但传统搜索引擎鉴定修饰的方法无法满足数据分析的需求,非限制翻译后修饰鉴定已成为目前蛋白质组修饰分析的重要手段之一.非限制翻译后修饰鉴定不需要在分析前指定修饰类型,可以直接从样品中找出大量已知或未知的修饰,对提高质谱图谱解析率以及揭示蛋白质的生物学功能具有十分重要的意义.本文首先介绍了非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的定义和发展历程,然后从序列匹配和谱图匹配两个方面详细综述了目前非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的主流算法,分析了非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的质量控制问题,最后结合非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的实际应用讨论了修饰鉴定算法的不足和发展方向.     

超氧化物歧化酶翻译后修饰的研究进展

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)是生物体内存在的一种抗氧化金属酶,它能够催化超氧阴离子自由基歧化生成氧(O₂)和过氧化氢(H₂O₂),在机体氧化与抗氧化平衡中起到至关重要的作用,且与很多疾病的发生、发展密不可分。对SOD的活性调节一直是研究热点,大多数研究都集中在转录水平(基因表达)和翻译水平(酶蛋白合成)两个方面。随着研究的深入,发现蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTM)对SOD的酶活性有重要影响。近年来,研究蛋白质翻译后修饰对SOD的酶活性的影响越来越受到重视。总结了硝基化、磷酸化、S-谷胱甘肽化、糖基化、乙酰化、次磺酸化、亚磺酸化、SUMO化等几种SOD翻译后的修饰方式,讨论了修饰后对SOD酶活性的影响和生理意义,并对SOD翻译后修饰的发展及面临的挑战进行了展望,为相关疾病的研究、治疗及靶向药物的研制提供了理论基础。     

植物蛋白质翻译后修饰组学研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰(Protein post-translational modification,PTMs)是一种重要的细胞调控机制,通过在蛋白质的氨基酸侧链上共价结合一些化学小分子基团来调节蛋白质的活性、结构、定位和蛋白质间的互作关系,从而精细调控蛋白质生物学功能的动态变化。PTMs是植物对环境变化最快、最早的反应之一,是植物蛋白质组多样性的关键机制,在植物生长发育和对环境适应中起重要作用。主要介绍了近年来植物磷酸化、乙酰化、琥珀酰化、糖基化、泛素化、巴豆酰化、S-亚硝基化及2-羟基异丁酰化等PTMs研究进展,旨为认识植物PTMs的关键生物学功能和研究前景提供参考。     

预测和鉴定蛋白质翻译后修饰的生物信息方法

蛋白质翻译后修饰对蛋白质成熟、结构和功能多样性有决定性的作用。但蛋白质翻译后修饰的多样性、普遍性、动态性,使传统的生物化学方法在全局水平上理解翻译后修饰非常有限,对它们的研究、特别是大规模的研究长期发展缓慢。现在,在实验研究基础上,借助多方面的生物信息学方法,可以快速高通量的预测和鉴定蛋白质翻译后修饰。一方面,可以从序列角度出发,基于酶识别底物的特异性,用位点权重矩阵、支持向量机等算法,从底物蛋白质序列提取修饰相关的保守序列,并用于预测翻译后修饰位点。这种方法相对成熟,能够取得较理想的预测准确性,但不能反映不同时间不同细胞的翻译后修饰状态。另一方面,可从质谱数据分析出发,有望捕获细胞内翻译后修饰的动态特性。质谱分析的高灵敏度、高准确度和高通量的能力已使建立在质谱基础上的蛋白质组学成为研究翻译后修饰的重要工具,生物信息学方法和质谱蛋白质组学的结合则更可以加速研究翻译后修饰的进程。本文从序列和质谱分析两个角度总结评价了各种翻译后修饰相关生物信息学方法的研究近况,重点讨论利用质谱数据鉴定翻译后修饰的新思路。     

有丝分裂期间蛋白质的翻译后修饰及其功能

有丝分裂期间蛋白质的翻译后修饰对于有丝分裂顺利完成以及细胞功能发挥具有重要的调控作用。常见的修饰类型包括磷酸化修饰、糖基化修饰、SUMO化修饰、乙酰化修饰、甲基化修饰。这些翻译后修饰可以维持染色体结构、促进后期染色体分离、协助末期核膜重新形成。本文对有丝分裂过程中相关蛋白质翻译后修饰的最新类型和功能进行了系统总结,以期能为肿瘤基础研究提供新的方向。     

