基于NF-κB信号通路的 益生菌治疗溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种肠道非特异性炎症性疾病,迁延不愈,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前认为,肠道菌群的改变是诱发和维持结肠炎症的主要原因。临床上应用益生菌制剂作为UC患者的辅助治疗,可平衡患者肠道菌群,减轻炎症反应。UC患者免疫调节功能紊乱,TLR4及其信号传导通路是UC发病的重要环节。易感人群肠道中的菌群突破肠上皮屏障,免疫系统被各种微生物抗原激活,炎症细胞活化从而导致结肠黏膜组织产生炎症反应,该过程可由TLR4-NF-κB信号传导通路介导。本研究就益生菌基于TLR4-NF-κB信号通路对溃疡性结肠炎的治疗进行综述。     

肝脏固有免疫系统对肠源性感染的免疫应答与免疫耐受机制

肝特殊的解剖结构及生理特征使其成为暴露肠源性抗原的主要器官。由于肝具有独特的固有免疫系统,在正常情况下,肝分布多种致耐受的抗原提呈细胞,对持续性表达或递呈于肝的肠源性抗原物质,诱发针对该抗原的系统性免疫耐受,避免肝受到不必要的免疫损伤。当炎症发生及肝脏固有免疫系统活化时,则通过免疫效应细胞及免疫效应因子对肠源性病原体发挥强烈地免疫应答以控制感染。该过程形成机制的研究对肝功能的理解及肝性疾病的预防与治疗至关重要。本文就肝固有免疫系统对肠源性感染的免疫应答与免疫耐受形成机制作一综述。     

T细胞抗原受体的结构与功能研究进展

T细胞抗原受体(T ceIl receptor,TCR)是T细胞表面关键的受体分子。TCR特异性地识别各种多肽抗原并通过胞内区ITAM磷酸化传递抗原刺激信号,进而引发T细胞的免疫效应。TCR的活性异常将会导致自身免疫病和免疫缺陷病的发生。对于TCR结构和功能的深入研究有助于我们更好地理解免疫反应的分子机理,从而为相关免疫疾病的预防和治疗提供重要的理论依据。该文对TCR的分类、基因重排机制、受体组装方式及其结构基础、TCR对抗原的识别以及活化机制等方面的研究成果进行了总结,综述了近几年来的最新研究进展。     

免疫检查点分子在慢性HBV感染中对T细胞功能影响的研究进展

阻断免疫检查点分子的信号通路可以增强免疫系统功能,这在肿瘤治疗中获得了显著效果。乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)慢性感染的原因之一为HBV在体内通过一系列方式来减弱、抑制免疫系统的功能,从而逃避免疫识别和杀伤。HBV可以通过上调病毒特异性T细胞表面的抑制性受体来抑制T细胞活化、增殖和效应。本文总结了HBV导致的人体内T细胞上免疫检查点程序性死亡受体1(Programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)、细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4)、T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3(T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing molecule-3,Tim-3)、淋巴细胞活化基因3(Lymphocyte-activation gene 3,LAG-3)、T细胞免疫球蛋白和免疫受体酪氨酸抑制基序(T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain,TIGIT)的异常表达以及它们影响T细胞功能的机制,揭示了免疫检查点在治疗慢性乙肝中的良好应用前景。     

小胶质细胞调控自主神经功能参与神经源性高血压的研究进展——中枢免疫细胞的非免疫功能

高血压是心血管疾病最主要的危险因素,影响全球近三分之一的成年人.研究表明,免疫激活在高血压进展中高度参与,且与终末器官损害密切相关.除了免疫系统,自主神经系统,尤其是交感神经系统,是维持机体内稳态的最保守的系统之一.高血压患者的免疫和交感神经活动同时增加,提示这两个系统在疾病的发展过程中具有协同作用.小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的主要免疫细胞,参与交感神经张力的调节.既往的研究指出小鼠模型中小胶质细胞的缺失改变了神经炎症以及高血压的进程.本文综述了近年小胶质细胞在稳态和疾病状态下发生发展以及功能的研究进展.在此基础上,综述了高血压状态下自主神经系统与外周免疫的相互作用.小胶质细胞通过调节交感神经活动在高血压病中桥接中枢和外周炎症,对未来探索高血压及相关心血管疾病提供新的治疗角度.     