The role of post‐translational modifications in cardiac hypertrophy

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy involves excessive protein synthesis, increased cardiac myocyte size and ultimately the development of heart failure. Thus, pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases and death in humans. Extensive research in the last decade has revealed that post‐translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, O‐GlcNAcylation, methylation and acetylation, play important roles in pathological cardiac hypertrophy pathways. These PTMs potently mediate myocardial hypertrophy responses via the interaction, stability, degradation, cellular translocation and activation of receptors, adaptors and signal transduction events. These changes occur in response to pathological hypertrophy stimuli. In this review, we summarize the roles of PTMs in regulating the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, PTMs are discussed as potential targets for treating or preventing cardiac hypertrophy.     

O-Mycoloylated Proteins from Corynebacterium: AN UNPRECEDENTED POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION IN BACTERIA*

O-Acylation of proteins was known only in a few eukaryotic proteins but never in bacteria. We demonstrate, using a combination of protein chemistry and mass spectrometry, the occurrence of three O-acylated polypeptides in Corynebacterium glutamicum, PorA, PorH, and an unknown small protein. The three polypeptides are O-substituted by mycolic acids, long chain α-alkyl and β-hydroxy fatty acids specifically produced by members of the Corynebacterineae suborder. To date these acids were described only as esterifying trehalose and arabinogalactan, and less frequently glycerol, important components of the highly impermeable outer barrier of Corynebacterineae. We show that the post-translational mycoloylation of PorA occurs at Ser-15 and is necessary for the pore-forming activity of C. glutamicum.     

蓝藻高CO2需求突变株的研究进展

对蓝藻CO2浓缩机制(CO2 concentrating mechanism,CCM)的认识,最终要揭示其作用的生理生化和分子生物学基础,蓝藻高CO2需求突变株的研究为这个目标的实现提供了一条最为有效的途径,1986年,Marcus等第一次把筛选光合作用突变株的方法加以修改,利用化学诱变筛选到第一个单细胞蓝藻Synechococcus PCC7942的高CO2需求突变株,为这一领域的研究在方法学上开辟了一个新的途径。       

Proteomic patterns for classification of ovarian cancer and CTCL serum samples utilizing peak pairs indicative of post-translational modifications

Proteomic patterns as a potential diagnostic technology has been well established for several cancer conditions and other diseases. The use of machine learning techniques such as decision trees, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and other methods has been the basis for pattern determination. Cancer is known to involve signaling pathways that are regulated through PTM of proteins. These modifications are also detectable with high confidence using high-resolution MS. We generated data using a prOTOF mass spectrometer on two sets of patient samples: ovarian cancer and cutaneous t-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with matched normal samples for each disease. Using the knowledge of mass shifts caused by common modifications, we built models using peak pairs and compared this to a conventional technique using individual peaks. The results for each disease showed that a small number of peak pairs gave classification equal to or better than the conventional technique that used multiple individual peaks. This simple peak picking technique could be used to guide identification of important peak pairs involved in the disease process.     

Identification of new cancer biomarkers based on aberrant mucin glycoforms by in situ proximity ligation

Mucin glycoproteins are major secreted or membrane-bound molecules that, in cancer, show modifications in both the mucin proteins expression and in the O-glycosylation profile, generating some of the most relevant tumour markers in clinical use for decades. Thus far, the identification of these biomarkers has been based on the detection of either the protein or the O-glycan modifications. We therefore aimed to identify the combined mucin and O-glycan features, that is, specific glycoforms, in an attempt to increase specificity of these cancer biomarkers. Using in situ proximity ligation assays (PLA) based on existing monoclonal antibodies directed to MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6 mucins and to cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens Tn, Sialyl-Tn (STn), T, Sialyl-Le(a) (SLe(a)) and Sialyl-Le(x) (SLe(x)) we screened a series of 28 mucinous adenocarcinomas from different locations (stomach, ampulla of Vater, colon, lung, breast and ovary) to detect specific mucin glycoforms. We detected Tn/STn/SLe(a)/SLe(x)-MUC1 and STn/SLe(a)/SLe(x)-MUC2 glycoforms in ≥50% of the cases, with a variable distribution among organs. Some new glycoforms-T/SLe(a)-MUC2, STn/T/SLe(a) SLe(x)-MUC5AC and STn/T/SLe(a)/SLe(x)-MUC6-were identified for the first time in the present study in a variable percentage of cases from different organs. In conclusion, application of the PLA technique allowed sensitive detection of specific aberrant mucin glycoforms in cancer, increasing specificity to the use of antibodies either to the mucin protein backbone or to the O-glycan haptens alone.     

Post-translational modification of cellular proteins during Leishmania donovani differentiation

The pathogenic intracellular parasites Leishmania donovani cycle between sand fly gut and the human macrophage phagolysosome, differentiating from extracellular promastigotes to intracellular amastigote forms. Using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantifications (iTRAQ/LC-MS/MS) proteomic methodology, we recently described the ordered gene expression changes during this process. While protein abundance changes in Leishmania were documented, little is known about their PTMs. Here we used iTRAQ to detect protein phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and glycosylation sites throughout differentiation. We found methylation of arginines, aspartic acids, glutamic acids, asparagines, and histidines. Detected acetylation sites included serines and protein N-terminal acetylations on methionines, serines, alanines, and threonines. Phosphorylations were detected on serines and threonines, but not tyrosines. iTRAQ identified novel fucosylation sites as well as hexosylations. We observed quantity changes in some modifications during differentiation, suggesting a role in L. donovani intracellular development. This study is the first high-throughput analysis of PTM sites dynamics during an intracellular parasitic development.     

Revisiting PPARγ as a target for the treatment of metabolic disorders

As the prevalence of obesity has increased explosively over the last several decades, associated metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, have been also increased. Thus, new strategies for preventing and treating them are needed. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are involved fundamentally in regulating energy homeostasis; thus, they have been considered attractive drug targets for addressing metabolic disorders. Among the PPARs, PPARγ is a master regulator of gene expression for metabolism, inflammation, and other pathways in many cell types, especially adipocytes. It is a physiological receptor of the potent anti-diabetic drugs of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs) class, including rosiglitazone (Avandia). However, TZDs have undesirable and severe side effects, such as weight gain, fluid retention, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Recently, many reports have suggested that PPARγ could be modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), and modulation of PTM has been considered as novel approaches for treating metabolic disorders with fewer side effects than the TZDs. In this review, we discuss how PTM of PPARγ may be regulated and issues to be considered in making novel anti-diabetic drugs that can modulate the PTM of PPARγ. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(11): 599-608]     

Mass spectrometric analysis of GABAA receptor subtypes and phosphorylations from mouse hippocampus

The brain GABA_A receptor (GABA_AR) is a key element of signaling and neural transmission in health and disease. Recently, complete sequence analysis of the recombinant GABA_AR has been reported, separation and mass spectrometrical (MS) characterisation from tissue, however, has not been published so far. Hippocampi were homogenised, put on a sucrose gradient 10–69% and the layer from 10 to 20% was used for extraction of membrane proteins by a solution of Triton X‐100, 1.5 M aminocaproic acid in the presence of 0.3 M Bis‐Tris. This mixture was subsequently loaded onto blue native PAGE (BN‐PAGE) with subsequent analysis on denaturing gel systems. Spots from the 3‐DE electrophoretic run were stained with Colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue, and spots with an apparent molecular weight between 40 and 60 kDa were picked and in‐gel digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin and subtilisin. The resulting peptides were analysed by nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS (ion trap) and protein identification was carried out using MASCOT searches. In addition, known GABA_AR‐specific MS information taken from own previous studies was used for searches of GABA_AR subunits. β‐1, β‐2 and β‐3, θ and ρ‐1 subunits were detected and six novel phosphorylation sites were observed and verified by phosphatase treatment. The method used herein enables identification of several GABA_AR subunits from mouse hippocampus along with phosphorylations of β‐1 (T227, Y230), β‐2 (Y215, T439) and β‐3 (T282, S406) subunits. The procedure forms the basis for GABA_AR studies at the protein chemical rather than at the immunochemical level in health and disease.     

抗凝血蛋白质分子的研究现状

凝血酶抑制剂,纤溶酶原激活剂（t-Pa,u-Pa,SK和SAK等）,蚯蚓纤溶酶和蛇毒抗凝血蛋白等是血栓类疾病领域的研究重点,纤溶分子突变体的应用,纤维蛋白水解特异性的增加,溶栓效率的提高以及半衰期的延长等是溶栓研究的方向。