白术多糖对小鼠免疫功能调节的研究

目的将白术多糖作为抗原刺激小鼠免疫系统,探讨其对免疫功能调节作用,为多糖在免疫调节功能方面的应用开发及在药物鉴定方面的应用提供科学依据。方法分别给予小鼠自术多糖、可溶性淀粉多糖、伤寒多糖抗原刺激,检测小鼠血清中的相应抗体及交叉抗体,探讨补益类水溶性多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节作用。结果多糖抗原均能刺激机体产生特异性IgG类抗体（P〈0.05）;也能在一定程度上激发非特异性IgG类抗体即交叉抗体的产生;但不激发病理性抗体产生（RF阴性）。结论补益类水溶性多糖能激发免疫反应与其他多糖可能有共同的途径和机制。     

内皮细胞的免疫学功能

血管内皮细胞（Endothelial cell,EC)通过表达多种免疫相关分子与或影响免疫过程,能以MHC－II类分子限制性方式提呈抗原,同时可通过B7／CD28,CD40／CD40L,CD58／CD2等途径向T细胞提供活化所必需的共刺激信号,EC表达的粘附分子介导EC与不同白细胞亚群间相互作用,对白细胞粘附穿过EC进入组织间隙参与炎症反应,淋巴细胞归巢或再循环等过程有重要意义,EC可表达补体调节因子调节补体系统活化,EC受多种因素激活后所表达的免疫相关分子表达上调,并产生多种细胞因子,参与机体的炎症反应及免疫应答,是重要的免疫调节细胞,本文将对EC免疫学方面的功能作简要综述。     

神经肽的免疫调节作用

机体自我免疫耐受的降低或者破坏会导致免疫系统的失衡,并加重炎症反应过程,从而引发多种自身免疫性疾病.所以诱导免疫耐受并终止炎症反应对恢复机体健康具有十分重要的意义.最近研究发现机体在炎症反应过程中会释放一类神经肽,如VIP,urocortin,ghrelin等.这些神经肽可下调固有免疫应答,抑制抗原特异性Th1细胞分化,诱导调节性T细胞的产生,维持免疫耐受,并终止炎症反应.神经肽的这种抑炎作用主要是通过激活cAMP-PKA通路以及调节与免疫炎症因子表达相关的信号通路来实现的.神经肽有可能成为治疗炎症性疾病的一类新药物.     

树突状细胞在哮喘慢性气道炎症中的作用

树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs)作为专职抗原提呈细胞启动了哮喘初次免疫应答,但是DCs在抗原特异性免疫应答及其引发的哮喘慢性气道炎症反应中的作用存在一定争议,需要重新认识。本文通过综述相关研究,认为DCs在哮喘中的免疫活性并不局限于启动过敏原诱发的初次免疫应答,DCs还可以通过激活记忆性T细胞参与介导抗原特异性免疫应答,并在哮喘慢性气道炎症病理进程中发挥重要作用。此外,在多种因素作用下,哮喘气道DCs可以分化为具有免疫抑制作用或引起免疫耐受的调节性DCs (DCreg)或耐受性DCs (tolDC),抑制哮喘Th2细胞主导的慢性气道炎症。通过调节气道免疫微环境或细胞内源性信号分子,抑制DCs在抗原特异性免疫应答中活化记忆性T细胞的能力,或通过诱导DCreg/tolDC细胞分化,进而控制慢性气道炎症,将是未来防治哮喘新的重要研究方向。     

干扰素-γ研究进展

干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)是一种具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用的细胞因子,主要由活化的T细胞和NK细胞产生。IFN-γ对机体免疫系统具有强大的调节作用,是机体发挥免疫功能、清除体内病原体不可缺少的成分。因此,IFN-γ在疾病的诊断、治疗和疫苗免疫效果检测等方面起着重大作用,是现代分子生物学、免疫学和临床医学研究的热点之一。对干扰素-γ产生、分子结构、生物学活性及作用机制等方面做以下简要综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.